Nyalugwe waku Indochinese - subspecies yaying'ono yomwe ili pa Indochina Peninsula. Zinyama izi zimakonda nkhalango zam'malo otentha, mapiri ndi madambo. Dera lomwe amagawidwa ndilokwanira ndipo likufanana ndi dera la France. Koma ngakhale kudera lamtunduwu, anthu adatha kupha adaniwo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku Indochinese
Pophunzira zakufa za akambuku, zinawululidwa kuti nyama zakutchire zimakhala padziko lapansi zaka 2-3 miliyoni zapitazo. Komabe, pamaziko a maphunziro a genomic, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti akambuku onse amoyo adapezeka padziko lapansi zaka zoposa 110 zikwi zapitazo. Munthawi imeneyi, panali kuchepa kwakukulu mu jini.
Asayansi adasanthula ma genomes a 32 tiger specimens ndipo adapeza kuti amphaka amtchire amagawika m'magulu asanu ndi amodzi osiyana siyana. Chifukwa chotsutsana kosatha pa kuchuluka kwa subspecies, ofufuza sanathe kuyang'ana kwambiri kubwezeretsa nyama yomwe ili pafupi kutha.
Akambuku a Indochinese (omwe amadziwikanso kuti a tiger a Corbett) ndi amodzi mwa ma subspecies 6 omwe alipo, omwe dzina lawo lachilatini Panthera tigris corbetti adampatsa mu 1968 polemekeza a Jim Corbett, katswiri wazachilengedwe ku England, woteteza zachilengedwe komanso wosaka nyama wodya anthu.
M'mbuyomu, akambuku achi Malay amadziwika kuti ndi amtunduwu, koma mchaka cha 2004 anthu adasinthidwa kukhala gulu lina. Akambuku a Corbett amakhala ku Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand. Ngakhale kuli akambuku ochepa kwambiri achi Indo-Chinese, nzika za midzi yaku Vietnam nthawi zina zimakumana ndi anthu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal Indo-Chinese Tiger
Akambuku a Corbett ndi ocheperako kuposa anzawo - kambuku wa Bengal ndi kambuku wa Amur. Poyerekeza ndi iwo, mtundu wa kambuku wa Indo-Chinese ndi wakuda - wofiyira-lalanje, wachikaso, ndipo mikwingwirima ndi yopapatiza komanso yayifupi, ndipo nthawi zina imawoneka ngati mawanga. Mutu ndi wokulirapo komanso wopindika, mphuno ndi yayitali komanso yayitali.
Avereji ya kukula kwake:
- Kutalika kwa amuna - 2.50-2.80 m;
- kutalika kwa akazi ndi 2.35-2.50 m;
- kulemera kwa amuna ndi 150-190 makilogalamu;
- kulemera kwa akazi ndi 100-135 kg.
Ngakhale amakhala ochepa, anthu ena amatha kulemera makilogalamu 250.
Pali mabala oyera pamasaya, pachibwano komanso m'malo amaso, zotumphukira zili m'mbali mwa mphuno. Vibrissae ndi yoyera, yayitali komanso yofewa. Chifuwa ndi mimba ndi zoyera. Mchira wautali ndikutalikirana m'munsi, wowonda komanso wakuda kumapeto, pali mikwingwirima khumi yopingasa.
Kanema: Nyalugwe waku Indo-Chinese
Maso ndi obiriwira achikasu, ana ake ndi ozungulira. Pali mano 30 pakamwa. Mankhwalawa ndi akulu komanso opindika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuluma fupa. Ma tubercles akuthwa amapezeka palilime lonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu likhale losalala ndikulekanitsa nyama ndi fupa. Chovalacho ndi chachifupi komanso chokhwimitsa thupi, miyendo ndi mchira, pachifuwa ndi pamimba chofewa komanso chachitali.
Pamiyendo yamphongo yamphamvu, yapakatikati, pali zala zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zomwe zimatha kubwereranso, kumiyendo yakumbuyo kuli zala zinayi. Makutu ndi ang'onoang'ono ndipo amakhala okwera, ozungulira. Kumbuyo kwake, ndi yakuda kotheratu ndi chikwangwani choyera, chomwe, malinga ndi asayansi, chimachita mantha ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimayesa kuzembera kumbuyo kwawo.
Kodi kambuku wa Indo-Chinese amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku Indochinese
Zinyama zomwe zimakhalapo zimayambira ku Southeast Asia mpaka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa China. Anthu ambiri amakhala m'nkhalango za Thailand, ku Huaykhakhang. Chiwerengero chochepa chimapezeka m'mapiri a Lower Mekong ndi Annam. Pakadali pano, malowa ndi ochepa kuchokera ku Thanh Hoa kupita ku Bing Phuoc ku Vietnam, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Cambodia ndi Laos.
Nyama zolusa zimapezeka m'nkhalango zotentha zokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, chomwe chili m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, zimakhala m'mitengo ndi m'madambo. M'malo awo abwino, pali achikulire pafupifupi 10 pamakilomita 100. Komabe, zochitika zamasiku ano zachepetsa kachulukidwe kake kuchokera pa 0,5 mpaka akambuku anayi pa 100 kilomita.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwakukulu kumapezeka m'malo achonde, kuphatikiza zitsamba, madambo ndi nkhalango. Dera lokhala ndi nkhalango lokhalo ndilosavomerezeka kwa nyama zolusa. Kuno kuli udzu wochepa, ndipo akambuku amadya kwambiri mapululu. Chiwerengero chawo chachikulu chikufika m'zigwa zamadzi osefukira.
Chifukwa cha madera omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu, akambuku amakakamizika kukhala m'malo omwe mulibe nyama zochepa - nkhalango mosalekeza kapena zigwa zopanda kanthu. Malo okhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwa adani akadali osungidwa kumpoto kwa Indochina, m'nkhalango za mapiri a Cardamom, nkhalango za Tenasserim.
Malo omwe nyama zimatha kukhala ndi moyo, zosafikirika kwa anthu. Koma ngakhale malowa si malo abwino okhala akambuku a Indo-Chinese, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwawo sikokwanira. Ngakhale m'malo okhala bwino, pali zinthu zina zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale kufooka kopanda chilengedwe.
Kodi kambuku wa Indo-Chinese amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku Indo-Chinese mwachilengedwe
Zakudya zolusa makamaka zimakhala ndi ungulates zazikulu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwawo chifukwa chosaka mosaloledwa kwatsika posachedwa.
Pamodzi ndi osatulutsidwa, amphaka amtchire amakakamizidwa kusaka nyama zina zazing'ono:
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- masamari;
- serow;
- gauras;
- mbawala;
- ng'ombe;
- nungu;
- muntjaks;
- anyani;
- mbira za nkhumba.
M'madera momwe nyama zazikulu zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochita za anthu, mitundu yaying'ono imakhala chakudya chachikulu cha akambuku aku Indo-Chinese. M'malo momwe muli ma ungulates ochepa, kuchuluka kwake kwa akambuku kumakhalanso kotsika. Zowononga sizimapewa mbalame, zokwawa, nsomba ngakhale zowola, koma chakudya chotere sichingakwaniritse zosowa zawo.
Sikuti aliyense ali ndi mwayi wokhala m'dera lomwe muli nyama zambiri zazikulu. Pafupifupi, chilombo china chimafuna makilogalamu 7 mpaka 10 a nyama tsiku lililonse. Zikatero, nkotheka kunena za kubereka kwa mtunduwo, chifukwa chake izi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu osachepera poaching.
Ku Vietnam, wamwamuna wamkulu, wolemera pafupifupi 250 kilogalamu, wakhala akuba ziweto kwa anthu akumaloko kwanthawi yayitali. Anayesa kumugwira, koma zoyesayesa zawo sizinaphule kanthu. Nzika zinamanga mpanda wa mita zitatu mozungulira malo awo okhala, koma chilombocho chinalumpha, ndikubera mwana wa ng'ombeyo ndikuthawa momwemo. Kwa nthawi yonseyi adadya ng'ombe makumi atatu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya kambuku ya Indochinese
Amphaka amtchire ndi nyama zokhazokha mwachilengedwe. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi gawo lake, koma palinso akambuku oyenda omwe alibe chiwembu. Ngati m'derali mulipo chakudya, gawo la akazi ndi 15-20 ma kilomita, amuna - makilomita 40-70 pa lalikulu. Ngati pali nyama yochepa pakatikati, ndiye kuti madera azimayi amatha kufika 200-400 ma kilomita, ndipo amuna - 700-1000. Zifukwa zazimuna ndi zazimuna zimatha kuchulukana, koma amuna samakhazikika mdera la wina ndi mnzake, atha kungopambana kuchokera kwa mdani.
Akambuku amtundu wa Indochinese amakhala ochepa kwambiri. Tsiku lotentha, amakonda kuthira madzi ozizira, ndipo madzulo amapita kukasaka. Mosiyana ndi amphaka ena, akambuku amakonda kusambira ndi kusamba. Madzulo amapita kukasaka ndi kukabisalira. Pafupifupi, kuyesayesa kumodzi pakhumi kungapambane.
Panyama yaying'ono, nthawi yomweyo amakumana pakhosi, ndikuyamba kudzaza nyama yayikulu, kenako ndikuphwanya chingwecho ndi mano ake. Masomphenya ndi kumva zimakula bwino kuposa kununkhiza. Chiwalo chachikulu chokhudza ndi vibrissae. Zowonongera ndizamphamvu kwambiri: mlandu unalembedwa pomwe, pambuyo povulala, wamwamuna amatha kuyenda makilomita ena awiri. Amatha kudumpha mpaka 10 mita.
Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, poyerekeza ndi anzawo, anthu amtunduwu amasiyana mwamphamvu chabe, komanso pakupirira. Amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali masana, kwinaku akuthamanga kwa makilomita 70 pa ola limodzi. Amayenda m'misewu yakale yosiyidwa yomwe idakhazikitsidwa panthawi yodula mitengo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku Indochinese
Amuna amakonda kukhala moyo wokhawokha, pomwe akazi amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi ana awo. Munthu aliyense amakhala mdera lake, kuteteza mwachangu kwa alendo. Akazi angapo amatha kukhala m'dera lamwamuna. Amayika malire azinthu zawo ndi mkodzo, ndowe, amalemba khungwa la mitengo.
Subpecies amakwatirana chaka chonse, koma nthawi yayikulu imagwera Novembara-Epulo. Kwenikweni, amuna amasankha ma tigress okhala m'malo oyandikana nawo. Mkazi akagwidwa ndi amuna angapo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikangano pakati pawo. Pofuna kuwonetsa cholinga chokwatirana, akambuku amabangula mokweza ndipo zazikazi zimayika mitengo ndi mkodzo.
Nthawi ya estrus, banjali limathera sabata limodzi limodzi, mpaka nthawi 10 patsiku. Amagona ndikusaka limodzi. Mkaziyo amapeza ndikukonzekeretsa phanga pamalo ovuta kufikako, pomwe amphaka amayenera kuwonekera posachedwa. Ngati kukwatira kwachitika ndi amuna angapo, zinyalalazo zimakhala ndi ana ochokera kwa abambo osiyanasiyana.
Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku 103, chifukwa chake kubadwa ana 7, koma nthawi zambiri 2-3. Mkazi amatha kubereka ana kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Ana amabadwa akhungu ndi ogontha. Makutu awo ndi maso amatseguka patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene mwana wabadwa, ndipo mano oyamba amayamba kukula patangotha milungu iwiri atabadwa.
Permanent mano kukula chaka chimodzi. Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, mayi amayamba kudyetsa anawo nyama, koma samaleka kuwadyetsa mkaka mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, pafupifupi 35% ya ana amamwalira. Zomwe zimayambitsa izi ndi moto, kusefukira kwamadzi kapena kupha makanda.
Ali ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ana aang'ono amayamba kusaka okha. Ena a iwo amasiya banja. Akazi amakhala ndi amayi awo nthawi yayitali kuposa abale awo. Kubereka kwazimayi kumachitika zaka 3-4, mwa amuna azaka zisanu. Zaka zamoyo zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 14, mpaka 25 mu ukapolo.
Adani achilengedwe a akambuku aku Indo-Chinese
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku Indochinese
Chifukwa cha nyonga yawo yayikulu komanso kupirira, akulu alibe adani mwachilengedwe kupatula anthu. Zinyama zazing'ono zitha kuvulazidwa ndi ng'ona, mapiko a nungu kapena abambo awo omwe, omwe amatha kupha ana kuti amayi awo abwerere kukatenthedwanso ndikukhalanso nawo.
Munthu ndi owopsa kwa amphaka amtchire osati kokha powononga nyama zawo, komanso kupha nyama zomwe sizinavomerezedwe mwa iwo okha. Nthawi zambiri kuwonongeka kumachitika mosaganizira - kumanga misewu ndi chitukuko chaulimi kumabweretsa kugawanika kwa malowa. Anthu osawerengeka awonongedwa ndi anthu osaka nyama chifukwa chodzipindulitsa.
Mu mankhwala achi China, ziwalo zonse za thupi la chilombo ndizofunika kwambiri, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zimachiritsa. Mankhwalawa ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa mankhwala wamba. Chilichonse chimakonzedwa kukhala potions - kuyambira masharubu mpaka mchira, kuphatikiza ziwalo zamkati.
Komabe, akambuku amatha kuyankha mofanana ndi anthu. Pofunafuna chakudya, amayendayenda m'midzi, komwe amaba ziweto ndipo amatha kuwukira munthu. Ku Thailand, mosiyana ndi South Asia, pali mikangano yochepa pakati pa anthu ndi amphaka a tabby. Milandu yotsiriza yamikangano yolembetsedwa ili mu 1976 ndi 1999. Koyambilira, mbali zonse ziwiri zidaphedwa, mwachiwiri, munthuyo adangovulala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal Indo-Chinese Tiger
Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, pakati pa anthu 1200 ndi 1600 anthu amtunduwu amakhalabe padziko lapansi. Koma kuchuluka kwa chilemba chotsikacho kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kolondola. Ku Vietnam kokha, akambuku opitilira 3,000 aku Indo-Chinese adaphedwa kuti agulitse ziwalo zawo zamkati. Ku Malaysia, kupha anthu mwachilango kumalangidwa mwankhanza kwambiri, ndipo malo osungira nyama zomwe zimadyera nyama amatetezedwa mosamala. Pankhaniyi, anthu ambiri akambuku a Indo-Chinese adakhazikika pano. M'madera ena, zinthu zafika povuta kwambiri.
Kuyambira mu 2010, malinga ndi makina owonera makanema, padalibe anthu opitilira 30 ku Cambodia, ndi nyama pafupifupi 20 ku Laos. Ku Vietnam, panali anthu pafupifupi 10 konse. Ngakhale kuli koletsedwa, alenje akupitiliza kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa.
Chifukwa cha mapulogalamu oteteza akambuku a Indo-Chinese, pofika chaka cha 2015 chiwerengerochi chinawonjezeka kufika pa anthu 650, kupatula malo osungira nyama. Akambuku angapo apulumuka kum'mwera kwa Yunnan. Mu 2009, panali pafupifupi 20 mwa iwo omwe adatsalira m'maboma a Xishuangbanna ndi Simao. Ku Vietnam, Laos kapena Burma, palibe anthu ambiri omwe adalembedwapo.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo okhala chifukwa chodula mitengo, kulima minda yamagwalangwa yamafuta, kugawanika kwamitunduyu kumachitika, chakudya chimachepa mwachangu, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha kuberekana, komwe kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa umuna komanso kusabereka.
Kusunga akambuku a Indo-Chinese
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe waku Indochinese
Mitunduyi yatchulidwa mu International Red Book ndi CITES Convention (Zowonjezera I) kuti ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Zatsimikizika kuti kuchuluka kwa akambuku aku Indo-Chinese kumachepa mwachangu kuposa ma subspecies ena, chifukwa sabata iliyonse imamwalira kamodzi ka nyama yolusa m'manja mwa wopha nyama.
Anthu pafupifupi 60 ali kumalo osungira nyama. Kudera lakumadzulo kwa Thailand, mumzinda wa Huaykhakhang, kuli malo osungirako zachilengedwe; kuyambira 2004, pakhala pulogalamu yogwira ntchito yolimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu. Mitengo yamapiri yam'mapiri ake siyabwino kwenikweni kuchitira anthu, chifukwa chake malowa sanakhudzidwe ndi anthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali chiopsezo chotenga malungo pano, chifukwa chake palibe osaka ambiri omwe akufuna kulowa m'malo amenewa ndikudzipereka kuti apeze ndalama. Zinthu zabwino zomwe zimakhalapo zimalola zilombo kuti ziberekane mwaufulu, ndipo zoteteza zimawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka.
Paki isanakhazikitsidwe, pafupifupi anthu 40 amakhala m'derali. Mbewuyo imawonekera chaka chilichonse ndipo tsopano pali amphaka opitilira 60. Mothandizidwa ndi misampha ya makamera 100 yomwe ili mderali, kuyang'anira kayendedwe ka nyama zolusa kumayang'aniridwa, nyama zimawerengedwa ndipo zidziwitso zatsopano zakukhalapo kwawo zimadziwika. Malo osungidwa amatetezedwa ndi osunga masewera ambiri.
Ofufuzawo akuyembekeza kuti anthu omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi anthu adzatha kupulumuka mtsogolo ndikukhalabe ndi ziwerengero. Mwayi wapamwamba kwambiri wopulumuka ndi wa anthu omwe gawo lawo lili pakati pa Myanmar ndi Thailand. Pali akambuku pafupifupi 250 omwe amakhala kumeneko. Akambuku ochokera ku Central Vietnam ndi South Laos ali ndi mwayi waukulu.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo okhala nyama izi komanso chinsinsi chawo, asayansi tsopano athe kuphunzira za subspecies ndikuwululira zatsopano za izi. Nyalugwe waku Indochinese amalandira chithandizo chofunikira kwambiri kuchokera kwa odzipereka, chomwe chimapindulitsa pakukhazikitsa njira zosungira kuti zisungidwe ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa subspecies.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.05.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 17:39
