Mwinanso ambiri amadziwa wamba kale... Kukumana naye sikusowa kwenikweni; mkati mwake, kukhala tcheru nthawi yomweyo kumasowa, mawanga awiri owala (nthawi zambiri achikasu-lalanje) m'munsi mwa mutu wa njoka agwire diso lanu. Kuwawona, nthawi yomweyo zimawonekeratu kuti izi sizowopsa, ayi. Tidzamvetsetsa bwino mitundu yonse ya moyo wake, tiziwonetsa zizolowezi, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe akunja.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Zachizolowezi kale
Banja lalikulu la njoka zomwe zimakhala kale zimaphatikizapo magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa njoka zonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi. Ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti wamba nawonso ndi m'modzi mwa omwe akuyimira banja la njokali. Chokwawa ichi si chakupha, chifukwa chake ndichotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu.
Nthawi zambiri anthu amalakwitsa njoka ngati njoka yoopsa, koma pali zosiyana zingapo pakati pawo:
- mawanga owala kumbuyo kwa mutu akuwonetsa kuti ili kale patsogolo panu;
- thupi la njoka ndilokoma kwambiri - ndi lochepa komanso limakhala lalitali kuposa njoka;
- njoka zimasiyana pamapangidwe a mitu yawo, njoka imafanana ndi chowulungika, ndipo njoka yamphongo - makona atatu;
- mwachilengedwe, njokazo zilibe mano opha (koma simudzazindikira izi);
- ana a njokazo amapezeka mozungulira (monga amphaka), ndipo mu njoka mumawoneka ngati timitengo todutsa.
Mukapita mkati mozama, mutha kupeza zina zambiri zapadera, koma zonsezi sizingawonekere kwa munthu wamba mumsewu ndipo sadzachita nawo gawo lililonse akakumana ndi chokwawa china.
Kanema: Wamba kale
Anthu adziwa kale kwanthawi yayitali, asanasinthidwe ngati ziweto, chifukwa siabwino kuposa amphaka kuti athane ndi mbewa zosasangalatsa. Kuyambira kale, anthu aku Ukraine amakhulupirira kuti zomwe zachitikazo zibweretsa kulephera kwa wolakwayo, chifukwa chake njoka izi sizinakhumudwitsidwe kapena kuthamangitsidwa m'minda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ndichotchuka kwambiri kuti ngakhale pali mzinda waku Ukraine wotchedwa pambuyo pake, uwu ndi Uzhgorod, womwe uli kumadzulo kwa dzikolo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka wamba
Kutalika kwa njoka nthawi zambiri sikudutsa mita imodzi, koma pali zitsanzo, zomwe kutalika kwake kumafika mita imodzi ndi theka. M'mbuyomu, mawonekedwe amtundu wa njoka amadziwika ngati mawanga awiri ophatikizika, omwe amapezeka pakusintha kwa mutu kulowa mthupi.
Iwo azunguliridwa ndi mawonekedwe akuda ndipo atha kukhala:
- lalanje;
- wachikasu pang'ono;
- mandimu wowala;
- kuyera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali njoka wamba momwe mawanga owala mdera la occipital kulibe kapena amafotokozedwa moperewera. Pakati pa njoka, pali maalubino ndi ma melanist.
Gawo lakuthwa kwa njoka limatha kukhala lotuwa komanso lakuda, pafupifupi lakuda, nthawi zina limakhala ndi azitona kapena utoto wobiriwira. Ngati kamvekedwe ka njoka ndi kotuwa, ndiye kuti mawanga amdima wakuda amatha kuwonekera. Mimba ya reptile ndi yopepuka komanso yoluka ndi mzere wakuda womwe umafikira mpaka pachibwano. Mutu wowulungika wa njoka umayang'ana kumbuyo kwa thupi ndikumangirira kokongola kwa khosi. Mchira wa reptile ndi wamfupi katatu mpaka kasanu kuposa thupi. Zakudya zamwamuna ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi.
Tikafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za njoka wamba, tiyenera kudziwa kuti mutu wake umaphimbidwa ndi ziphuphu zazikulu zazing'ono: parietal, preorbital, postorbital, temporal, supralabial ndi kutsogolo kwina. Mamba omwe ali pamtunda wa chokwawa ndi nthiti, ndipo mbali zake ndi zosalala. Pakhoza kukhala 19, 18 kapena 17 mwa iwo mozungulira gawo lapakati la thupi (mu mzere umodzi).
Kodi njoka wamba imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ali kale wamba
Kale wamba wasankha pafupifupi Europe yonse, koma simukumana naye kumpoto kwenikweni, samakhala ku Arctic Circle. M'madera akutali kumpoto, amagawidwa kuchokera ku Karelia kupita ku Sweden. Kum'mwera, ankakhala kumpoto kwa kontinenti ya Africa, ndikufika ku Sahara kotentha. Chilumba cha Iberia ndi British Isles ndi madera akumadzulo a malo ake. Kuchokera kummawa, malowa amafika pakatikati pa Mongolia, kumpoto kwa China ndi Transbaikalia. M'dziko lathu, iye angatchedwe wotchuka kwambiri pa zokwawa zonse.
Njoka wamba zimazolowera malo osiyanasiyana, madera achilengedwe komanso mawonekedwe. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakusowa kwawo mosasamala ndi kupezeka pafupi ndi dziwe, makamaka ndi mphamvu yofooka kapena yopanda.
Njoka zimakumana:
- madambo;
- m'mbali mwa nkhalango;
- m'nkhalango;
- mitsinje yamadzi osefukira;
- mabacteria steppe;
- m'mapiri;
- m'madambo onyowa;
- mu kukula kwamasamba;
- madera am'mbali mwa nyanja amadzi osiyanasiyana;
- mapiri.
Njoka wamba sizimachita manyazi ndi anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala m'mapaki amzindawu, pansi pamilatho, pafupi ndi madamu akale. M'madera akumidzi, njoka zimatha kukhala mnyumba ya nkhuku kapena nkhokwe, mu sennik, cellar, barani, nkhalango, momwe zimamvera bwino. Njoka zimatha kukonza malo awo obisalamo, pakati pa mizu ya mitengo, muboola, pakhola.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi zina njoka zimakhazikika pabwalo lamudzi zimayikira mazira awo muzisa zopanda bakha ndi nkhuku.
Tsopano tidziwa komwe njoka yathu yopanda ululu imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe munthu wamba amadya m'chilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amafunikira pamoyo wopanda nkhawa.
Kodi wamba amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njoka yopanda poyizoni - yachilendo kale
Menyu njoka wamba angatchedwe zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala ndi achule.
Kuphatikiza pa iwo, akhoza kukhala ndi chotukuka kale:
- buluzi;
- chisoti;
- ziphuphu;
- nsomba mwachangu;
- zatsopano
- mbalame zongobadwa kumene zomwe zagwa kuchokera ku zisa zawo;
- makoswe amadzi amwana;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo.
Zakudya zazomera sizichotsedwa pachakudya chamadzulo, sizimagwiritsanso ntchito mtembo, koma zimakonda mkaka, njoka zomwe zimakhala mu ukapolo zimakonda kwambiri. Nthawi zina zokwawa zamtchire zimakwawa kununkhiza fungo la mkaka watsopano, womwe anthu am'mudzi atakama ng'ombe amasiya m'khola la amphaka.
Pakusodza, njoka zimadikirira modekha, ndikuponya mwachangu nsomba zikawomba msanga. Kuthamangitsa achule kumachitika mdziko lapansi. Chotupitsa nsomba chimamezedwa ndi njoka nthawi yomweyo, koma ndi chule amayenera kutuluka thukuta, chifukwa amakana ndikuyesera kuthawa. Pakamwa pa njoka imatha kutambasula mwamphamvu, kotero ngakhale achule olemera ndi achule amalowetsedwa bwino.
Chosangalatsa: Wachilengedwe wina waku Germany, ngati kuyesa, sanadyetse njoka yoyesayo kwa miyezi 10. Pamene, atagwidwa ndi njala yayitali, adadya koyamba, iye mwini ndi m'mimba mwake adamva, modabwitsa, ali bwino.
Pambuyo pa chakudya chodwala, pamakhala nthawi yopuma ya masiku asanu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugaya chilichonse chomwe chadyedwa. Pakusaka kamodzi, imatha kumeza achule angapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo ngakhale tadpoles kuwonjezera, chifukwa chake, ikadya, imakhala yovuta komanso yovuta. Ngati pakadali pano mdani aliyense awonekera, muyenera kuyambiranso chakudya chomwe mwadya kuti mukhale athanzi komanso othamanga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zachizolowezi kale
Amagwira ntchito masana, ndipo usiku amakonda malo ake obisika. Wamba wamba amakhala wolimba kwambiri komanso woyenda. Liwiro la kuyenda kwake pansi limatha kufikira makilomita asanu ndi atatu pa ola limodzi. Amayendanso bwino kwambiri pamitengo. Chigawo cha madzi cha njoka ndi njira yomwe amakonda, imakhala ngati gwero lalikulu la moyo kwa zokwawa. Ngakhale dzina lachilatini natrix, loperekedwa ndi asayansi, limamasuliridwa kuti "kusambira".
Wosambira njoka ndiwabwino kwambiri. Atalowa m'madzi, amatha kukhala pamenepo kwa mphindi pafupifupi 20, pomwe akusambira mtunda wopatsa chidwi. Imasambira, monga njoka zonse, mozungulira, ndikupotoza thupi lake losinthasintha.
Chosangalatsa: Amakonda kusambira komanso kuyamwa madzi ambiri. Kawirikawiri amasambira m'mphepete mwa dziwe, koma pakhala pali zochitika pamene njoka zimakumana m'madzi akulu komanso ngakhale makilomita makumi kuchokera pagombe.
Amakonda, monga ena ambiri onga njoka, kuti azisangalala ndi dzuwa, kukwera masiku oyera, owala bwino pamapiri ena. Njoka zimayamba kuzizira mu Okutobala-Novembala. Nthawi zambiri, njoka nthawi yachisanu pamodzi (anthu angapo), ngakhale ena amakonda kusungulumwa kwathunthu. Nthawi zambiri, munthawi yovutayi, amakhala m'mabowo akuya a makoswe, kapena m'malo ena. Hibernation imatha mu Epulo, kenako zokwawa zimatuluka kukatenthedwa ndi dzuwa, ngakhale zimamvabe kuti ndizofooka komanso kuti sizikugona, pang'onopang'ono zimayamba kugwira ntchito.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njoka zilibe nkhanza komanso nkhanza, mawonekedwe ake amakhala ofatsa komanso ochezeka. Powona anthu, amasankha kuthawa kuti apewe kukumana. Chifukwa chake, atha kutchedwa chokwawa chamtendere komanso chopanda vuto pokhudzana ndi munthu. Zimadziwika kuti kuweta njoka sikumakhalanso kovuta, samanyansidwa kulumikizana ndi anthu ngati sakuwona chowopseza, koma kuwasunga kunyumba ndizovuta kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka wamba
Njoka wamba zimakula msinkhu wazaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Nyengo yawo yaukwati imayamba pambuyo pa nyengo yoyamba yamasika, m'malo osiyanasiyana nthawiyo imatha kusiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri imagwera kumapeto kwa Epulo-Meyi. Mu njoka, masewera okhathamira amatha kutha, koma kenako kuyikira mazira kumasamutsidwira kumapeto kwa masika.
Asanakwatirane, njoka zimalowetsedwa mu mpira, wopangidwa ndi wamkazi m'modzi ndi ambuye ake ambiri. Ntchitoyi ikatha, mkazi amapitilira gawo lina - kutulutsa mazira.
Mazira a njoka ndi achikopa, wamkazi m'modzi amatha kuyala kuchokera pazidutswa zingapo mpaka 100. Ndikofunika kuti (mazira) asamaundane ndikuuma, chifukwa chake njokayo imasankha malo otentha komanso achinyezi, mwachitsanzo, masamba owola, zinyalala zochititsa chidwi za moss, chitsa chowola. Malowa amasankhidwa mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa Mzimayi samangotsatira, kumusiya atagwidwa.
Chosangalatsa: Njoka zachikazi zimatha kuphatikiza zikhadabo zawo ngati palibe malo abwino oti munthuyo angapezeke. M'nkhalango, anthu adapeza chisa, pomwe amawerengera mazira 1200.
Pambuyo pa milungu isanu kapena isanu ndi itatu, njoka zimayamba kuthyola, kutalika kwake kumakhala masentimita 11 mpaka 15. Kuyambira pomwe adabadwa amayamba kufunafuna malo otentha bwino. Sikuti ana onse amatha kudziunjikira mafuta nyengo yozizira isanayambike, koma ngakhale omwe si achilengedwe amakhalabe ndi moyo mpaka masika, amangowoneka ocheperako kuposa anzawo odyetsedwa bwino.
Chosangalatsa: Akuyerekeza kuti njoka iliyonse ya makumi asanu imabadwa ili ndi mitu iwiri, motero chilengedwe chimasankha. Ndi "njoka za Gorynychi" zokha zomwe sizikhala motalika.
Njoka zingaoneke ngati zaka zana limodzi, moyo wawo nthawi zambiri umadutsa zaka makumi awiri, pafupifupi, zokwawa izi zimakhala zaka 19 mpaka 23. Mkhalidwe waukulu pakukhalitsa kwawo ndi kukhalapo kwa kasupe wopatsa moyo pafupi ndi malo omwe atumizidwa kosatha.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka wamba
Chithunzi: Ali kale wamba
Banja lopangidwa kale lili ndi adani ambiri, chifukwa njoka izi sizikhala ndi poyizoni. Zowononga zosiyanasiyana sizidana ndikudya pang'ono, chifukwa zimatha kukhala nkhandwe, agalu amphaka, mahedgehogs, weasel, badgers, martens, minks. Mbalame zambiri zimaukira njoka, kotero zimatha kudyedwa ndi dokowe, chiwombankhanga, mphamba, chimeza. Makoswe akuluakulu, monga makoswe, amathanso kugwira njoka, makamaka yaying'ono komanso yopanda chidziwitso, komanso, nthawi zambiri amakhala akuwononga zisa zamadzulo mwa kudya mazira a njoka.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, achule ndi achule, omwe amakhalanso chakudya chamadzulo cha njoka, nthawi zambiri amadya njoka zazing'ono. Tizilombo monga nyerere ndi kachilomboka kamakhala nawo pakuwononga mazira odyera. Njoka yaying'ono imathanso kusangalatsidwa ndi nsomba zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, trout. Njoka zina zimadyanso njoka.
Podzitchinjiriza, akuyesera kale kunamizira ngati nyama yokwawa yapoizoni: amagwedeza pang'ono khosi lake, amatulutsa mkoko, amapinda ngati zigzag, mwamantha akugwedeza nsonga ya mchira wake. Akuyesera kupanga chithunzi chochititsa mantha kwa osagwirizana, koma ngati pali mwayi woti achoke, ndiye kuti, samaphonya, choyambirira, posankha njirayi.
Chosangalatsa: Yemwe wagwidwa amayerekezera kuti wamwalira kapena amabisa chinsinsi chachinsinsi kwambiri chifukwa cha mabala ake. Ndi mayendedwe otere, amayesetsa kupatutsa zoopsa iye mwini, chifukwa polimbana ndi moyo, njira zonse ndizabwino.
Njoka nthawi zambiri zimazunzidwa ndi munthu yemwe amatha kuzipha chimodzimodzi, popanda chifukwa chilichonse kapena kuwazindikira ngati njoka. Popeza zokwawa izi sizimapewa malo okhala anthu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala moyandikana ndi anthu, nthawi zambiri zimagwera pansi pamavuto amgalimoto. Chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, njoka zimakhala ndi adani ambiri, makamaka nyama zazing'ono zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, motero zokwawa nthawi zonse zimayenera kukhala tcheru, ndikubisala m'malo awo obisika madzulo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Zachizolowezi kale
Banja lalikulu, lofananira kale limakhala pafupifupi makontinenti onse. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa zokwawa zamtendere izi sizikuwopsezedwa, ndipo sizimayambitsa mantha akulu chifukwa chakuchepa. Kuteteza njoka kumatha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi kwachilendo. Posachedwa, sipanakhalepo kutsika kwakukulu pamlingo wa njoka izi.
Ponena za dziko lathu, njoka wamba zitha kutchedwa imodzi mwazirombo zodziwika bwino zomwe zimakula m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, kuphatikiza anthropogenic. Ngakhale kuti mkhalidwe wokhala ndi njoka wamba uli pafupifupi kulikonse, pali madera omwe nambala yake yatsika kwambiri ndipo idaphatikizidwa mu Red Book la zigawo zina. Izi zimapangidwa, choyambirira, chifukwa cha zochitika zamphamvu za anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zadyera komanso zokomera anthu okhawo, osanyalanyaza zofuna ndi zosowa za abale athu ang'onoang'ono.
Pofuna kuti tisafunike kutetezedwa ndikupitilizabe kutisangalatsa ndi kuchuluka kwake, ndikofunikira, choyambirira, kuti tisalowe mwankhanza m'malo omwe amakhala, kuti tisunge malo obisika komanso odalirika a nthawi yachisanu ndi zomangamanga, kulingalira za mayankho pasadakhale za zomangamanga zilizonse, kuphatikiza kuyala misewu yatsopano. Chinthu chachikulu sikutaya umunthu ndikuwonetsa nkhawa.
Kuteteza njoka wamba
Chithunzi: Chachilendo kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tanenera kale, chilengedwe cha moyo ndi chitukuko cha njoka sizimayenda bwino nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake, m'madera ena, wamba amafunika kutetezedwa kale. Pofuna kuteteza, zalembedwa mu Red Book ya madera ena: Moscow, Tver, Leningrad. Imasungidwanso ku Republic of Karelia. M'malo onsewa, kuchuluka kwa zokwawa kunachepa kwambiri, ngakhale njoka zam'mbuyomu zinali zambiri.
Chifukwa cha ichi chitha kutchedwa zinthu zosafunikira zotsatirazi:
- kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe;
- kuipitsa kwakukulu kwamitundu yonse yamadzi (kwa njoka, madzi ndikofunikira);
- kusowa kwa malo amoyo wopambana ndikuikira mazira;
- kusamutsidwa kwa njoka ndi munthu komwe amakhala, chifukwa cholima nthaka, kumanga misewu, mizinda, ndi zina zambiri.
M'madera omwe wamba amapezeka kale mu Red Book, mtundu wa mitundu yake umadziwika kuti ndiwosatetezeka ndikucheperachepera. M'madera, mapulogalamu akukonzedwa kuti abwezeretse ziweto za njoka m'malo amadera apadera, otetezedwa, otetezedwa.Pamphepete mwa mitsinje, anthu amabwerezanso zomera zam'madzi; malo opatsidwa chilolezo amaperekedwa kuti azitha kusambira ndi kusangalala m'malo otere.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti mumadabwa nthawi zonse ndi zambiri zomwe mungaphunzire pazomwe zimawoneka ngati zodziwika bwino kuyambira ubwana, zomwe anthu adapanga nthano ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri kuyambira nthawi zakale, pomwe wamba kale amachita ngati chizindikiro cha zabwino zonse, wosunga chuma chambiri komanso chuma, komanso wolamulira wa zokwawa zina.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 20.09.2019 pa 22:19
