Corncrake imayimira mbusa, monga mbalame zina zambiri za banja lino, ndi yaying'ono, yomwe imalola kuti ibise bwino ndikusuntha muudzu. Ilinso ndi dzina lina - dergach, imawerengedwa kuti ndiyopambana pakati pa alenje chifukwa chobisalira.
Kufotokozera za crake
Anthu ambiri amawona kufanana kwa kapangidwe ka mbalame yayikulu pachimanga cha chimanga ndi nkhuku yankhuku muubwana.
Maonekedwe, kukula kwake
Thupi la chimanga chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osongoka, osanjikizana pambali... Mtundu wa jerk ndi wofiira-imvi, wokhala ndi mizere yakuda yakutsogolo pamwamba ndikuwala kozungulira komanso kofiira pamimba. Chifuwa ndi khosi la amuna ndizofanana ndi utoto wonse, koma ndimadontho akuda kwambiri, koma mwa akazi ndi ovuta.
Miyendo ndi yayitali, koma yopyapyala, ngati zala zakuphazi, pomwe zonse ziwiri ndizolimba, zopangidwa kuti ziziyenda mwachangu muudzu wamtali komanso wandiweyani. Mtundu wawo ndi wotuwa. Mukuuluka, sawatenga, ndipo amangokhala pansi, chomwe ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera. Kupatula kumene kuli pakusamuka: miyendo imakulitsidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa!Kukula kwake ndikofanana ndi thrush kapena zinziri. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 25-30 cm, kulemera - 150-200 g, m'mapiko mpaka 50 cm.
Mlomo ndi wamfupi, wamtundu wokhazikika, wolimba, wowongoka, wosongoka, uli ndi utoto kuyambira wowoneka wowala mpaka pinki. Mchira ndiufupikitsa; ndizosazindikirika ndi mbalame yoyimirira. Mapikowo amawoneka ofiira potuluka.
Moyo, machitidwe
Imakhala ndi moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri: imamanga zitsamba zazitali (koma osati zochuluka) madambo okhala ndi zitsamba zosowa kwambiri. Kudziwikanso kwa kapangidwe ka thupi - mawonekedwe osinthika, kuyambira pakamwa, kupita kumutu, kupita ku torso ndikupitilira - kumapangitsa kuti chimanga cha chimanga chiziyenda mothithikana kwambiri. Amadzimva kuti satha kuthawira kwina, ndipo amapitako m'malo ovuta kwambiri, koma kuti aziuluka pang'ono pang'ono udzu pakagwa ngozi yayikulu ndikubisalira momwe amakonda - kuthamanga, kutambasula mutu wawo patsogolo.
Mbalameyi imawerengedwa ngati nthaka, koma ngati ikufunidwa kapena ngati kuli kofunikira, imatha kusambira ndikupeza chakudya m'madzi osaya. Amatha kukhala panthambi, koma amakonda kuyenda pamapazi ake. Chiwombankhanga chimakhala usiku, makamaka masana ntchito zake sizimawoneka. Pali zochitika zapadera madzulo ndi m'mawa. Manyazi, kubisalira anthu, nyama ndi mbalame zina.
Agalu abusawa amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawu awo, kukumbukira mawu akumveka omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku chisa, ngati mungakakamize china chake pamano ake, chomwe amalandira dzina lakutchulira "kulira". Kwa ena, amafanana ndi phokoso la nsalu yong'ambika. Koma ngakhale akuyimba, amatha kutembenuza mitu yawo kotero kuti ndizovuta kupeza komwe amachokera. Ndi chifukwa cha "mng'alu" womwe adamva kuchokera kwa iwo kuti adapeza dzina lawo lachilatini la Crex crex.
Amathanso kupanga mamvekedwe ena: kung'ung'uza panthawi ya chibwenzi, kutulutsa "oh-oh-oh" kwambiri mayi akaitanira anapiye, mosamala, modandaula kwanthawi yayitali pangozi, kuwakhosomola kwambiri akakhala ndi nkhawa, ndi zina zambiri.
Amuna amatha kuyimba serenade yawo yokwanira kwa masiku opitilira 30, usiku wonse, komanso mumvula ndi mitambo - ngakhale masana. Kutentha kwakukulu kapena mphepo yamphamvu ndiyomwe ingaletse. Pakati pa molting (Julayi-Ogasiti) komanso nyengo yachisanu, amakhala mwakachetechete kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!M'nyengo yozizira, kachilombo koyambirira (koyamba) kotsika pang'ono ka okalamba kumachitika mu Disembala-Marichi. Dergach amabwerera kumalo obisalira kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, nawonso, mosawoneka bwino, makamaka ngati udzu sunafikire 10 cm kapena kupitilira apo.
Corncrake ndi mbalame yosamuka; imakonda kukhazikika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa komwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira. M'dzinja, imayendetsanso mosamala, usiku kapena madzulo, osapumira kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kusamuka kumayamba pakati pa Ogasiti (koyambirira) - kumapeto kwa Okutobala (posachedwa). Asananyamuke, amapita molt wathunthu. Kutha kusamuka ndikwabadwa, ndiye kuti, zoterezi zimasungidwa m'mibadwo yotsatira, ngakhale akale sanasungidwe kundende.
Ndi ma corncrake angati omwe amakhala
Kutalika kwa chimanga mpaka zaka 5-7.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna amasiyana pang'ono ndi akazi. M'chaka, mabere oyamba, khosi ndi milozo pamwamba pamaso amakhala ndi mtundu wa phulusa, kugwa kumasintha kukhala bulauni. Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, malowa ndi achikaso achikaso kapena opepuka, monga mwa achinyamata. Kuphatikiza apo, akazi ndi opepuka pang'ono kuposa amuna: oyamba amafika pafupifupi 120 g, wachiwiri 150 g.
Mitundu ya chimanga
Mtundu wa chimanga chimaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri: chimanga ndi chimanga cha ku Africa... Wotsirizirayu amadziwika ndi malo ake okhazikika - kumwera kwa Sahara, komanso mawonekedwe akunja: kukula pang'ono, nthenga zakuda pamwamba. Mitundu yonseyi ndi yokhayokha, ndiye kuti, ilibe nthambi zotsikira.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Corncrake imagawidwa pang'ono kudutsa Eurasia kupita ku Transbaikalia, Far East, kumpoto - mpaka ku Far North, kumwera - kumapiri a Caucasus. Amakhala nyengo yozizira kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa, kumwera kwa equator.
Malo okondedwa kwambiri ndi udzu wautali wamadzi, koma osadontha komanso osakhala owuma, malo odyetserako madzi osefukira okhala ndi zitsamba zokula pang'ono. Sizimabwera kawirikawiri pamadzi. Sichifuna malo akulu oti munthu azikhalamo, chifukwa chake amatha kupezeka m'minda yolimidwa: mbatata, chimanga, zitsamba zam'mimba, komanso m'malo osiyidwa ndi odyetserako zipatso, minda yamasamba.
Zakudya za Crake
Amadyetsa tizilombo (kafadala, ziwala, dzombe), mphutsi zawo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono (nkhono, nyongolotsi), zazikuluzikulu: abuluzi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono.
Samazengereza kuwononga zisa za mbalame zina zing'onozing'ono, ndikuwononga anapiye awo. Njira ina ya zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu za mbewu zomwe zagwa pansi, mbewu zaulimi. Nthawi zina mphukira zazing'ono zimakhala chakudya cha dergachi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Amuna ndi omwe amafika koyamba kumalo obisalira mu Meyi-Juni, kenako akazi. Chikhalidwe chimayamba posachedwa. Amuna amapangitsa phokoso lakumphuno kuti lizikhala lawo, madzulo komanso usiku, m'mawa kwambiri. Kuchita mwamphamvu kwa mwezi wopitilira. Malinga ndi nyimboyi, mkazi amamupeza, poyandikira "mkwati" amayamba kuvina mosakanikirana, akuwonetsa mawanga ofiira pamapiko kapena amapereka mphatso yodyedwa ngati nkhono kapena nyongolotsi yamvula.
Nthawi yoswana, dergachs amakhala mdera, koma amakhala "m'magulu" am'banja 2-5 pafupi, ngakhale pakhoza kukhala magawo ambiri osakhalamo... Amuna amafuula pakati pawo, kuwonetsa kuthekera kuteteza malire awo ndi mabanja. Koma magawowa ndi ovomerezeka, chifukwa chimanga chimakhala chamitala - osati amuna okha, komanso akazi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti atakwatirana, akufuna mnzake wina. Nthawi yomweyo, azibambo achimuna amayang'anira akazi m'dera lawo, ndipo oimira akazi nawonso amayenda momasuka m'maiko akunja, chifukwa samawoneka ngati owopsa. Nyengo ikakwerana, malirewa amachotsedwa ndipo chimanga chachimuna chimayendayenda kufunafuna nyama ndi madera ena.
Mkazi amakonza chisa chooneka ngati mbale pakakhumudwa pansi, nthawi zambiri pansi pa tchire kapena m'malo obisalira. Imakhala ndi moss, yolukanalukana ndi udzu wouma ndi zimayambira, masamba. Amapanga clutch ya 6 mpaka 12 imvi yobiriwirako ndi timadzi tofiira tofiira, tomwe timadzilola tokha pafupifupi milungu itatu. Wamphongo panthawiyi amatha kukhala pafupi, koma kwakanthawi kochepa, kenako amafunafuna "mkwatibwi" wina.
Anapiye amabadwa akuda kwambiri kapena wakuda bulauni pansi, mlomo ndi miyendo ya mthunzi womwewo. Patatha tsiku limodzi, mayi ndi anawo amasiya chisa, koma amapitilizabe kuwadyetsa masiku 3-5, kwinaku akuwaphunzitsa momwe angadzipezere okha chakudya. Atamvetsetsa sayansi iyi, anapiyewo amadzidyetsa okha, amakhala pafupi ndi amayi kwa mwezi umodzi, womwe umapitilizabe kusamalira anawo, ndikuphunzitsa maluso opulumuka. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri ndi atatu, nthamboyi imatha kupatukana ndikupitiliza moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Ndizosangalatsa!Achinyamata amasiyana ndi achikulire kokha pamtundu wa maso awo: koyambirira amakhala imvi ndi zobiriwira, ndipo kumapeto kwake ndi abulauni kapena ofiira ofiira. Mbalame yaying'ono imatha kukhala pamapiko osakwana mwezi umodzi. Asanawuluke kumadera ofunda, imakhala ndi molt wosakwanira.
Atakweza ana amodzi, chimanga chimathanso kachiwiri. Amuna amathandizira izi, chifukwa amatha kulira mpaka pakati pa Julayi, akuyimba "serenade" yawo. Kupita ku ana achiwiri kungayambitsenso kufa kwa woyamba kubadwa kapena gulu loyamba kuchokera ku zochita za anthu kapena kuwukira kwa adani.
Adani achilengedwe
Mwachidziwitso, adani a chimanga m'chilengedwe amatha kukhala chilombo chilichonse chapadziko lapansi: nkhandwe, nkhandwe, marten, ndi zina zambiri, kapena mbalame yodya nyama. Komabe, zovuta kwa iwo ndi njira yobisa ya dergachi, kutha kwawo poyenda muudzu wandiweyani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti abwerere msanga kwa omwe amawatsata.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu komanso ndata zawo, komanso ana, zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha nyama zoweta kapena zosokera zomwe zikuyenda kuderalo kufunafuna nyama: amphaka, agalu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kudera la Europe ku Russia, mitunduyo siili pachiwopsezo, mosiyana ndi madera akumadzulo kwa Europe, komwe chimanga cha chimanga sichichuluka. Chiwerengero chawo m'derali chikuyerekeza pafupifupi anthu 100 zikwi. M'mayiko ambiri, nthumwi zoyimira mbalamezi zimaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ndipo ndizoletsedwa kusaka. Palibe chidziwitso chokhazikika pamanambala komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ndi chimanga mdera linalake, popeza mbalameyi imasunthika nthawi zonse chifukwa cha nyengo komanso momwe amasamalira anthu. Mukuyandikira kwakeko, chimanga chimakhala ndi anthu 5 mpaka 8 pa sq.
Zofunika!Choopseza chachikulu kwa anthu chimapangidwa ndi kukolola koyambirira kwa mbewu zambewu ndi mbewu za tirigu m'njira yamakina, zomwe sizimalola kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zisa panthawiyi apulumuke pachiwopsezo. Nthawi yomweyo, zida zimamwalira pafupifupi 100% ya milandu, popeza mbalame sizimaswa ana m'kanthawi kochepa chonchi. Kulima minda kumawononganso zisa.
Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu ndi owopsa kwa omwe amawotcha, komanso kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe cha malo awo: kuumitsa kapena kuthira madzi m'madambo, kudula zitsamba, kuipitsa nthaka. Amalimbikitsa chiyembekezo kuti zinthu zikhala bwino ndikukhazikika kwa anthu, kuthekera kwa chimanga kuti zikhazikike m'malo oyenera, zomwe zingatheke pokhapokha pakusintha kwa njira zosamalira zachilengedwe komanso zoganizira bwino za kasamalidwe.
