Chimpanzi - mtundu wa anyani ochokera kubanja la hominid. Zimaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri: anyani wamba ndi a pygmy (aka bonobos). Anyaniwa amatha kuwonetsa kutengeka kofananako ndi kutengeka kwaumunthu, amatha kusilira kukongola ndi chifundo - ndipo nthawi yomweyo amalimbana, kusaka ofooka kuti asangalale ndikudya abale awo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chimpanzi
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa DNA, makolo a chimpanzi ndi anthu adasiyana zaka 6 miliyoni zapitazo - ndipo izi zimawapangitsa kukhala abale apamtima, popeza kulekanitsidwa ndi ma hominid ena kunachitika kale. Mwangozi matupi athu amafika pa 98.7%, pali zofanana zambiri zokhudza thupi - mwachitsanzo, magulu amwazi a chimpanzi amafanana ndi anthu. Magazi a Bonobo amatha kupatsidwanso kwa anthu.
Kanema: Chimpanzi
Atapatukana, makolo a chimpanzi adapitilizabe kusintha - monga akhazikitsidwa ndi gulu la asayansi aku China motsogozedwa ndi Jianzhi Zhang, kusinthika kwawo kunali kofulumira kwambiri, ndipo anthu ambiri adachoka kwa makolo awo wamba. Malongosoledwe asayansi ndi dzina mu chimpanzi chachilatini chomwe adalandira mu 1799 mu ntchito ya katswiri wazikhalidwe ku Germany a Johann Blumensbach. Bonobos, ngakhale adziwika kalekale, adasankhidwa kukhala mtundu wina patadutsa nthawi yayitali - wolemba Ernst Schwartz mu 1929.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, sanawerengedwe bwino, popeza asayansi adangoyang'ana anthu omwe ali m'ndende. Izi zidapereka lingaliro labwino la kapangidwe ka chimpanzi, koma kokwanira pamakhalidwe ndi kapangidwe kawo, ndipo mitu iyi idakopa chidwi ofufuza kwambiri. Kupambana kwakukulu koyamba pankhaniyi kudapangidwa ndi Jane Goodall, yemwe wakhala akuphunzira anyaniwa mwachilengedwe zaka zambiri kuyambira 1960.
Kusakhulupirika kwa nyamazo kunali kovuta kuthana nako, kunatenga miyezi kuti azolowere anthu, koma zotsatira zake zidaposa ziyembekezo - chikhalidwe cha anyani sichinachitikepo kale.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimpanzi chinyama
Thupi la chimpanzi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lofiirira. Ilibe zala zokha, nkhope ndi mchira. Wachiwiriyu ali ndi chidwi, popeza anyani ang'onoang'ono ali ndi tsitsi loyera pa coccyx, ndipo kutayika kwawo kumalankhula zakukhwima kwa munthu.
Ndi chifukwa chakupezeka kapena kusowa kwa tsitsi komwe abulu amadzisankhira okha ngati mwana ali patsogolo pawo kapena wamkulu. Anthu omwe sanakulepo amakhululukidwa zopusa zingapo, zocheperako ndizofunikira kwa iwo - chifukwa chake, satenga nawo mbali pankhondo pakati pa magulu. Mwa anyani okhwima mwakugonana, mtundu wa khungu umasinthanso - kuchokera ku pinki mpaka kuda.
Kugonana kwamankhwala kumawonetsedwa pakusiyana pakukula ndi kulemera. Amuna amakula mpaka 150-160 cm, akazi mpaka 120-130, pomwe kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 55-75 ndi 35-55 kg, motsatana. Poyamba, ndizodabwitsa kuti anyani ali ndi nsagwada zamphamvu - amapita patsogolo, mano okhwima amaonekera. Koma mphuno zawo ndi zazing'ono komanso zosalala. Maonekedwe akumaso amakula bwino, ndipo anyani amagwiritsa ntchito mwachangu polankhula, komanso manja, mawu. Amatha kumwetulira.
Mutu wake ndi wokulirapo, koma ndizosangalatsa kuti crane ilibe kanthu - mwachitsanzo, munthu alibe malo aulere mmenemo. Ubongo wa chimpanzi ndiwotsika kwambiri pamutu wa ubongo wamunthu, osapanga 25-30% yake.
Kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ndizofanana kutalika. Chala chachikulu chimatsutsana ndi zonse - izi zikutanthauza kuti anyani amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zazing'ono. Monga anthu, anyani ali ndi khungu pakanjedza, ndiye kuti, pali kuthekera kosiyanitsa ndi iwo.
Akamayenda, samaponda pachikhatho, koma nsonga zala. Pokhala otsika poyerekeza ndi anthu kukula kwake, anyani ali ndi minofu yotukuka bwino, chifukwa ndimphamvu zawo. Chimpanzi cha Pygmy, nawonso ndi ma bonobos, pafupifupi kukula kwake ngati wamba, ndipo amangopanga mawonekedwe owoneka ngati ochepa. Amayimirira ndi milomo yofiira.
Chosangalatsa: Chimpanzi chimakhala ndi njira zopangira mawu osiyanasiyana, koma ngakhale zoyambira za anthu sizingathe kuwaphunzitsa, chifukwa anthu amalankhula mwa kupumira mpweya ndipo amatulutsa mpweya.
Kodi anyani amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Monkey Chimpanzi
Amapezeka m'madera ambiri a ku Africa, kupatula kumpoto ndi kumwera kwenikweni. Ngakhale kuti chimpanzi chimakhala chachikulu, malo okhala mkati mwake adachepetsedwa kwambiri pazifukwa zambiri. Abuluwawa amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, ndipo zochulukirapo, zimakhala zabwino, chifukwa amafunikira chakudya chochuluka. Chimpanzi chofala, ngakhale chimapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zowirira, chimapezekanso m'masamba ouma, omwe sanganenedwe za bonobos.
Malo okhala ma subspecies amakono amasiyanasiyana kwambiri:
- omwe amakhala ku Equatorial Africa - onse ku Congo, Cameroon ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo;
- Chimpanzee chakumadzulo, monga dzinalo limatanthawuzira, amakhala madera akumadzulo kwa kontrakitala, ndipo kumpoto kwake, kunyanja;
- mtundu wa subspecies vellerosus umagwirizana pang'ono ndi malo omwe amakhala, koma ndi otsika kwambiri m'derali. Mutha kukumana ndi nthumwi zama subspecies awa ku Cameroon kapena Nigeria;
- Anyani a Schweinfurth (schweinfurthii) amakhala kum'mawa kwa abale awo - madera ochokera ku South Sudan kumpoto mpaka ku Tanzania ndi Zambia kumwera. Pamapu, mawonekedwe awo amawoneka otakata, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti alipo ambiri - amakhala m'malo ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakhala patali kwambiri, ndipo m'malo ambiri mkati mwake sangapeze chimpanzi chimodzi;
- pamapeto pake, ma bonobos amakhala m'nkhalango zomwe zili pakati pa mitsinje ya Congo ndi Lualab - malo awo ndi ochepa.
Kodi chimpanzi chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chimpanzi Chachilendo
Idyani zakudya zonse zamasamba ndi nyama. Nthawi zambiri, mndandanda wawo umaphatikizapo:
- zimayambira ndi masamba;
- zipatso;
- mazira a mbalame;
- tizilombo;
- wokondedwa;
- nsomba;
- nkhono.
Chimpanzi amathanso kudya mizu, koma samawakonda, kupatula ena, ndipo amawagwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha ngati alibe. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chakudya cha nyama nthawi zonse chimakhala chakudya cha chimpanzi, ndipo tsiku losowa limangokhala ndi chakudya chomera chokha. Ena amati samagwiritsa ntchito chakudya cha nyama nthawi zonse, koma nthawi yophukira, pomwe chakudya chomera chikuchepa.
Nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali, amayenda mozungulira chigawochi kufunafuna chakudya, amakumbukira nkhalango zobzala zipatso kwambiri, ndipo amapanga njira yatsiku ndi tsiku kuti ayambe kuwadutsa. Koma nthawi zina amatha kukonzekera kusaka, makamaka anyani kapena colobus - amachitika ndi gulu ndipo amakonzedweratu.
Pakusaka, wovulalayo wazunguliridwa, kenako amuna akulu amaliza ntchitoyo pomukwerera mumtengo ndikupha. Kuphatikiza pa anyani ang'onoang'ono, nkhumba yakutchire imatha kuzunzidwa, nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono - ndizowopsa kusaka nkhumba zazikulu. Bonobos samachita kusaka mwadongosolo, koma nthawi zina amatha kugwira anyani ang'onoang'ono.
Amatha kupeza chakudya munjira zina, kuphatikiza zidule zosiyanasiyana ndi njira zosakanikirana: mwachitsanzo, amatenga udzu ndikuuponya kukhala chiswe, kenako amanyambita nyerere zomwe zakwerapo, kapena amathyola zipolopolo ndi miyala kuti akafike kumalo ofewa a nkhonozo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chimpanzi chimagwiritsa ntchito masamba ambiri - chimakwirira zisa nawo, amapanga maambulera awo kuti aziteteza ku mvula, amadzipeputsa ngati mafani pakutentha, ndipo amawagwiritsanso ntchito ngati mapepala achimbudzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyani wanyani
Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mitengo. Amapita pansi pafupipafupi, ndipo samakhala omasuka pansi, chifukwa ndi pansipa kuti amawopsezedwa ndi adani. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe amayenera kutsikira ndikupita pachitsime chothirira. Amayenda pansi ndi miyendo inayi, kuyenda mowongoka kumakhala kofala mu chimpanzi pokhapokha atagwidwa.
Molunjika panthambi zazikulu, amakonza zisa, zomangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi ndi masamba. Amangogona muzisa. Amadziwa kusambira, koma samakonda kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri samakonda kunyowetsanso ubweya wawo.
Amakonda kudya ndikufunafuna - zimatenga nthawi yambiri masana. Chilichonse chimachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chinthu chokha chomwe chimasokoneza mtendere mgululi ndi mawonekedwe a adani - awa akhoza kukhala olusa, anthu, anyani ankhanza. Ataona zoopsa, anyani amayamba kufuula mokweza kuti achenjeze aliyense za ngoziyo ndikusokoneza wowombayo.
Amatha kuwonetsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana: kuyambira kusirira maluwa - izi ndi nyama zosowa zomwe zalembedwapo, ndikuthandizira ana amphaka opanda amayi, kupha ndi kudya abale, kusaka anyani ang'ono kuti asangalale.
Chimpanzi ndi anzeru ndipo amatha kuphunzira msanga, ndipo akawona anthu nthawi zonse, amatengera ulemu ndi maluso awo. Zotsatira zake, anyaniwa amatha kuphunzitsidwa zochita zovuta: mwachitsanzo, wasayansi waku France wazaka za zana la 18 Georges-Louis Buffon adaphunzitsa anyani ulemu ndi ntchito za wantchito, ndipo adamupatsa iye ndi alendo ake patebulo. Nyani wina wophunzitsidwa adasambira m'sitimayo ndipo amadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ntchito yayikulu ya oyendetsa sitima - kuwongolera matayala ndikuwotcha chitofu.
Zosangalatsa: Chimpanzi chingaphunzitsidwe chilankhulo chamanja - amatha kuphunzira mahandiredi mazana angapo ndikulankhula bwino ndi thandizo lawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wa Chimpanzi
Chimpanzi chimakhala m'magulu, momwe mumakhala anthu khumi ndi awiri - nthawi zambiri osapitilira 30. Gulu lirilonse lotere limakhala ndi mtsogoleri. Amaonetsetsa kuti dongosolo likusungidwa mgululi, olowererapo amalemekezedwa, ndipo mikangano pakati pa anyani ena yathetsedwa. Atsogoleri achimuna ndiosavuta kuzindikira kunja, amayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti awonekere, akumeta tsitsi lawo. Ena onse amawalemekeza m'njira iliyonse.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi ma gorilla: mtsogoleri wa gululi nthawi zambiri samakhala wamphamvu kwambiri, koma wochenjera kwambiri. Pamwambapa pali gawo la maubale mkati mwa gululi, ndipo nthawi zambiri mtsogoleri amakhala ndi angapo oyandikana nawo, mtundu wa alonda omwe amaletsa ochita nawo mpikisano ndikuwakakamiza kuti amvere.
Chifukwa chake, mkhalidwe wamagulu anyani ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa anyani ena akuluakulu. Ngati asayansi akukangana kuti ndi anyani anzeru kwambiri - anyani, anyani, kapena anyani, funso lotere siliyambitsa mabungwe - anyani ndi omwe ali pafupi kwambiri kuti apange mtundu wa proto-society.
Ngati mtsogoleri akalamba kwambiri kapena kuvulala, winanso amawonekera m'malo mwake. Maudindo osiyana amangidwa azimayi - pakati pawo pali amuna angapo omwe amalandira chidwi chachikulu komanso chakudya chokoma kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri azimayi azimayi omwe amasankha mtsogoleri wa gulu lonselo, ndipo ngati sangawasangalatse ndi china chake, amasintha kukhala ena. M'malo olamulira azimayi, udindo wapamwamba nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa kwa ana.
Mgulu, anyani zimawavuta kusaka ndi kuteteza ana, komanso amaphunzitsana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, anyani osungulumwa sakhala athanzi mofanana ndi omwe ali mgulu, amakhala ndi metabolism yocheperako komanso chidwi chachikulu. Amuna ndiamakani kwambiri, akazi amadziwika ndi mtendere wawo, amadziwika ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi kumvera ena chisoni - mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina amagawana chakudya ndi achibale ovulala kapena odwala, amasamalira ana a anthu ena. Mukamayanjana ndi anthu, akazi amakhala omvera, okonda kwambiri.
Palibe nthawi yeniyeni yoberekera - imatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Estrus atayamba, akazi okwatirana ndi amuna angapo ochokera pagululi. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi 7.5, pambuyo pake mwanayo amawonekera. Poyamba samatha kuchita chilichonse. Chovala chake chimakhala chochepa komanso chopepuka, ndikakalamba chimayamba kunenepa ndikuderako.
Chosangalatsa: Amayi a Chimpanzi amasamalira ana awo, amawasamalira nthawi zonse, amawanyamula pamsana mpaka ataphunzira kuyenda - ndiye kuti, pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Amadyetsa anyani achichepere mpaka zaka zitatu, ndipo ngakhale nthawi imeneyi ikatha, amapitilizabe kukhala ndi amayi awo kwazaka zambiri, amawateteza ndikuwathandiza munjira iliyonse. Pofika zaka 8-10, chimpanzi chimatha msinkhu. Moyo wawo wapakatikati ndiwotalikirapo kuposa wa anyani ena akuluakulu - amatha kufikira zaka 50 kapena 60.
Adani achilengedwe a chimpanzi
Chithunzi: Chimpanzi
Zinyama zina za mu Africa zimakonda kudya anyani. Koma kwa ambiri, sizomwe zimasakidwa, chifukwa amakhala mumitengo ndipo sapezeka pansi pamalo ovuta. Ngakhale achichepere atha kugwidwa ndi zilombo zosiyanasiyana, akulu makamaka amaopsezedwa ndi akambuku. Mitengoyi ndi yamphamvu komanso yachangu, imabisaliridwa bwino ndipo imakhala yosawoneka. Ndipo koposa zonse, amatha kukwera mitengo, ndipo ndiwopambanitsa kotero kuti amatha kupha chimpanzi pomwepo.
Nyalugwe akaukira, anyani amatha kuthawa pokhapokha mothandizidwa ndi zomwe gulu lonse limachita: amayamba kufuula mokweza, ndikupempha abale awo kuti awathandize. Ngati omwe ali pafupi, nawonso amafuula kwambiri, kuyesa kuwopseza kambuku, kuponyera nthambi. Ngakhale anyani sangathenso kumutsutsa, koma chibadwa cha chilombo chotere chimamukakamiza kuti athawe nyama.
Chimpanzi nthawi zambiri chimasemphana wina ndi mzake - ndi nkhanza zamkati zomwe ndi zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwawo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zoterezi chidafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi a Jane Goodall: "nkhondo" yapakati pamagulu awiriwa omwe adagawanika yakhala ikuchitika kuyambira 1974 zaka zinayi.
Mukuchita kwake, mbali zonse ziwiri zidagwiritsa ntchito mochenjera, kutchera adani m'modzi m'modzi, pambuyo pake adawapha ndikuwadya. Mkangano udatha ndikuwonongeratu gulu laling'ono. Pambuyo pake, opambanawo adayesetsa kutenga gawo la adani, koma adakumana ndi gulu lina ndikukakamizidwa kuti abwerere.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Anyani anyani
Chimpanzi ndi bonobos wamba amalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo ali ndi nyama zomwe zili pangozi ya EN. Zachidziwikire, zimaswana bwino mu ukapolo, koma ntchito yowasungira kuthengo ikuwoneka yovuta kwambiri - kuchuluka kwa anyani akutchire akuchepa chaka ndi chaka.
M'madera ena, kutsika ndikofunikira - mwachitsanzo, ku Côte d'Ivoire, mzaka zochepa chabe, chiwerengero chawo chatsika ndi ma 10. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi zochita za anthu komanso miliri yomwe imabuka pakati pa anyani. Mwachitsanzo, malungo odziwika bwino a Ebola achepetsa kuchuluka kwawo pafupifupi 30%.
Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa anyani kuthengo akuchepa. Zomwe akuyerekeza pakadali pano kuyambira anthu 160,000 mpaka 320,000. Sakhala mofanana, koma amwazikana ku Africa konse m'malo ang'onoang'ono, ndipo gawo lalikulu la iwo likuwopsezedwa kuti lidzawonongedwa.
Bonobos ndizocheperako: malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwawo konsekonse kuyambira 30,000 mpaka 50,000 ndi chizolowezi chotsika - chimachepa ndi 2-3% pachaka. Chiwombankhanga chatsika kwambiri pazaka zana zapitazi - koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, kuyerekezera kovuta kwambiri kungapangidwe, koma mulimonsemo, anthu opitilila miliyoni amakhala kuthengo. Mwinanso 1.5-2 miliyoni.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chimpanzi chimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosakwanira kuti moyo ukhale wosalira zambiri, ngakhale kupanga zida zawo. Zochita zawo ndizosiyanasiyana - kuyambira kukumba mabowo kuti madzi asakanikirane mpaka kukulitsa nthambi, chifukwa chake amapeza nthungo. Amapereka zotulutsidwazo pambuyo pake, mtunduwo pang'onopang'ono umapeza chidziwitso ndikukula. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kafukufuku wowonjezera wamakhalidwe oterewa adzawunikira momwe zinthu zimasinthira.
Chitetezo cha Chimpanzi
Chithunzi: Chimpanzi Chofiira
Popeza anyani adatchulidwa mu Red Book, amatetezedwa. Koma, m'maiko ambiri aku Africa momwe akukhalamo, palibe zoyesayesa zowateteza.Zachidziwikire, njirayi m'maiko osiyanasiyana ndiyosiyana, ndipo kwinakwake malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo opangira chithandizo akupangidwa, malamulo olimbana ndi ozunza nyama akuwonjezeka.
Koma ngakhale mayikowa sangakwanitse kuwononga ndalama zambiri pachitetezo kuti ateteze bwino nyama, kuphatikizapo chimpanzi. Ndipo kwinakwake pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimachitika konse, ndipo mabungwe achitetezo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi omwe amateteza nyama.
Chaka chilichonse, anyani ambiri omwe avutika ndi anthu amagwera m'malo opulumutsira omwe amakonzedwa ndi iwo: pali anyani masauzande ambiri. Pakadapanda zochitika zakukonzanso kwawo, chimpanzi chonse mu Africa chikadakhala chovuta kale.
Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti chitetezo cha chimpanzi sichikwanira, ndipo kuwonongedwa kwawo kukupitilizabe: zonse zosalunjika, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo awo ndi chitukuko, komanso kuwongolera, ndiye kuti, kuwononga nyama. Mpaka njira zina zodzitchinjiriza komanso zazikulu zitachitidwa, anyani apitiliza kufa.
Chimpanzi - imodzi mwazinyama zosangalatsa kwambiri zofufuzira. Koposa zonse, asayansi amakopeka ndimikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chawo, m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi zaumunthu. Koma kuti mufufuze, choyambirira, ndikofunikira kuwasunga kuthengo - ndipo pakadali pano zoyesayesa zomwe achita sizokwanira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/27/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 23:13
