Nthiwatiwa Emu Ndi mbalame yachilendo. Samalira, koma amang'ung'udza; samauluka, koma amayenda ndikuthamanga liwiro la 50 km / h! Mbalamezi ndi za gulu la mbalame zosawuluka, zotchedwa othamanga (makoswe). Ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa mbalame, kuphatikiza cassowaries, nthiwatiwa ndi rhea. Emus ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Australia ndipo ndi zachiwiri zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Amapezeka kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango ndipo amayesetsa kupewa malo okhala anthu ambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma emus amadziwa bwino malo awo kuposa momwe amawonera. Ngakhale ma emus amakonda kukhala kunkhalango kapena ku nkhalango komwe kuli chakudya ndi malo ogona ambiri, ndikofunikira kuti iwo adziwe zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iwo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa emu
Emu idapezeka koyamba ndi azungu mu 1696 pomwe ofufuza adayendera kumadzulo kwa Australia. Ulendo wotsogozedwa ndi Captain Willem de Vlaming wochokera ku Holland anali kufunafuna sitima yomwe ikusowayo. Mbalamezi zidatchulidwa koyamba pansi pa dzina loti "Cassowary of New Holland" wolemba Arthur Philip, yemwe adapita ku Botany Bay mu 1789.
Wodziwika ndi Johnn Latham mu 1790, woyang'anira dera la Australia ku Sydney, dziko lomwe linkadziwika kuti New Holland panthawiyo. Anapereka kutanthauzira koyamba ndi mayina amitundu yambiri ya mbalame zaku Australia. M'mawu ake oyamba a emu mu 1816, katswiri wazachipembedzo waku France a Louis Pierre Viejo adagwiritsa ntchito mayina awiri achibadwa.
Kanema: Nthiwatiwa emu
Funso lotsatira linali funso loti tigwiritse ntchito dzina. Lachiwiri limapangidwa molondola, koma mu taxonomy ndizovomerezeka kuti dzina loyamba lomwe limaperekedwa kwa chamoyo limagwira ntchito. Zolemba zambiri zaposachedwa, kuphatikiza boma la Australia, zimagwiritsa ntchito Dromaius, pomwe Dromiceius adatchulidwanso ngati kalembedwe kena.
Mpangidwe wa dzina loti "emu" sunatchulidwe, koma amakhulupirira kuti umachokera ku liwu lachiarabu lonena za mbalame yayikulu. Lingaliro lina ndiloti limachokera ku mawu oti "ema", omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'Chipwitikizi kutanthauza mbalame yayikulu, yofanana ndi nthiwatiwa kapena crane. Emus ali ndi gawo lofunikira m'mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu achiaborijini. Amawalimbikitsa pamayendedwe ena ovina, ndiye nthano za nyenyezi (emu magulu a nyenyezi) ndi zolengedwa zina zakale.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa mbalame emu
Emu ndiye mbalame yachiwiri yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zikuluzikulu kwambiri zimatha kufikira masentimita 190. Kutalika kuchokera kumchira mpaka mulomo kumayambira masentimita 139 mpaka 164, mwa amuna pafupifupi 148.5 cm, ndipo akazi ndi masentimita 156.8. Emu ndi mbalame yamoyo yayikulu yachinayi kapena yachisanu polemera. Emus wamkulu amalemera pakati pa 18 ndi 60 kg. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Emu ili ndi zala zitatu kuphazi lililonse, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zizithamanga ndipo zimapezeka mu mbalame zina monga ma bustards ndi zinziri.
Emu ali ndi mapiko owoneka bwino, phiko lililonse lili ndi nsonga yaying'ono kumapeto. Emu imagubuduza mapiko ake ikamathamanga, mwina ngati chida chokhazikitsira poyenda mwachangu. Ali ndi miyendo yayitali ndi khosi, komanso liwiro loyenda la 48 km / h. Chiwerengero cha mafupa ndi minofu yolumikizana ndi phazi imachepa m'miyendo, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina. Poyenda, emu amayenda masentimita pafupifupi 100, koma atathamanga kwathunthu kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 275. Miyendo ilibe nthenga.
Monga cassowary, emu ili ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zimateteza kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya adani. Amamva bwino komanso amawona bwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azindikire zomwe zingawopseze. Khosi labuluu loyera limawoneka kudzera mu nthenga zosowa. Ali ndi nthenga zaubweya wofiirira komanso maupangiri akuda. Dzuwa limalowetsedwa ndi nsonga, ndipo nthenga zamkati zimateteza khungu. Izi zimalepheretsa mbalame kutentha kwambiri, kuzilola kuti zizigwira ntchito nthawi yotentha masana.
Zosangalatsa: Nthenga zimasintha mtundu chifukwa cha chilengedwe, zomwe zimapatsa mbalame kubisala mwachilengedwe. Nthenga za Emu m'malo ouma omwe ali ndi dothi lofiira zimakhala zokongola, pomwe mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo onyowa zimakhala ndi mdima wandiweyani.
Maso a Emu amatetezedwa ndimakhungu odetsa. Awa ndi zikope zazikazi zosunthika zomwe zimasunthira molunjika kuchokera mkatikati mwa diso mpaka kumapeto. Amakhala ngati masomphenya, kuteteza maso ku fumbi lodziwika bwino kumadera amphepo, owuma. Emu ili ndi thumba la tracheal, lomwe limakhala lotchuka kwambiri nthawi yakumasirana. Ndi kutalika kwa 30 cm, ndiyotakata ndipo ili ndi khoma lochepa komanso dzenje lalitali masentimita 8.
Emu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Emu Australia
Emus amapezeka ku Australia kokha. Izi ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka ndipo magawidwe awo amakhudza mbali zonse za dzikolo. Emus adapezeka ku Tasmania, koma adawonongedwa ndi nzika zoyamba zaku Europe. Mitundu iwiri yaing'ono yomwe imakhala kuzilumba za Kangaroo ndi King Island nawonso yasowa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.
Emu kale anali wofala pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Australia, koma tsopano sapezeka kumeneko. Kukula kwa ulimi ndi kupezeka kwa madzi kwa ziweto mkatikati mwa kontrakitala kwachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa emu m'malo ouma. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Australia konse, mkati ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amakonda kupezeka m'malo a savannah ndi sclerophyll, ndipo samapezeka kwambiri m'malo okhala anthu ambiri komanso madera ouma omwe mpweya wake umaposa 600 mm pachaka.
Emus amakonda kuyenda awiriawiri, ndipo ngakhale atha kupanga magulu akulu, ichi ndi chikhalidwe chachilendo chomwe chimadza chifukwa chofunikira kusamukira ku chakudya chatsopano. Nthiwatiwa ya ku Australia imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafika kumalo odyetserako chakudya ambiri. Kudera lakumadzulo kwa kontrakitala, mayendedwe a emu amatha kutsata nyengo yoyera - kumpoto mchilimwe, kumwera m'nyengo yozizira. Ku gombe lakum'maŵa, kuyendayenda kwawo kumawoneka kwachisokonezo ndipo sikutsatira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa.
Emu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa emu
Emu amadyedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera komanso yobzala. Zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu zimadalira nyengo yawo, koma zimadyanso tizilombo ndi ma arthropod ena. Izi zimapereka zambiri zofunika pamapuloteni. Ku Western Australia, zokonda zimawoneka m'ma emus oyenda omwe amadya mbewu za aneura mthethe mpaka mvula itayamba, pambuyo pake amapitilira mphukira zatsopano za udzu.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimadya nyemba za kasiya, ndipo nthawi yachisanu zimadya ziwala ndi zipatso za mtengo wa Santalum acuminatum. Emus amadziwika kuti amadyetsa tirigu ndi zipatso zilizonse kapena mbewu zina zomwe angathe kuzipeza. Amakwera mipanda yayikulu ngati kuli kofunikira. Emus imagwira ntchito yonyamula mbewu zazikulu, zotheka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maluwa azisiyanasiyana.
Njira imodzi yosamutsira mbeu idachitika ku Queensland koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, pomwe emus adasamutsa nthanga za peyala kumadera osiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kampeni zingapo zosaka emu ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa nthanga za nkhadze. Pamapeto pake, cacti imayang'aniridwa ndi njenjete (Cactoblastis cactorum), yomwe mphutsi zake zimadya chomera ichi. Ichi chidakhala chimodzi mwazitsanzo zoyambirira za kuwongolera kwachilengedwenso.
Miyala yaying'ono ya emu imamezedwa kuti athandizire kupera ndi kuyamwa mbewu. Mwala umodzi uliwonse ukhoza kulemera mpaka magalamu 45, ndipo mbalame zimatha kukhala ndi magalamu 745 amiyala m'mimba mwazo nthawi imodzi. Nthiwatiwa za ku Australia zimadyanso makala, ngakhale kuti chifukwa chake sichikudziwika bwinobwino.
Zakudya za emu ndi:
- mthethe;
- casuarina;
- zitsamba zosiyanasiyana;
- ziwala;
- njoka;
- kafadala;
- mbozi;
- mphemvu;
- nsikidzi;
- mphutsi za njenjete;
- nyerere;
- akangaude;
- zokonda.
Emus wakunyumba adalowetsa magalasi, ma marble, makiyi amgalimoto, zodzikongoletsera, mtedza ndi mabatani. Mbalame zimamwa kawirikawiri, koma zimamwa madzi ambiri posachedwa. Amayamba afufuza dziwe komanso madera ozungulira m'magulu, kenako agwada m'mphepete kuti amwe.
Nthiwatiwa zimakonda kukhala pamalo olimba ndikamamwa, osati pamiyala kapena m'matope, koma zikawona zoopsa, zimayimirabe. Ngati mbalame sizisokonezedwa, nthiwatiwa zimatha kumwa mosalekeza kwa mphindi khumi. Chifukwa chosowa madzi, nthawi zina amakhala opanda madzi kwa masiku angapo. Kutchire, ma emus nthawi zambiri amagawana magwero a madzi ndi kangaroo ndi nyama zina.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya nthiwatiwa emu
Emus amakhala tsiku lawo lonse akudya, kutsuka nthenga zawo ndi milomo yawo, akusamba m'fumbi ndikupuma. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ochezeka, kupatula munthawi yoswana. Mbalamezi zimatha kusambira pakafunika kutero, ngakhale zitero pokhapokha ngati dera lawo ladzaza madzi kapena likufunika kuwoloka mtsinjewo. Emus amagona kwakanthawi, kudzuka kangapo usiku. Pogona, amayamba atagwirana m'manja ndipo pang'onopang'ono amagona.
Ngati palibe zowopseza, amagona tulo tofa nato pakadutsa mphindi makumi awiri. Mchigawochi, thupi limatsitsidwa mpaka limakhudza pansi ndikukhomerera miyendo yake pansipa. Emus amadzuka ku tulo tofa nato mphindi iliyonse makumi asanu ndi anayi kuti amamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi kapena matumbo. Nthawi yakudzuka imeneyi imatenga mphindi 10-20, kenako amagonanso. Kugona kumatha pafupifupi maola asanu ndi awiri.
Emu amalankhula mosiyanasiyana ndikumveka mokweza. Phokoso lamphamvu limamveka patali mtunda wamakilomita awiri, pomwe chisonyezo chotsikirako, chomveka kwambiri chotulutsa munthawi yoswana chingakope akazi. Masiku otentha kwambiri, ma emus amapuma kuti azisamalira kutentha kwa thupi, mapapu awo amakhala ozizira. Emus ali ndi kagayidwe kake kakang'ono poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame. Pa -5 ° C, kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe ka emu kumakhala pafupifupi 60% yazomwe imayimilira, mwa zina chifukwa kusowa kwa nthenga pansi pamimba kumabweretsa kutentha kwakukulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Emu nestling
Emus amapanga mitundu iwiri iwiri kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware ndipo amatha kukhala limodzi pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Njira yosinthira imachitika pakati pa Epulo ndi Juni. Nthawi yeniyeni imadziwika ndi nyengo, monga mbalame zimakhalira nthawi yozizira kwambiri pachaka. Amuna amamanga chisa cholimba mu mphako yotsekedwa pansi pogwiritsa ntchito khungwa, udzu, timitengo ndi masamba. Chisa chimayikidwa pomwe emu imayang'anira malo ake ndipo imatha kuzindikira msanga nyama zomwe zimadya.
Chosangalatsa: Pakakhala pachibwenzi, akazi amayenda mozungulira champhongo, amakoka makosi awo kumbuyo, kudula nthenga zawo ndikutulutsa kulira kwa monosyllabic kofanana ndi kulira kwa ngoma. Amuna ndi akazi aukali kwambiri kuposa amuna ndipo nthawi zambiri amamenyera anzawo omwe awasankha.
Mzimayi amatola chimodzi mwa mazira akuluakulu asanu kapena khumi ndi asanu obiriwira kwambiri okhala ndi zipolopolo zazikulu. Chipolopolocho chili pafupifupi 1 mm wandiweyani. Mazirawo amalemera pakati pa 450 ndi 650 g Pamwamba pa dziralo pamakhala phulusa komanso pobiriwirako. Nthawi yosakaniza, dzira limasanduka pafupifupi lakuda. Yaimuna imatha kuyamba kufungatira mazira asanafike. Kuyambira pano samadya, samamwa kapena kuchita chimbudzi, koma amangodzuka kuti atsegule mazirawo.
Pakadutsa milungu isanu ndi itatu, imachepetsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kunenepa kwake ndipo imapulumuka pamafuta omwe amapezeka ndi mame am'chisa. Amphongo akangokhazikika pa mazira, yaikazi imatha kukwatirana ndi yaimuna ina ndikupanga clutch yatsopano. ndi akazi ochepa okha amene amakhala ndi kuteteza chisa mpaka anapiye kuyamba kutuluka.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 56 ndipo yamphongo imasiya kutulutsa mazira atatsala pang'ono kutuluka. Anapiye akhanda amakhala otakataka ndipo amatha kuchoka pachisa kwa masiku angapo ataswa. Poyamba amakhala aatali masentimita 12 ndipo amalemera 0,5 kg. Amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yapadera ya bulauni ndi kirimu yobisalira yomwe imazimiririka pambuyo pa miyezi itatu. Wamphongo amateteza anapiye omwe akukula mpaka miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, kuwaphunzitsa momwe angapeze chakudya.
Adani achilengedwe a nthiwatiwa za emu
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Nthiwatiwa ku Australia
Pali owononga achilengedwe ochepa a emus m'malo awo chifukwa cha kukula kwa mbalame komanso kuthamanga kwake. Kumayambiriro kwa mbiri yake, mtundu uwu ukhoza kuti udakumana ndi nyama zowononga zambiri zomwe zatha tsopano, kuphatikizapo buluzi wamkulu wa megalania, marsupial wolf thylacin, mwinanso nyama zina zam'madzi zotentha kwambiri. Izi zikufotokozera kuthekera kwakukula kwa emu kodzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi adani a pansi.
Chodya chachikulu masiku ano ndi dingo, nkhandwe, woweta nyama yekhayo ku Australia asanafike azungu. Dingo akufuna kupha emu poyesa kumenya mutu. Ndipo emu, nayenso, amayesa kukankhira dingo kutali mwa kudumpha mlengalenga ndikumenyetsa mwendo.
Kudumpha kwa mbalame kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kwakuti zimakhala zovuta kuti dingo ipikisane nayo kuopseza khosi kapena mutu. Chifukwa chake, kulumpha kwakanthawi koyenera komwe kumagwirizana ndi ndodo ya dingo kumatha kuteteza mutu ndi khosi la nyamayo ku ngozi. Komabe, kuukira kwa dingo sikukhudza mwamphamvu kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zilipo ku Australia.
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mphako ndi chinyama chokha chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito emu wamkulu, ngakhale kuli kotheka kusankha zazing'ono kapena zazing'ono. Ziwombankhanga zimaukira emu, zikumira msanga komanso mwachangu kwambiri ndikulozetsa mutu ndi khosi. Poterepa, njira yolumpha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi dingo ndiyopanda ntchito. Mbalame zodya nyama zimayesa kuloza maula pamalo otseguka omwe nthiwatiwa singabisalemo. Zikatere, emu imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosokonekera poyenda ndipo nthawi zambiri amasintha mayendedwe kuti ayambe kuzemba. Pali nyama zambiri zomwe zimadya mazira a emu ndikudya anapiye ang'onoang'ono.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- abuluzi akulu;
- nkhandwe zofiira kunja;
- agalu amtchire;
- nguluwe nthawi zina zimadya mazira ndi anapiye;
- ziwombankhanga;
- njoka.
Zowopseza zazikuluzikulu ndikuwonongeka kwanyumba ndi kugawanika, kugundana ndi magalimoto ndikusaka dala. Kuphatikiza apo, mipanda imasokoneza mayendedwe ndi kusamuka kwa emu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa za Emu
Buku la John Gould la The Birds of Australia, lofalitsidwa mu 1865, linadandaula kutayika kwa emu ku Tasmania, komwe mbalameyi idasowa kwambiri kenako nkuzimiririka. Wasayansiyo adati ma emus siofala kufupi ndi Sydney, ndipo adati apatse mitunduyi malo otetezedwa. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, kuphedwa kwa emu ku Western Australia kunafika pa 57,000. Chiwonongekocho chinali chogwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ku Queensland panthawiyi.
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, madipo adalipira ku Western Australia chifukwa chopha emus, koma kuyambira pamenepo emu wamtchire wapatsidwa chitetezo chovomerezeka pansi pa Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation Act 1999. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma emus ku Australia, ngakhale apamwamba kuposa kusamukira ku Europe kale, akukhulupirira kuti magulu ena akumaloko akuwopsezedwabe kuti atha.
Zopseza zomwe emus akuphatikiza ndi izi:
- kukonza ndi kugawanitsa malo okhala ndi malo abwino okhala;
- kuwononga dala ziweto;
- kuwombana ndi magalimoto;
- asanafike mazira ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Nthiwatiwa Emuakuti mu 2012 anali ndi anthu 640,000 mpaka 725,000. Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Nature lati chizolowezi chobwera chokhazikika cha ziweto ndikuwona ngati chisamaliro chawo sichikhala ndi nkhawa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.05.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 23:37
