Lankhulani ndi swan - woyimira pansi wa banja la bakha. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa dongosolo lonse la Anseriformes. Wamkulu komanso wachisomo, wokondweretsa komanso wosiririka. Maonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso osangalatsa amakopa owonera akuyenda pakiyo, pomwe mbalame zimakonda kusambira m'mayiwe kapena m'madzi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Cygnus olor (lat.) Mumakhala ndi dzina kuchokera kumamvekedwe apadera omwe amuna amatulutsa pakagwa ngozi. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa kulira, mbalame zimatha kulira mokweza, likhweru ndi kulira. Zimasiyana ndi ma subspecies ena osalankhula okhala ndi khosi lokongola komanso lopindika.
Sungani swans ndi mbalame za ku Eurasia. Kugawidwa kwawo kudachitika magawo awiri: kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 komanso m'ma 1930. Pa nthawi imeneyo, swans anabweretsa Victoria. Kumeneko ankakhala m'mapaki amzindawu ndipo anali malo okongoletsera; tsopano akutetezedwa mosamala ndi akuluakulu.
Kanema: Swan Mute
Poyamba, mbalamezi zinkakhala ku Japan. Tsopano nthawi ndi nthawi muzigawo la Bermuda, Canada, USA, New Zealand. Mu 1984, Denmark idapanga osalankhula chizindikiro cha dziko. Mbalameyi imafananizidwa ndi yachifumu, yachifumu.
Ku England, anthu onse amawerengedwa kuti ndi chuma cha mfumu. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 15, mbalame zolemera zokha ndizomwe zili ndi malo otsogola omwe amatha kukhala ndi mbalamezi. Kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa wochereza, mbalame zonse zidakulungidwa. Ku Abbotsbury Wildlife Sanctuary, swans adapangidwa kuti apange nyama, yomwe idaperekedwa pagome la mafumu.
Ku Russia, mbale zosalankhula zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mwayi. Ngati panalibe swani zokazinga patebulo, ndiye kuti alendo omwe anali mnyumba ya alendo sankalemekezedwa kwambiri. Mu 1610, Tsar Vladislav waku Moscow adapatsidwa ma swans atatu ndi ma giblets kapena ophika ma pie.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Swan White White Swan
Mbalamezi ndi zazikulu modabwitsa, ndiye zazikulu kwambiri pamitundu yonseyo. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi abale awo ndi mulomo wonyezimira wa lalanje komanso kamtengo kakuda pansi pake, khosi lalikulu, ndi mapiko otambasula. Pakati pa nyengo ya kukwatira, zingwe za amuna zimatha kutupa ndipo zimayamba kuonekera.
Mapiko, zala zakuda ndi maso akuda mbalame. Mapikowo ndi otakata, kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 240. Pamene mbalame zazindikira zoopsa, zimawanyamula pamwamba pa misana mwawo, zikukhomera makosi awo ndi hiss. Posambira, ma swans amapinda makosi awo ndi chilembo S ndikutsitsa milomo yawo. Chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yayifupi, sangathe kuyenda mwachangu pamtunda.
- kulemera kwa akazi ndi makilogalamu 6-8 .;
- kulemera kwa amuna ndi 10-13 makilogalamu .;
- kutalika kwa thupi - 160-180 cm.
Nyama yayikulu kwambiri yosayankhula yalembetsedwa ku Poland. Mbalameyi inkalemera makilogalamu 23. Sizikudziwika ngati atha kunyamuka.
Anapiye obadwa kumene amakhala okutidwa ndi imvi yakuda, milomo yofiirira. Amakhala ngati makolo awo ali ndi zaka 2-3. Pali nthenga pafupifupi 25,000 pa thupi la tsekwe. Mbalame zazikulu zimawomba mapiko awo mokweza kwambiri. Phokoso ili limamveka mpaka kilomita kutali. Mapazi otsika amakhala ndi zokutira zokulirapo zomwe zimathandiza posambira.
Pamchira wachidule wa osalankhula, pali mafuta amene amaphimba nthenga ndipo amalepheretsa chinsanzacho kunyowa.
Kodi chinyama chosalankhula chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yotchedwa bird swan
Mbalameyi imapezeka m'malo akutali a Central and Southern Europe, Asia, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Primorsky Krai, China. M'malo onsewa, ndizosowa kwambiri, awiriawiri amakhala chisa chapatali kwambiri, ndipo m'malo ena mbalame sizikhazikika.
M'madera omwe kale anali USSR, osalankhula amakhala m'chigwa cha mkono wa Ural komanso m'madziwe ndi nyanja ku Kazakhstan. M'madera ambiri ku Europe, mbalameyi imasamalidwa. Kumtchire, mbalame zimasankha malo osayenderedwa ndi anthu - nyanja ndi mitsinje, yomwe pamwamba pake pali zomera, madambo.
Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za anthu, pali anthu ochepa ku Australia, North America, New Zealand, ndi Africa. Swans ambiri amatha kuwetedwa kapena amakhala mwamantha - monga mbalame zokongoletsera m'mapaki amzindawu.
Mbalame zimakhala m'malo opitirira mamita 500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Zitha kukhalanso pakamwa pamtsinje, matupi amadzi abwino, magombe anyanja. Chisa cha Swans pagombe la Baltic, Atlantic ndi Asia. Atakula, anawo amapita kunyanja ya Caspian ndi Black nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zimatha kukhala zisa zawo, kenako anthu amazidyetsa.
M'nyengo yozizira, amalumikizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ngati chimodzi mwa ziweto chikudwala ndipo sichingathe kuwuluka, otsalawo amaimitsa kaye ulendo wawo mpaka wodwalayo atachira. M'nyengo yozizira, nthenga za mbalame zimakhala zoyera, zikauluka m'malo otentha, zimada.
Kodi tsekwe wosalankhula amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Swan wosalankhula kuchokera ku Red Book
Wolemba: Medvedeva Svetlana (@ msvetlana012018)
Mumakonda chakudya chamankhwala chomera. Zakudya za swans zakutchire ndizosiyana ndi za mbalame zoweta.
Senga wosalankhula amadya:
- mizu;
- mbali zam'madzi za zomera;
- ziphuphu;
- chara ndi algae opusa.
Ngati pali zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono ndi molluscs pazomera, zimakhalanso chakudya cha swans. Chifukwa cha khosi lawo lalitali, mbalame zimatha kumiza m'madzi mpaka mita imodzi. Monga abakha, amathira mutu wawo, khosi ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi m'madzi, atayimirira m'madzi ndikufika pansi ndi milomo yawo. Pamtunda, swans amadya masamba ndi mbewu.
Mukamayenda pansi pamadzi, timagawo ting'onoting'ono ta mbewu timadulidwa, tomwe anapiye timadya. M'nyengo yozizira, ndere zimadya ngati chakudya. Chifukwa cha namondwe komanso kukwera kwamadzi, zimakhala zovuta kupeza chakudya. Kenako amafa ndi njala ndikutopa mpaka kulephera kuwuluka. Komabe, samasiya zisa zawo ndikudikirira nyengo yabwino.
Anthu nthawi zonse amayesetsa kudyetsa makutu osalankhula ndi buledi, koma izi ndizosatheka. Mimba ya mbalame siinasinthidwe ndi chakudya choterocho. Atadya mkate wotupa, swans amatha kudwala ndikufa. Nthawi yomweyo, kudyetsa ndi tirigu kumatha kupulumutsa mbalame ku njala m'nyengo yozizira. Amatha kudya makilogalamu anayi patsiku.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Swan Mute
Anthu aku Swans amakhala nthawi yayitali pamadzi. Kumalo opanda anthu, amatha kupita kumtunda. Mbalame zimakhala usiku m'madzi: m'malo ophatikizana ndi mabango. Amalolera mbalame zina, chifukwa chake amatha kumanga zisa pafupi ndi tsekwe.
Amatha kukhazikika m'midzi komanso padera. Amadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chamtendere, amawonetsa nkhanza pokhapokha poteteza gawo. Pangozi zikamayandikira, mbalamezi zimapinda makosi awo, zikung'amba nthenga zawo ndikusambira motsata mlendo. Pakamenyana, amamenya mwamphamvu ndi milomo yawo. N'zotheka kuvulala kwambiri chifukwa chokhala ndi chidwi chambiri ndi zomangamanga.
Ngati palibe amene akuvutitsa chisa, ma swans amagwiritsitsa malo awo okhala mpaka omaliza ndipo amangochokapo akasungidwe atazizidwa. Nthawi zambiri ndegeyi imayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala kumpoto komanso kuyambira Okutobala kumwera kwamtunduwu. Mbalamezi zimauluka usana ndi usiku. Mluzu wamapiko a gulu ukufalikira patali kwambiri. Amawuluka mu mzere oblique, ndikufuula mokweza.
M'nyengo yozizira, osayankhula amakhala awiri awiri kale. Osungulumwa amadziwana ndi anzawo ndikupanga zibwenzi. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka ziwiri, swans molt kawiri pachaka. Nthawi yonse yotentha, mbalame zimatha kuuluka. Nthawi imeneyi, makolo amasamalira anapiye ndipo sangathe kuwasiya akakhala ndi nkhawa.
Pali nthano yodziwika bwino yokhudza kukhulupirika kwa swan. Ikuti ngati m'modzi mwaomwe amwalira, winayo sakufunanso awiri. Izi sizowona kwathunthu. Zowonadi, mbalame zimakhala ndi mnzake m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Koma, ngati amwalira, wachiwiri akufuna banja lina.
Ngakhale ndi yayikulu kwambiri, osayankhula amauluka bwino. Pakusamuka, amatha kulumikizana m'magulu masauzande ambiri kuti apewe kuwukira adani. A Swans sakudziwa kunyamuka kumtunda. Izi zimangochitika pamadzi ndikutenga nthawi yayitali. Pakakhala nyengo yoipa, amagona pansi, amabisa milomo yawo nthenga ndikudikirira nyengo yoipa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Onetsani anapiye a swan
Kuyambira ali ndi zaka zinayi, ma swans amapanga maanja. Chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa ndi anthu, mabanja amatha kutha ndipo pali amuna ambiri osakwatira, chifukwa chake amayesa kulepheretsa akazi kuchokera pa awiriawiri omwe alipo. Amuna amamenya mapiko awo mopweteka, koma nthawi zambiri mlendo amatha kuthamangitsidwa.
Amuna pamodzi amasankha tsamba pafupi ndi malo osungira ndi gombe lodzaza. Kwa anthu osakwatira, nyengo yokwanira imayamba mu Marichi. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimasambira chapafupi, zazimuna zimatupa mapiko ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamiza mitu yawo m'madzi. Kenako chachimuna chimasambira kukhala chachikazi ndipo chimaluka m'khosi.
Zitachitika izi, yaikazi imamizidwa m'madzi mpaka m'khosi ndipo imakwerana. Kenako banjali limayandama, ndikusindikiza mabere awo ndikuyamba kutsuka nthenga zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, chachikazi chimamanga chisa kutali ndi malo komwe kuli anthu. Wamphongo panthawiyi amateteza gawoli ndi kulira kwa onse omwe akuyandikira alendo.
Chisa chimakhala ndi bango chaka chatha ndi zomera zam'madzi. Chisa m'madzi osaya chingakhale chotalika pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi 75 masentimita. Ngati yamangidwa ndi ma rhizomes, ndiye kuti m'lifupi mwake imatha kufika mamita 4, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi mita imodzi. Pakhomopo pakakonzeka, wamkazi amatulutsa madziwo ndikutsetseka pansi.
Swans kupereka ana awo oyamba atha kukhala ndi dzira limodzi lokha. Akazi akamakula, chiwerengero chawo chimakwera kufika 5-8. Poyamba, mazirawo amakhala obiriwira, koma pofika nthawi yomwe mwana wankhuku amabadwa, amakhala oyera. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi masiku 35. Wamphongo amateteza gawo nthawi yonseyi.
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, tiana taimvi timawoneka, omwe amawona ndikusambira ndi amayi awo kuyambira pomwe adabadwa. Kwa miyezi inayi yoyambirira, makanda amakhala kumbuyo kwa wamkazi, usiku banja lonse limagona pachisa. Pakatha miyezi 5, anapiyewo amakhala atadziyimira pawokha. M'dzinja, banja lonse limawuluka nyengo yozizira kumadera ofunda.
Adani achilengedwe a swans osalankhula
Chithunzi: Swan White White Swan
Akuluakulu ali ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa, popeza ali olimba mtima komanso olimba mtima mokwanira kuti awopsyeze adani ndi anthu. Amuna amalimba mtima kuwukira mabwato ngati akuwona kuti akuwopseza banja lawo. Amalizira mokweza ndi kuthamangira adani awo mwankhanza.
Kwa anapiye aku Europe, nkhandwe, ziwombankhanga zagolide, nkhono, ndi mbalame za m'nyanja zimaonedwa ngati adani. Zimbalangondo zakuda kapena mimbulu zitha kuwononga chisa. Kapena musokoneze mwana. Anthu okhala mumtundawu ayenera kusamala ndi nkhandwe zaku Arctic. Kwa akuluakulu, kuopseza kumangobwera kuchokera ku mimbulu kapena zimbalangondo.
Mitundu yomwe imakhala ku North America ili pachiwopsezo cha akabawi, ma raccoon, ma lynx, zikopa, mimbulu, akhwangwala, otter, akadzidzi. Ana amatha kusakidwa ndi akamba akulu aku America. Anthu osalankhula ku Australia ayenera kukhala osamala za dingo, nyama yokhayo yomwe idagwidwa ndi kontinentiyo.
Swan wosalankhula amakumbukirabe bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kukumbukira mdani kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo, nthawi zina, amabwezera.
M'nthawi zakale, mbalame zimasakidwa mwankhanza, mbalame zimaphedwa chifukwa chodyedwa ndi nyama. Zotsatira zake, swans yasanduka mitundu yosawerengeka. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, munthawi ya nkhondoyi, osalankhulawo adawonongedwa kwathunthu ku Belarus.
Pamodzi ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, mbalame zosalankhula zimadwala ndikufa chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mitsinje, nyumba, mafakitale, makamaka, kupanga ma hydrocarbon, mafuta ndi mafuta. Pakusamuka, mbalame zimatha kukhala mumtsuko wamafuta kapena wamafuta, zomwe zimabweretsa imfa yopweteka. Mizere yamagetsi yamagetsi yayikulu ndi zolemera zam'madzi zotsogola ndizowopsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pambuyo pa kuwonongedwa kwa anthu osalankhula m'dera la USSR, kusaka kunali koletsedwa kulikonse. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kudakulirakulira pang'ono ndikupitilizabe kuwonjezeka mpaka pano. Pakadali pano, pali achikulire oposa 350 zikwi ku Russia.
Mutha kukumana ndi mbalame m'mapaki, m'malo osungiramo zinthu, mukuyenda kudutsa m'munda wazomera. Swans ndi zokongoletsa zokongola m'madzi onse. Mbalame zimazolowera moyo wakundende, motero sizimabweretsa zovuta kwa eni ake.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa anthu, kusaka mbalame nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwachinyengo komanso kopanda phindu. M'magulu ang'onoang'ono, anthu amatha kugwidwa ndi nesting panthawi ya molting. Osaka nyama mosakaikira amatha kudya mbalame zomwe zaonda chifukwa cha njala kapena kudwala.
Pambuyo poletsa kusaka osalankhula, kuchuluka kwawo padziko lonse lapansi kwapeza anthu 600,000, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN. Pafupifupi 30 zikwi amakhala ku UK. M'mayiko ena, ndizochepa. Ku Belarus mu 2000, kuchuluka kwa osalankhula kudali ma peyala 137 okha. Pofika chaka cha 2010, panali 244. Tsopano ma peyala 800-950 adalembetsedwa kuti apange mazira, pafupifupi anthu zikwi chimodzi ndi theka amakhala m'nyengo yozizira.
Ku Great Britain ndi Denmark, swans amalemekezedwa mwapadera komanso ali ndiudindo wapadera. Pachiyambi choyamba, mbalame zoposa 20 zikwi ndi za mfumukazi ndipo zimatetezedwa mosamala. Kachiwiri, osayankhula amadziwika ngati chizindikiro cha dziko.
Lankhulani swans kulondera
Chithunzi: Swan wosalankhula kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitunduyi ili pangozi ndipo yatchulidwa m'mabuku a Red Data a Kazakhstan, Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Sverdlovsk, Penza, madera a Chelyabinsk ndi Republic of Bashkortostan. M'buku latsopano la Red Book la Belarus, osalankhula samaphatikizidwapo.
Mu 1960, padakhazikitsidwa lamulo loletsa kusaka kwa mbalamezi. Chifukwa cha chitetezo ndi anthu osamala omwe amadyetsa mbalame nthawi yachisanu, chiwerengerochi chikukula chaka chilichonse. Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa powaweta mu ukapolo. Pansi pazabwino, izi zimapangitsa kuti chinsombacho chikhale ndi moyo zaka 30.
Kuswana kwa mbevere kwachititsa kuti mbalame zizikhala m'malo omwe sanaphatikizidweko - Australia, North America ndi mayiko ena. Ku Europe, subspecies idapulumukanso chifukwa cha anthu oweta omwe mwangozi kapena mwadala adalowa kuthengo.
Zanyumba zadzetsa chakuti ma swans saopanso kukhazikika pafupi ndi anthu. Tsopano amapezeka m'madziwe ndi m'madzi m'midzi. Ntchito zowononga nyama mwachisawawa zimayang'aniridwa ndi akuluakulu aboma. Asodzi ena amakhulupirira kuti swans amadya ndikuwombera mazira a nsomba. Ngakhale ataphonya, mbalame mosadziwa imameza mfutiyo ndikufa chifukwa cha poyizoni.
M'mikhalidwe yabwino ya swans, mbalame zimakhala mwakachetechete ndipo sizimenyera ufulu. Amasinthasintha malo awo, okwatirana ndi kubereka ana. Kuti azisunga panyumba, ndikwanira kupatsa mbalame malo osungira oyera komanso nyengo yabwino yozizira.
Lankhulani ndi swan - mawonekedwe onyada komanso okongola nthawi zambiri amakongoletsa pamasamba okonda okondedwa monga chitsanzo choti atenge, monga chizindikiro cha kukhulupirika ndi chiyero chauzimu. Kutchuka kwa mbalame yokongola komanso yokongolayi sikutsutsana. Mbalame zokhala ndi mkazi m'modzi zimasamalira ana awo ndipo zimatetezedwa ndi lamulo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.05.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07/05/2020 pa 11:49
