Banja lamanjoka ndilochuluka kwambiri; lili ndi zoposa theka la zana la mitundu yonse ya zokwawa izi, kuphatikiza mphiri wamba. Mosiyana ndi abale ake ambiri, njoka iyi imakonda nyengo yozizira, imakonda kupita kumalo ngakhale pafupi ndi Arctic Circle, ndipo mapiri ake siachilendo kwa iye. M'malingaliro a ambiri njoka wamba yolumikizidwa ndi china chake choyipa, chowopsa komanso chosasangalatsa, nthawi zambiri chomuzunza. Tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa ngati alidi wowopsa komanso owopsa monga zikuwonekera?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Viper Yodziwika
Njoka wamba ndi nthumwi yoopsa yamtundu wa njoka zenizeni, zam'banja lamanjoka. Mwa abale ake onse, ndilo lofala kwambiri komanso lotchuka kwambiri. M'dziko lathu, njoka iyi imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Mutha kukumana nawo m'munda mwanu. Kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembala, njoka iyi imagwira ntchito kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi njoka, zomwe nthawi zina zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zomvetsa chisoni.
Njoka wamba singatchulidwe yayikulu, chokwawa ichi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotalika masentimita 60 mpaka 70. Palinso mitundu yayikulu ya njoka yoposa mita imodzi ndikulemera theka la kilogalamu. Koma nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa njoka sikutuluka kupitirira mita imodzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwake sikupitilira magalamu mazana awiri, kuyambira 50 mpaka 200. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi.
Kanema: Viper Yodziwika
The poizoni wa mphiri wamba ndi owopsa, koma ndizowopsa kwambiri kuwononga zakupha, zinthu zowononga kapangidwe ka poyizoni sizokhazikika kwambiri mpaka kupangitsa munthu wamkulu kufa. Choopsa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za zinthu zakupha m'thupi la mwanayo. Pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri pa zana alionse mwa omwe adalumidwa amatha kumva kutentha pang'ono kapena osawotcha komwe kulumidwa, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatupa, kufiira, komanso kutupa.
Anthu osazindikira amatha kumva chizungulire, kumva kunyansidwa, nthawi zambiri amatsekula m'mimba, khungu lotumbululuka, kugunda kwamtima, kuzizira, ndi thukuta. Ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri, munthu amatha kutaya chikumbumtima, kugwa chikomokere, nkhope imatha kutupa, kuthamanga kumatsika kwambiri, zonsezi zimatsagana ndi kukomoka. Nthawi zambiri, kuvulala konse komwe kumachitika chifukwa cholumwa ndi mphiri wamba kumatha patatha masiku ochepa, nthawi zina mankhwalawo amawonjezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri.
Kuti musalakwitse njoka wamba ngati njoka yopanda vuto, muyenera kudziwa za mawonekedwe ake, chifukwa chake, muyenera kumvetsetsa mosamalitsa mawonekedwe akunja a njoka yaying'ono iyi, kuti mukadzaiona, mudziwe mudzi wake ndi yani ndikuyesera kupewa kulumikizana, kuti mudziteteze ku ngozi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka wamba ku Russia
Tazindikira kale kuti kukula kwa njoka ndi yaying'ono. Zadziwika kuti njoka zazikulu zimapezeka m'malo okhala kumpoto kwambiri. Mutu wa njokayo ndi waukulu mokwanira, wophwatalala pang'ono, uli ndi mphuno yozungulira. Ili ndi zikwapu zazikulu zitatu: kutsogolo ndi parietal awiri. Chikopa chakumaso chakakona chili pakati pamaso, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kuli zishango za parietal. Zimachitika kuti pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ya zikopa pali chikopa china chaching'ono. Pansi pa chishango chammphuno mumakhala mphuno.
Maso a njoka yaing'ono ndi ana owongoka. Zitseko zazing'onoting'ono pang'ono, zomwe zimakhala zitunda pamwamba pa maso, zimapanga chithunzi chokwiya komanso chokwiyitsa cha chokwawa, ngakhale sichimakhala chokhudzidwa. Mafupa a nsagwada yakumtunda ya njokayo ndiwosunthika komanso afupiafupi; ali ndi mayini amodzi kapena awiri a zilonda zam'mimba ndipo ali ndi mano anayi. Mafupa omwe ali mkamwa mulinso mano ang'onoang'ono. Mutu wamanjokawo umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi thupi lake ndi khomo lachiberekero.
Thupi la njokayo ndi lalifupi komanso lakuthwa kwambiri pakati. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono imagwedezeka ndikusandulika mchira wawung'ono, womwe umakhala wocheperako kangapo kuposa kutalika kwa thupi lonse ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi koma. Masikelo amatenga thupi lonse la zokwawa, pakati pa njokayo pali 21, pakati paimuna pali zidutswa 132 mpaka 150, zazikazi - mpaka 158, ndi mchira wa amuna - kuyambira sikelo 32 mpaka 46, akazi - kuyambira 23 mpaka 38 awiriawiri.
Mtundu wa njoka wamba uyenera kusamalidwa, chifukwa ndiwosiyanasiyana komanso wolemera mumithunzi iyi:
- bulauni;
- wakuda;
- mdima wakuda;
- chikasu beige;
- silvery yoyera (pafupi ndi imvi yoyera);
- bulauni ndikumayimba maolivi;
- mkuwa wonyezimira.
Chosangalatsa: Ndizosowa kwambiri kuwona njoka yotchedwa "yopsereza", mitundu yake ndiyosakanikirana. Gawo lina la thupi la njoka yotere limakhala ndi utoto, ndipo linalo ndi lakuda lolimba, kotero zikuwoneka kuti lawotchedwa pang'ono.
Mitundu yofala kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino imakhala yaimvi mwa amuna komanso bulauni mwa akazi.
Chikhalidwe chofanana sichimakhala munthawi zamitundu yonse, pali mitundu yambiri yokongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yonse yazodzikongoletsa:
- zigzag, chitsanzo chodziwika bwino;
- ngakhale milozo yamizere;
- utoto wakuda wammbali.
Mtundu wa njoka, choyambirira, ndi mawonekedwe osayerekezeka, ndichifukwa chake imasiyanasiyana mumitundu yonse komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monganso malo okhala nyamayi.
Chosangalatsa: Ndizosatheka kupeza ma albino pakati pa mphiri, ngakhale chodabwitsa ichi sichachilendo mu njoka zina.
Kodi njoka wamba imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka yapoizoni
Kufalitsa kwa njoka wamba ndikofala kwambiri. Kudera la kontinenti ya Eurasian, yakhazikika kuchokera ku Sakhalin, kumpoto kwa Korea, madera akumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China kumpoto kwa Portugal ndi Spain. Beyond the Arctic Circle, njoka ija idakhazikika mdera la malo osungira zachilengedwe a Lapland, omwe ali mdera la Murmansk, mdera la Barents Sea, amakhalanso ndi moyo. Kumadzulo kwa Siberia ndi Transbaikalia, zokwawa izi zimapezekanso.
Njoka wamba imakhala yapadera chifukwa imatha kukhala kumpoto chakumtunda ndi nyengo yozizira, yomwe imakhala yachilendo kwa njoka zina. Njokayo siyidutsa m'mapiri osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, Alps. Ponena za dziko lathu, titha kunena kuti njoka yomwe ili m'dera la Russia imakhala ku Middle zone: kuchokera ku Arctic kupita kumadera akumwera otsetsereka. Chokwawa chimakhala chosagwirizana: m'malo ena ndizosowa kwambiri, mwa ena - kuchuluka kwake ndikokwera.
Nthawi zambiri njoka yodziwika bwino imakhala m'malo omwe kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha kwa mpweya usana ndi usiku kumamveka.
Njokayo iyamikiradi malowa ndi chinyezi chambiri:
- chithaphwi;
- madera am'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi madzi ena;
- Mitengo ya m'nkhalango;
- kudula malo;
- steppe expanses ndi udzu wouma.
Njokayo imakonda tchire ndi tizitsulo tosaya pansi pa miyala, yomwe imakhala ngati pogona ndi chitetezo ku nyengo. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimawoneka ngati zangokhala, koma nthawi zina zimasamukira kumalo atsopano, zikukwawa mpaka makilomita asanu. Ngakhale chopangira madzi sichowalepheretsa, njoka zimatha kusambira mtunda wautali mosavuta. Njoka wamba sizimapewa malo okhala anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mapaki, m'malo amomwemo, m'minda yolimidwa, amatha kukhazikika muzipinda zapansi ndi mitundu yonse ya nyumba zomwe zasiyidwa, zowonongedwa kapena zosamalizidwa.
Kodi njoka wamba imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Grey Common Viper
Menyu njoka angatchedwe osiyanasiyana. Mbali yaikulu, imatenga chakudya chomwe chilipo m'dera linalake.
Njoka wamba imadya:
- mbewa zakumunda;
- zikopa;
- timadontho-timadontho;
- mbalame zapakatikati (ma warblers, buntings, skate) ndi anapiye awo;
- abuluzi osiyanasiyana;
- achule;
- tizilombo.
Ndi zokwawa zazing'ono zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaluma mitundu yonse ya tizilombo: dzombe, agulugufe, kafadala, mavuvi, ma slugs, nyerere.
Chosangalatsa: Pakati pa njoka, nthawi zina chinthu chosasangalatsa ngati kudya anzawo kumachitika. Mkazi amatha kudya ana ake obadwa kumene. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Ponena za chakudya, njoka yodziwika bwino imatha kupita kutali kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, ali ndi chilakolako chabwino ndipo amakhala wolimba mtima, zomwe zimamupatsa mwayi wodya achule awiri kapena mbewa nthawi imodzi. Mbali inayi, chokwawa sichikhoza kudya kwa miyezi yopitilira sikisi (kuyambira miyezi 6 mpaka 9), komanso, palibe vuto lililonse pathupi. Nthawi zoterezi zimachitika m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe njoka imalowa mwamantha, ikuchepetsa thupi lonse, kudyetsa mafuta omwe amasonkhanitsidwa nthawi yachilimwe. Chifukwa china chodyera kwa nthawi yayitali chimakakamizidwa, ndichifukwa chakuchepa kwa chakudya m'dera lomwe njoka imakhalako.
Njoka wamba ndi mlenje wabwino kwambiri, yolimbana ndi ziwombankhanga zake mwachangu kwambiri, osachedwa. Kuukira kumatha ndi kuluma koopsa. Pambuyo pake, pamabwera mphindi yakudikirira imfa kapena kufooka kwa wozunzidwayo, pokhapokha njoka itayamba kudya. Atadya mokwanira, amapuma kuchinyumba chake kuti akayese zomwe wadya, izi zimatenga masiku angapo. Njokayo imakhalanso ndi chinyezi chokwanira pachakudya, koma nthawi zina imamwa mame kapena madzi amvula.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yamphongo wamba
Ma Vipers amayamba kugwira ntchito mchaka, nthawi imeneyi imagwera pa Marichi-Epulo. Oyamba kutuluka mu torpor ndi amuna, kenako azimayi amakwezedwa. Kwa amuna, ndikokwanira kuti mpweya utenthe kuchokera pa 19 mpaka 24 madigiri, pomwe akazi amakonda kutentha kotentha - pafupifupi madigiri 28 okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera.
Njere zimakonda kusangalala ndi dzuwa loyambirira, choncho zimakonda kukwawa pamiyala yotentha, zitsa, nkhuni zakufa, ndipo zimatha kukhazikika panjira pomwe dzuŵa limagwa. Inde, m'nyengo yotentha ya chilimwe, amabisala chifukwa cha kutentha kosapiririka komwe amakhala m'malo obisalamo. Pokhala yopumula, njoka ikutha padzuwa, ikutambasula nthiti zake mmbali, kotero imawoneka yophwatalala, ngati nthiti. Ngati chokwawa chimasokonezedwa ndi china chake, ndiye kuti thupi lake limakhala lolimba, lokutidwa ndikukonzekera kuponyedwa, ngati kasupe.
Ngati kugundana ndi munthu wopanda nzeru sikungapeweke, njoka imagawidwa ndi liwiro la mphezi, kupindika mozungulira, kuyambira pachimake pomwe mumatha kuwona khosi ndi mutu wake. Wokwiya njokayo amalira mowopsya, akukankhira kutsogolo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi lake losinthasintha, mu mphete yothinikizidwa akuyandikira mdani.
Chokwawa chimatuluka kukasaka madzulo. Zikuwonekeratu momwe amasinthira, kukhala wanzeru kwambiri, wokonda kudziwa zambiri, wofuna kuchita bwino, poyerekeza ndi nthawi yamasana, pomwe njoka imachita mopupuluma, yaulesi komanso yosokoneza pang'ono. Pakufunafuna chakudya, njokayo imasanthula mabowo mosamala, mitundu yonse ya ming'alu, matabwa akufa, kukula kwa zitsamba. Kununkhiza bwino komanso masomphenya abwino kwambiri ndi omwe amathandizira pakufunafuna kwamadzulo.
Kuyanjana kwa mphiri ndi minyewa yachitsulo nthawi zina zimangokhala zodabwitsa, amatha kunama kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kuyenda kamodzi, kudikirira chakudya chake. Izi zimachitika kuti ngakhale mbewa samamuzindikira, akukwera pa thupi lomuwononga. Njokayo imadikirira mpaka wovulalayo atalowanso poyizoni kuti alume mochenjera. Ngati chiwembucho sichinachite bwino, njokayo siyitsatira, koma imayamba kudikirira modekha nyama yotsatira.
Ngati njokayo siili yotanganidwa kusaka, ndiye kuti ilibe nkhanza makamaka ndipo siyikhala yoyamba kuzunza. Powona munthu, amayesa kuthawa ngati samukhumudwitsa mwanjira iliyonse. Njoka ndizanzeru kwambiri, chifukwa chake, zimakhazikika m'malo awo ozizira nthawi isanachitike, chisanu chisanabwere, zimakhala mmenemo mpaka masiku otentha a masika. Njoka zina zambiri zimaundana kwambiri nthawi yachisanu, koma njoka ndizosiyana.
Pali zifukwa zoposa izi:
- chifukwa chogona m'nyengo yozizira, njoka zimasankha mabowo a mbewa ndi timadontho-timadontho, ndipo sizimazizira, chifukwa zimakhala zakuya mokwanira;
- Nthawi zambiri zokwawa hibernate wonse, zolukanalukana mu mpira waukulu, potero kulimbirana;
- Njoka zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuyembekezera kuyamba kwa chisanu.
Kutha kwa njoka kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa masika, njoka zimatuluka m'malo obisalapo pamatumba ofunda kuti zisungunuke padzuwa lotentha komanso losangalatsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Viper
Njoka wamba zimakula msinkhu wazaka zinayi kapena zisanu. Zimaswana chaka chilichonse, koma anthu omwe amakhala kumpoto chakumtunda, komwe nthawi yachilimwe imakhala yochepa kwambiri, amabereka ana chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa umuna wamwamuna. Nthawi yaukwati wa njoka imakhala mu Meyi ndipo imakhala pafupifupi masiku makumi awiri. Munthawi imeneyi, njoka zimangopita osati awiriawiri, koma nthawi zambiri zimadzipota kukhala mipira yonse ya njoka khumi. Amuna amadziwika omwe angakhale othandizana nawo.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa dona wamtima kumaphatikizika ndi maukwati okwatirana aamuna, okumbutsa zovina zamwambo. A duelists amayima moyang'anizana, akupukusa mitu yawo asanaponye. Nkhondoyo itayamba, ndiye kuti yolukanalukana, zokwawa zimayesa kukanikiza mdaniyo pansi. Yemwe amapambana ali ndi ufulu wokwatirana ndi mkazi amene wamusankhayo.
Chosangalatsa: Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, pankhondo yolumikiza, amuna omenyera samalumirana poizoni.
Pambuyo pa umuna wa mnzake, wamwamunayo amusiya, ndipo mayi woyembekezera akuyembekezera mwanayo ali yekha. Njoka wamba zimakhala za njoka za ovoviviparous, sizimayikira mazira, zimakhwima ndikukula m'mimba mwa mayi. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mazira a intrauterine kumasiyana kuyambira 10 mpaka 20, komabe, mazira ena amalowetsedwa, chifukwa chake njoka imapeza ana 8 mpaka 12. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Kunja, ana obadwa kumene amafanana kwambiri ndi makolo awo, ochepa kwambiri, kutalika kwawo sikupitilira masentimita 16.
Chosangalatsa: Ana obadwa kumene a mphiri wamba ali kale odziyimira pawokha, ali ndi poyizoni, amatha kudziteteza ndikuluma.
Nthawi zina mkati mwa maola ochepa, ndipo nthawi zina pakatha masiku ochepa, kusungunuka kumayambira mwa makanda, motero samakwawa kutali ndi chisa. Mamba akangolowa m'malo, njoka zimabalalika kufunafuna chakudya, ndikugwira tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Achinyamata amakula kwambiri nthawi yonse yotentha, kenako, pamodzi ndi abale okhwima, amalowa mumasewera. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, njoka zimatha zaka 15, ngakhale zili muukapolo zimatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali.
Adani achilengedwe a mphiri wamba
Chithunzi: Viper Yodziwika kuchokera ku Red Book
Ngakhale njokayo ndi yoopsa komanso yapoizoni, ili ndi adani ambiri m'chilengedwe omwe saopa ululu wake ndipo saopa kudya nyama ya njoka. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, m'modzi mwa anthu osafuna zoipa ndi nkhono wamba, amalowa mopanda mantha pomenya nkhondo ndi mphiri, chifukwa sakhala ndi poizoni. Pakumenyanako, ma hedgehogs ali ndi njira zawo zosayerekezereka: prickly imatha kuluma chokwawa ndi torso, kenako ndikupindika kukhala mpira, ndikuwonetsa minyewa yake yakuthwa, yomwe njoka singathe kupirira nayo. Izi zimabwerezedwa mpaka njoka ija ifowoka ndikufa.
Kuphatikiza pa ma hedgehogs, pakati pa adani a njoka mutha kuwona:
- ziphuphu;
- nkhandwe;
- mbira;
- nguluwe (amakhalanso ndi chitetezo mthupi ndipo samaopa poizoni).
Osati nyama zokha, komanso mbalame zina zimatha kugwira mamba, izi ndi izi: kadzidzi, ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya njoka, zitsamba, adokowe. Musaiwale kuti nthawi zina njoka zokha zimadyelana, kudwala anzawo.
Komabe, adani owopsa kwambiri komanso osagonjetseka a mphiri ndi anthu omwe amasokoneza moyo wawo wa njoka, kuwononga malo awo okhazikika. Anthu amagwira njoka zamatope, amawononga njoka mosaloledwa chifukwa cha kutolera kwa ululu wawo, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala. Kutengera ndi zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa, mukumvetsetsa kuti moyo wa zokwawa sizophweka ndipo sizovuta kuzisunga.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Black Common Viper
Monga tanenera kale, malo a mphiri wamba ndi ochuluka kwambiri, koma chiwerengero cha anthu a chokwawa chosangalatsachi chikuchepa. Chinthu chodziwika bwino chaumunthu ndicho kuimba mlandu. Kuswana mwamphamvu, anthu saganizira za abale awo ang'onoang'ono, kuwononga anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo njoka wamba. Kukula kwa mizinda, kuyala misewu ikuluikulu, kukhetsa madambo, kulima madera akuluakulu olimapo, kuwononga nkhalango - zonsezi zimapangitsa kufa kwa zokwawa zambiri, zomwe zikutaya malo okhalamo komanso chakudya chochuluka. Njoka zonse zikusowa m'malo omwe amakhala kwamuyaya.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwukira kwa anthu mdera la njoka, njoka zimapwetekanso chifukwa cha poyizoni wawo, yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala, chifukwa amalimbana ndi kutupa, amathetsa ziboda, komanso amapereka mpumulo wabwino kwambiri. M'makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera, njoka ya mphiri imafunanso.
Monga tanenera kale, mdziko lathu njoka njoka imakhazikika mofanana: m'madera ena kachulukidwe kake kakulirako, ena sikamanyalanyaza konse. M'malo ena, imazimiririka pang'onopang'ono. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zabwino kwa moyo wa zokwawa m'dera linalake, amene nthawi zambiri zimadalira anthu.
Ziribe kanthu momwe zimakhalira zowawa kuzindikira, koma ziweto za mphiri zikuchepa chaka chilichonse, chifukwa chake ku Russia njokayo idatchulidwa mu Red Book la madera ena ndi mayiko ena. M'mayiko aku Europe, zovutirapo kwambiri pankhani yokhudza njoka wamba.
Chitetezo cha njoka wamba
Chithunzi: Viper Yodziwika
Tidazindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa mphiri wamba kumakumana ndi zinthu zambiri zoyipa, makamaka kuchokera kwa anthu, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwake kumachepa. Munthu amachotsa njoka kumalo komwe amakhala kwamuyaya chifukwa chakukula kwa magawo ake osiyanasiyana, nthawi zina kuchita zinthu mopupuluma komanso modzikonda. Njoka zimakakamizidwa kusuntha ndikukhala m'malo atsopano, zomwe zimabweretsa imfa ya anthu ambiri.
Kudera la Europe, njoka zambiri zimawonongedwa mosaloledwa ndikugwidwa kuti zikagulitsenso m'malo oyimilira. Ku Romania, njoka zimakololedwa mosaloledwa, kutolera poyizoni wawo wofunikira mu zamankhwala ndi zodzikongoletsera. Ngakhale njoka yamtunduwu yakwanitsa kukhazikika pafupifupi kudera lonse la Europe, ili pachiwopsezo ngati mtundu. Zotsatira zake, njokayo yakhala ikutetezedwa ku Germany kwazaka zingapo.
M'dziko lathu, mphiri wamba nayenso anayamba kutha m'malo ambiri komwe umapezeka nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chake nyamayi imalembedwa m'buku la Red Book la madera a Samara, Moscow, Saratov, Orenburg ndi Nizhny Novgorod. Komanso, adalembedwera mu Red Book of republic ngati Mordovia, Tatarstan ndi Komi. Udindo wa mphiriwu watchulidwa kuti ndi "mtundu wosatetezeka, womwe ukucheperachepera." Anthu nthawi zambiri amayenera kuganizira za zotsatira za zomwe amachita, zomwe zimawononga oimira nyama.
Pomaliza, zikadali kuwonjezera izi njoka wamba osati wowopsa komanso wokwiya momwe anthu amamuganizira. Chokwawa ichi chimabweretsa zabwino zambiri pakukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa makoswe owopsa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala onyamula matenda owopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mafakitale azodzola ndi zodzikongoletsera amagwiritsira ntchito poyizoni njoka iyi pazifukwa zabwino. Musaope njoka wamba, chifukwa popanda chifukwa chomveka, kuukira kwake ndikosowa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 21:48
