Tazingidwa ndi tizilombo tosangalatsa tambiri, pomwe pamakhala malo apadera nyanga... Zinyamazi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owala kwambiri, kukula kwake kwakukulu, ndipo ndi osaka kwambiri tizirombo tating'onoting'ono. Mwa anthu, ma hornet salemekezedwa kwambiri.
Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa amatha kuluma mopweteka, ndipo poyizoni wawo wambiri amatha kupha. Komabe, nyama zimakhala ndi zoopsa zazikulu pokha pokha pokha, mulingo woopsa ungapezeke kokha ndikulumidwa kambiri. Kwa ena onse, ma hornet ndi tizilombo tosangalatsa kwambiri, tothandiza. Ndikofunika kuphunzira zambiri za izi!
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Hornet
Mavu akulu omwe kuwuluka kwawo kumatsagana ndi phokoso lalikulu ndi hutala. Ndiwodziwikiratu m'banja la mavu ochezera, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mavu. M'Chilatini, dzina la mitunduyo limamveka ngati "Vespa". Limamasuliridwa mu Chirasha ndi mawu oti "mavu". Poyambirira, mavu onse ochezera amatchulidwa ndi mtundu wa Vespa. Komabe, m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, idagawika m'magulu awiri. Ma Hornets akadali Vespa ndipo mavu ndi Vespula (mavu ochepa).
Kanema: Hornet
Chiyambi cha dzina lachi Russia "hornet" ndichosangalatsanso. Muzu wa mawuwa, nawonso, umatanthauza mutu, nyanga. Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi aganiza kuti mavu a mavu amatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe am'mutu. Nyama ili ndi korona wokulitsa, tinyanga tosunthira.
Mpaka pano, pafupifupi mitundu makumi awiri ya mavu a ma hornet adalembedwa. Vespa mandarinia amadziwika kuti ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri. Wamkulu Vespa Chimandarini akhoza kukhala masentimita asanu ndi theka kutalika.
Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma hornets, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zimatha kusiyanitsidwa mosiyana:
- nyanga yakuda. Ndi mitundu yodziwika pang'ono, yosawerengeka yamavu ochezera. Ili m'gulu la Red Book chifukwa chakuchepa kwake kwakukula kwa anthu. Ali ndi mkhalidwe wolusa nyama - mikwingwirima yachikaso kumbuyo kwakuda;
- Asiatic. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, ili ndi mapiko akulu. Amakhala mdera la Asia. Zimakhala ndi ngozi inayake kwa anthu. Kuluma kwake kuli ndi poizoni wambiri;
- Philippines. Amasiyana mumtundu wakuda wakuda, amapanga poizoni wowopsa. Amakhala kuzilumba za Philippines zokha;
- Kum'maŵa. Mwa oimira onse amtunduwu, ili ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri. Mimba yake imakongoletsedwa ndi mzere wakuda wachikaso, thupi ndi mapiko ndizopaka utoto wofiyira. Mitunduyi imapirira kutentha kwambiri, imakhala kumapiri komanso kumapululu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta Hornet
Kukula kwake kwa tizilomboti ndi 1.8 mpaka 3.5 masentimita. Mitundu ina yokha ndi yomwe imatha kutalika masentimita asanu ndi theka. Ma Hornet amasiyana ndi mamembala ena am'banja lawo. Ali ndi kukula kwakukulu, kukula kwamutu, ndi korona wamtali. Tizilombo timeneti tili ndi maso osanjikiza. Mtundu wamutu umadalira mtundu wa ma hornet. Ikhoza kukhala lalanje, lofiira ndi utoto wofiirira, wakuda, wachikasu.
Akuluakulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi zofunikira zazikulu, zamphamvu. Amakhala achikasu, abulauni kapena akuda. Mutu wa kachilomboka kali ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tofiyira. Chiwerengero chawo chimatengera jenda. Mimba ya mavu oterowo ndi yozungulira, ndi chiuno chodziwika bwino. Pali mbola kumapeto kwa mimba. Mbola, ngati nyongolotsi imakhala bata, imakhala yosavomerezeka. Amakoka m'thupi. Pali dziwe lapadera kumayambiriro kwa mbola. Lili ndi poizoni.
Mavu a Hornet amatha kuluma mobwerezabwereza. Mbola yawo ndiyosalala, yowongoka. Ilibe zibangili, mosiyana ndi njuchi. Pachifukwa ichi, poluma, chinyama sichidzivulaza.
Mtundu wautoto wamtundu uwu wa mavu ndi wofanana ndi ena - mu ma hornets ambiri ndi wakuda komanso wachikasu. Kusiyana kokha ndikuti mikwingwirima imasinthasintha kwambiri. Komabe, pali mitundu, mtundu wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi abale awo. Mwachitsanzo, nyongolotsi yosinthasintha ili ndi thupi lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yabulauni.
Mavu ena a ma hornet amakhala ndi mzere wachikasu kapena woyera pamimba pawo. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi ubweya waung'ono. Amakula mosakhazikika ndipo amakula mosiyanasiyana. Mapanga ali kale ndi mapaundi atatu a miyendo. Amakhala abulauni kapena achikaso.
Kodi nyongolotsi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Asia hornet
Oimira amtunduwu afalikira ku Northern Hemisphere. Malo awo okhala amatengera kwathunthu mtundu wa mitunduyo. Chifukwa chake, chotchuka kwambiri ndi ma hornet wamba. Izi ndiye mitundu yokhayo yomwe imakhala yambiri ku Ukraine, Russia, North America. Ku Russia, mavu oterewa amaimiridwa kwambiri ku Europe. Kumpoto kwakutali, sudzakupeza. Komanso nyini wamba amakhala ku Japan, Korea, China. Anthu ochepa a nyama amapezeka ku Mongolia, Kazakhstan.
North America si malo achilengedwe a nyanga zambiri. Tizilombo timabweretsedwapo mwangozi m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.
M'madera ambiri a ku Asia, m'chigawo chachiyuda chachiyuda, mdera la Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk, nyanga za ku Asia zimakhala ndi moyo. Ndi yayikulu kukula, ku Japan kachiromboka kamatchedwa "mpheta ya njuchi". Komanso kumadera otentha a ku Asia, monga ku France ndi Spain, mavu achiwawa aku Asia amapezeka. Amamanga "nyumba" zawo panthambi zamitengo, amadyetsa komanso kusaka njuchi.
Njovu zakum'mawa zimasankha madera otentha kuti akhalemo. Amapezeka ku Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Italy, Romania, Greece, North Africa, ndi madera ena aku Europe ndi Asia. Kudera lalikulu la Russian Federation, asayansi awona mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya ma hornet. Nyanga wamba, wakum'mawa amakhala mdera la Europe. Mitundu ina isanu ndi umodzi ya tizilombo imakhala kumwera kwa Far East.
Kodi nyanga imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Hornet akuthawa
Nyanga ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa. Imatha kudyetsa pazomera komanso nyama. Mu mitundu yambiri ya mavu otere, chakudyacho chimakhala ndi zinthu zodziwika bwino kubanja: timadzi tokoma, chakudya chomera chokhala ndi shuga wambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimawoneka pazipatso zowola, pafupi ndi uchi, pamitengo, kuchokera ku khungwa lomwe madzi ake amayenda. Ma Hornets amauluka mowolowa manja m'minda yazipatso. Kumeneko amadya zipatso zokoma, zopsa msanga. Ndi panthawiyi pomwe nyama imatha kuluma munthu amene adafikira chipatso.
Ngakhale kuti timadzi tokoma, zipatso, zakudya zamasamba zitha kukhutiritsa zosowa za ziwombankhanga, tizilombo timatha kukhala osaka nthawi yomweyo. Amapha tizilombo tina tating'ono ndi nsagwada zamphamvu ndi mbola. Dzombe, mitundu ina ya mavu, njuchi, ziwala, agulugufe, ndi akangaude ndiwo amazunzidwa nawo. Mitundu ya ziwombankhanga m'miyoyo yawo imatha kuwononga njuchi mazana asanu, mavu.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndichakuti ma hornets omwewo samagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti adye okha. Nyamayo imatafuna nyama yake mpaka kuyimitsa ikufanana. Akuluakulu amabweretsa kuyimitsidwa kumeneku kuzisa ndikuwapatsa mphutsi zolusa. Tikaganiza kuti tizirombo tating'onoting'ono timapita kukadyetsa mphutsi, nyamayi imatha kutchedwa kuti tizilombo tothandiza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Hornet Red Book
Mavu a Hornet amakhala moyo wachikhalidwe. Amakhazikika m'magulu, amamanga zisa. Chiwerengero cha gulu limodzi chitha kufikira anthu mazana ambiri. Zisa za ma Hornet zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo chapadera ndi chisomo. Tizilombo timeneti ndi ena mwa omanga bwino kwambiri. Mkazi yemwe adapulumuka nthawi yozizira nthawi zonse amakhala woyambitsa chisa. Pakutentha, mkazi amayamba kufunafuna malo oyenera. Nthawi zambiri malo awa amakhala mabowo osiyidwa mumtengo, chipinda chanyumba chogona, mng'alu wamwala.
Mkazi amayamba kumanga chisa kuchokera ku nkhuni zowola, khungwa lakale. M'chisa ichi, amakhazikitsa malo ake. Woyamba mwana wamkazi amakhala akugwira mavu. Amatenga udindo wonse womanga, kuteteza nyumba, komanso kudyetsa ana. Ma hornets ogwira ntchito amakhala tsiku lonse kufunafuna chakudya: timadzi tokoma, zomera, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Moyo wamatsenga nthawi zambiri umakhala masana.
Tizilombo timeneti timakhala ndi chitukuko chokwanira. Mamembala onse amtunduwu amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pawo wina ndi mnzake. Amachita izi mwa kununkhiza komanso mikhalidwe ina ya akulu.
Chikhalidwe cha ma hornet sichimenya nkhondo, sizimakhumudwitsa. Sadzalowa mumtsuko wa kupanikizana, sadzadandaula ndi kupezeka kwawo paphwando lokhala ndi maswiti ndi zipatso. Ma Hornets amakonda kupewa anthu, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amamanga zisa zawo mnyumba zosanja zanyumba. Ngakhale izi, ziwombankhanga zowukira anthu sizachilendo. Ndipo sikuti nthawi zonse kuluma koteroko kumatha kuzindikira. Zovuta zovuta zimachitika. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa histamine mu poizoni wa tizilombo timeneti.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Hornet
Mavu a Hornet ndi tizilombo tambiri tambiri. Komabe, sizimayi zonse zomwe zimakhala zachonde. Chiberekero chimatha kubereka ana. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kukula. Ndi akazi omwe amakhala omwe adayambitsa banja la ma hornet, amayamba kumanga nyumba (chisa). Chiberekero chisanayikire, chiberekero, ndikutentha koyamba, chimayang'ana malo abwino, omanga bwino nyumba. Amayikira mazira atatha kumanga mazana angapo oyamba.
Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zake zimaphatikizapo kupeza chakudya ndikusamalira ana amtsogolo. Zimatenga nthawi kuti mazira akhwime. Choyamba, mphutsi zimachokera kwa iwo, kenako akuluakulu. Anthu atsopano mderalo atakhala ngati akulu akulu, amatenga udindo wonse wamakolo awo. Chiberekero chimapitilizabe kuikira mazira, ndipo mavu akugwira ntchito amatenga chakudya, amayang'anira nyumba, amaliza kumanga, amayang'anira mphutsi.
Pambuyo pa milungu inayi, ma hornets atsopano amachokera ku mphutsi. Nthawi zambiri amapha chiberekero chifukwa cholephera kubereka ana ambiri. Anthu ena amangotulutsa chisa. Oimira amtunduwu omwe amakhala mdera la Europe samakhala motalika. Nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo ndi miyezi yowerengeka chabe. Chiberekero chokha ndicho chimakhala ndi moyo wautali. Amatha kukhala nthawi yozizira mu makanema ojambula oimitsidwa.
Ma Hornet amatha kupereka chitsutso chabwino kwa mdani wawo ndi gulu lonse. Kuti adziteteze, amadziwa momwe angalimbikitsire magulu ankhondo mwachangu. Zikakhala zoopsa, nyamayi imatulutsa alamu pheromone. Ngati chizindikirocho chizindikiridwa ndi abale ake, ndiye kuti womenyerayo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Adani achilengedwe a ma hornets
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta Hornet
Ma Hornet alibe adani achilengedwe ambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti tizilombo timakhala mwamtendere. Amakonda kuthawa mdani. Kungodzitchinjiriza komweko ndi komwe ma hornet angadzitsimikizire ngati mlenje weniweni. Nyama zotere zimakhala zowopsa makamaka ngati wina amasilira chisa chawo, ana, chiberekero. Komanso, adani ochepa achilengedwe amafotokozedwa ndi kuwopsa kwa mavu a ma hornet, monga umboni wa mtundu wawo wowala. Nyama zina zimayesa kudutsa tizilombo timeneti.
Adani angapo achilengedwe a ma hornets amatha kulembedwa:
- tizirombo ting'onoting'ono. Nematode, okwera, nkhupakupa pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi amapha ma hornet akulu, amafooketsa thanzi lawo;
- mitundu ina ya mbalame. Mitundu ina yokha ya mbalame imatha kusaka nthumwi za mavu ochezera. Mbalame zambiri zimangowameza bwinobwino, kuletsa kuti tizilombo tisadzilume tokha;
- bowa. Bowa imatha kumera mu hornet m'mutu, ndikupita nayo kuimfa yopweteka komanso yayitali;
- tizilombo tina. Ma Hornet amatha kuphedwa ndi mavu akuluakulu, nyerere. Nthawi zambiri nyerere zimadya mphutsi za tizilombo;
- anthu. Ngakhale maubwino ake, ma hornets amadziwika kuti ndi tizirombo. Amakhala munyumba zogona, ndi owopsa kuumoyo wa anthu komanso m'moyo, ndipo amawononga mitengo yaying'ono. Pachifukwa ichi, zisa za ma hornet nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Hornet
Mtundu wa ma hornet ndiwokwanira mokwanira. Amakhala ndi mitundu yoposa makumi awiri ya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mitundu yawo, kukula kwake, zakudya zawo komanso moyo wawo. Chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mitundu ingapo, kubereka kwambiri, mtunduwu suli pachiwopsezo, salembedwa mu Red Book.
Chiwerengero cha ma hornet sichidetsa nkhawa asayansi. Ndi zachilendo, zosafunikira kwenikweni, ndipo zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chotsika. Komabe, ngati tilingalira kuchuluka kwa mavu a ma hornet potengera mtundu wamtundu wina, zomwe zikuchitikazi sizolimbikitsa kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yatsala pang'ono kutha ndipo yatchulidwa mu Red Data Books za mayiko ndi mizinda. Pali zifukwa zosiyana siyana zochepetsera ziweto zoterezi, zomwe zingapezeke mgawo lotsatirali.
Mitundu yomwe ili pangozi ili ndi nyanga wamba. Anthu ake okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe amakhala osakhazikika. Makamaka, mitundu iyi imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book la dera la Smolensk. Komanso, nthumwi yaying'ono ya genet genet ndi Dybowski hornet (wakuda). Ili ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa ma hornet, ili ndi mtundu wakuda-bulauni, ndipo ndi nyama yolusa. Nyanga yakuda imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ya Chita Region. Mitundu ina yamanyanga imaphatikizidwa ndi Red Data Books yaku Germany komanso mayiko ena ambiri ku Europe.
Chitetezo cha Hornet
Chithunzi: Hornet Red Book
Monga tanena kale, mitundu yonse ya mavu a ma hornet sichili pachiwopsezo. Anthu amtunduwu ndi okwera kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kubereka kwazimayi. Komabe, mitundu ina ya ma hornet ikuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono, izi zimawonekera makamaka mdera lina lachilengedwe.
Izi zimakhudzidwa ndi izi:
- moyo waufupi. Akuluakulu amangokhala miyezi ingapo. Ndi mafumukazi okha omwe amatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yozizira. Amamubisalira;
- mphamvu ya adani achilengedwe. Madera akulu amanjenje amawonongedwa ndi anthu, nyama zina zolusa, nyerere, ndi mbalame. Zachidziwikire, anthu ndi omwe amavulaza kwambiri. Amawononga mwadala zisa zonse zamankhwala chifukwa cha zovuta za tizilombo;
- kudula mitengo mwachangu. Mavu a Hornet nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhalango, amamanga zisa zawo panthambi za mitengo. Mwa kudula mitengo, anthu amachotsa tizilombo timeneti pogona pamutu pawo, mwayi woberekana, kudya msipu wa mitengo yaying'ono;
- chithandizo cha mitengo, zipatso, zomera ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo. Ichi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri nyama zonse, kuphatikizapo tizilombo. Kuchiza kwambiri ndi ziphe kumabweretsa kufa kwa ma hornets.
Nyanga ndiye woimira wamkulu pabanja lalikulu la mavu. Uwu ndi mtundu wamtendere wa tizilombo, ngakhale uli ndi poizoni wambiri. Nthawi zokhazokha pomwe ma hornets amawonetsa kukwiya. Ma Hornet ndi omanga bwino, mavu akhama pantchito omwe amabweretsa zabwino zambiri kwa anthu, kuwononga tizirombo tambiri tating'ono.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.05.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 23:41
