Mbalame - m'modzi mwa oimira mbalame zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi - mwina mbalame zam'nyanja zokondana kwambiri kuthengo. Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu amaona kuti albatross ndimatsenga abwino. Oyendetsa sitima akuwona chizindikiro chabwino pakuoneka kwa mbalamezi pafupi ndi sitimayo, ndipo ena amakhulupirira kuti ma albatross ndiwo miyoyo ya amalinyero akufa.
Anthu amakhulupirira kuti ngati muvulaza albatross, osamupha, ndiye kuti mlanduwu sudzalangidwa, posachedwa mudzayenera kulipira. Ndipo ma albatross eni ake akhala akutsogolera moyo wawo woyerekeza kwa mamiliyoni ambiri azaka, osawonetsa kuzunza dziko lowazungulira komanso anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Albatross
Gulu Lachilengedwe Lapadziko Lonse limayika ma albatross ngati gawo la amphaka, banja la mbalame zam'nyanja. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu ndi wakale kwambiri. Poganizira zotsalira, makolo akutali a albatross amakhala padziko lapansi zaka 20-35 miliyoni zapitazo. Achibale apamadzi amadziwikanso amadziwika, zaka zakufa zomwe asayansi amayesa zaka 70 miliyoni.
Kafukufuku wambiri wazotsalira pamiyeso ya mamolekyulu akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mtundu umodzi wamitundu yakale, komwe ma albatross adachokerako. Zakale za Albatross zimapezeka kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kuposa kumwera. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yapezeka m'malo omwe ma albatross amakono samakhala - mwachitsanzo, ku North Atlantic Ocean, ku chimodzi mwazilumba za Bermuda komanso ku North Carolina (USA).
Kanema: Albatross
Albatross ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yam'nyanja yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Amadziwika kuti ma albatross sangawonekere pamtunda kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina miyezi ingapo, nthawi zonse amakhala pamwamba pamadzi. Ndi olimba kwambiri, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kwambiri. Mapiko awo ndi mawonekedwe amthupi amasinthidwa kuti aziyenda mlengalenga osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.
Mbalame yotchedwa albatross imatha kuuluka pamwamba panyanja kwa masiku angapo osagwetsa mapiko ake.
Kukhoza kumeneku kumakhalapo mu ma albatross chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mapiko akulu komanso olimba, kutalika kwake komwe mwa anthu ena kumafika mamita 3.7. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu kumagwera ndikunyamuka, nthawi yonseyi mbalame sizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, pokhala zikuuluka mwaulere kapena kukhala pamwamba pamadzi.
Ma Albatross amapanga magulu awiri okhazikika omwe samatha mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wa m'modzi wawo. Kusankha mnzake wazaka zingapo, amapanga banja lolimba lomwe lingathe kubereka ana kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Ndi ofanana ndi makolo osamalira. Zonse zazimuna ndi zazimuna zaswa mazira, zimadyetsa, kulera ndi kuteteza anapiye.
Kuyambira pomwe amaikira mazira mpaka kuwuluka koyamba kwa albatross, zimatenga pafupifupi chaka. Pakadali pano, anapiye amaphunzitsidwa bwino ndi makolo awo kuti azikhala paokha. Nthawi zambiri, zimauluka kuchokera pachisa chawo, sizibwerera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame albatross
Akatswiri amatchula mitundu 22 ya albatross. Pakati pawo pali oimira ochepa kwambiri - osaposa gull wamba, ndipo pali zimphona zenizeni zokhala ndi mapiko opitilira 3.5 mita. Ma albatross ang'onoang'ono, amakhala ndi nthenga zakuda, zotulutsa utsi ndi bulauni, zazikulu - zoyera zoyera kapena ndimadontho akuda kuzungulira mutu kapena mapiko. Nthenga za albatross zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi thupi, pansi pa nthenga pali kuwala ndi kutentha, komwe kumawoneka ngati nyamayi.
Nthenga za ma albatross achichepere ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi za anthu okhwima. Kuti mukhale ndi mtundu wachikulire, nyama zazing'ono zimatenga zaka zingapo.
Ma Albatross ali ndi milomo yayikulu komanso yamphamvu, yomwe kumtunda kwake imakhala yokhotakhota. Kumbali zonse ziwiri, mbali yonyentchera ya mulomo wapamwamba, magawo awiri amphuno ngati machubu amapezeka mozungulira. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti mbalame zizimva kununkhiza komanso kuti zizitha kupeza nyama zomwe zimanunkhiza. Komanso, chifukwa Mbali imeneyi, ndi detachment ali ndi dzina lina - tubnose.
Mapazi a albatross ndi olimba, amayenda bwino komanso molimba mtima pamtunda. Zala zitatu zakumaso zimalumikizidwa ndi ulusi, womwe umamuthandiza kusambira mwangwiro. Mbali yaikulu ya albatross ndi mapiko awo apadera. Zapangidwa m'njira yoti mbalame zizitha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndikuwuluka kwakanthawi m'malere. Mapikowo ndi olimba, olimba kutsogolo ndi opapatiza m'litali.
Mbalame ya albatross imakhala pafupi ndi madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano. Mukuuluka, magulu akubwera amlengalenga ndi mphepo zimayambitsa kayendedwe komanso kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe. Njira zonsezi zimathandiza kuti albatross isawononge mphamvu ndi nyonga zake. Mbalame ya albatross imafunika kukupiza mapiko ake pokhapokha itanyamuka kuti inyamuke pamwamba pa phirilo ndi kukwera mmwamba.
Kodi albatross amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Albatross nyama
Malo okhala madera ambiri a albatross makamaka ndimadzi achisanu a Antarctica ndipo, makamaka, Kummwera kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Kumeneko amagawidwa m'gawo lonse. Ma albatross osuntha amathanso kupezeka ku Northern Hemisphere. Zowona, sizimasunthira kumadera ozizira kwambiri, kukhala m'malo ozolowereka ozizira.
Koma kwa mitundu ina ya albatross, gombe la North Pacific ndi malo okhalamo. Awa ndiomwe akuyimira mtundu wa Phoebastria, omwe asankha madera awo kuchokera ku Alaska ndi Japan kupita kuzilumba za Hawaiian.
Ndipo mitundu yapadera kwambiri - Galapagos albatross - ndiyo yokha yomwe imakhala pachilumba cha Galapagos. Chifukwa chosowa kayendedwe ka mphepo kofunikira pakukonzekera, malo abata a equator satha kuwoloka mbalame zambiri zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zochepa zouluka. Galapagos albatross imagwiritsa ntchito mphepo yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi mafunde ozizira am'madzi a Humboldt, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, ili ndi mwayi wodyetsa komwe abale ake ena sangathe kuuluka.
Akatswiri a mbalame akuyang'anitsitsa kayendedwe ka ma albatross panyanja. Samapanga maulendo apandege, koma ikangotha nyengo yoswana, mitundu yawo imabalalika, nthawi zina imapanga ndege zoyenda mozungulira, ngakhale zotsalazo zimangonena za mitundu yakumwera ya mbalame.
Kodi albatross amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Albatross
Kwa nthawi yayitali amakhulupirira kuti ma albatross amadyera kumtunda kokha panyanja, akusambira ndikulanda nyama zam'madzi, nsomba ndi zakudya zina zam'madzi, zopangidwa ndi mafunde kapena zotsalira atatha kudya nyama zam'madzi. Kuyesera kokhazikitsa ma capillary echo sounders mthupi la mbalame kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kupeza chidziwitso chazomwe amatha kusaka mozama.
Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina siyimira pamadzi kutsata kuposa mita kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe ina - mwachitsanzo, albatross yosuta - imatha kulowa pansi mpaka mita 5 kapena kupitilira apo. Komanso, pali milandu yodziwika ya kumizidwa kwawo mozama - mpaka mamita 12. Ma Albatross amasaka m'madzi komanso mlengalenga.
Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi nyama zazing'ono zam'nyanja:
- sikwidi;
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba;
- shirimpi;
- chinthaka.
Zadziwika kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imakonda kosiyanasiyana. Zakudya za ena zimayang'aniridwa ndi nsomba, pomwe zina zimadya makamaka squid. Khalidwe lakudya limawonekera posankha malo okhala. Ma Albatross amakonda kukhazikika komwe kuli nyanja yolemera kwambiri pachakudya chomwe amakonda.
Kafukufuku wowonera mbalame asonyeza kuti mitundu ina ya albatross, monga wandering albatross, imatha kukhala ndi nyama zakutchire. Mwinamwake uku ndiko kuwononga nsomba, zotsalira za chakudya cha anamgumi, kapena anthu am'madzi omwe adamwalira pakubala. Komabe, mbalame zambiri zimakonda kudya chakudya chokha.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Albatross ikutha
Ma Albatross amadziwika ndi moyo wokonda kucheza, amakhala m'midzi. Nthawi zambiri, njuchi zimakhala pachilumba china, chomwe chimasankhidwa kuchokera kumalo opezeka kunyanja kuchokera mbali zonse. Kumeneku zimakwerana, zimamanga zisa ndi kuberekana.
Kuti akhale amoyo, amasankha madera a Nyanja Yadziko Lonse, komwe squid ndi krill amakhala okwanira, omwe ndiwo chakudya chawo chachikulu. Chakudya chikasowa, ma albatross amachotsedwa zisa zawo ndikupita kukafunafuna malo okhala.
Kuti apeze chakudya, mbalamezi zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Amasaka makamaka masana ndipo amagona usiku. Kuphatikiza apo, kale amakhulupirira kuti ma albatross amagona pomwe akuuluka, pomwe ma hemispheres akumanzere ndi kumanja amazimitsidwa mosinthana kuti apumule. Tsopano amadziwika kuti amagona makamaka pamadzi. Kugona kwakanthawi, amangofunika maola awiri kapena atatu kuti apumule ndi kupeza bwino.
Kuthekera kokuwuluka mlengalenga osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kumapangidwa mu albatross kotero kuti pafupipafupi kugunda kwake pakuwuluka kumeneku kumayandikira kugunda kwa mtima kupumula.
Mbalame zotchedwa Albatrosses, ngakhale ndi zazikulu komanso milomo yayikulu, sizisonyeza kuthengo kutchire. Zomwe amasamala ndikupeza chakudya ndikubereka ana. Ndi makolo oleza mtima komanso osamala komanso amateteza abwino kwa anzawo pakagwa ngozi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ma albatross awiri
Anthu a Albatross ali ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana. Akuluakulu akugwira ntchito yolera nyama zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale anapiye atachoka kale pachisa cha makolo, amafunika chitsanzo cha mbalame zokhwima kwambiri ndikuchipeza pomvera madera okhazikika, kutengera luso komanso kulumikizana ndi anthu amtundu anzawo komanso ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Albatrosses amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri mbalame - pafupifupi zaka 50, nthawi zina kupitilira apo. Kutha msinkhu kumakhalanso mochedwa, pafupifupi zaka 5. Koma ngakhale pamenepo, monga lamulo, salowabe gawo lobereka, koma muzichita pambuyo pake, pofika zaka 7-10.
Achinyamata amasankha okha wokwatirana naye kwazaka zingapo. Ali mgulu nthawi yoswana, amaphunzira mawonekedwe ndi masewera a mating, chomwe chimakhala kuvina kosakanikirana. Uwu ndi mayendedwe ndi zomveka zingapo - ndikudina mulomo, kuyeretsa nthenga, kuyang'ana pozungulira, kuyimba, ndi zina zambiri. Zimatengera nthawi yochuluka kuti achinyamata adziwe luso ndi maluso onse okopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Amphongo, monga lamulo, amayesa kusangalatsa akazi angapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo amachita izi mpaka m'modzi wa iwo abwezere. Pamene banjali lipangidwa, titha kuganiza kuti banja lenileni la mbalame lawonekera, omwe adzakhale okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake mpaka kumapeto. Kusintha kwa zibwenzi mu albatross ndichosowa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa choyesayesa kubereka.
Banja lomwe langopangidwa kumene limapanga chilankhulo chawo chomwe anthu awiri okha amamvetsetsa. Amamanga chisa pamene chachikazi chimayikira dzira limodzi lokha. Koma amazilumikiza, kuziteteza kwa adani, ndiyeno amasamalira anapiyewo - onse makolo.
Ma Albatross nthawi zambiri amakhala pachisa pomwe amadzimangirirapo.
Kuti ipeze chakudya cha mwana wankhuku, albatross imatha kuuluka mpaka ma 1000 mamailosi. Potengera mtunda woterewu, kholo lomwe lili ndi nthenga nthawi zonse silingabweretse chakudya chatsopano kuchisa, chifukwa chake, kuti lisungidwe, limameza. Pogwiritsa ntchito michere m'mimba, chakudya chimasandulika kukhala protein yokwanira, yomwe albatross imayambiranso mulomo wa nkhuku.
Njira yolerera ana mu albatross imatenga pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Pokhapokha panthawiyi, anapiye okhwima komanso okhwima amaima pamapiko ndikusiya zisa za makolo. Nthawi zambiri sabwezeredwa. Ndipo pakatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, makolo amakhala okonzeka kubadwa kwa mwana watsopano. Njirayi imapitilira malinga ngati wamkazi ali pa msinkhu wobereka.
Adani achilengedwe a albatrosses
Chithunzi: Albatross pamadzi
Pamalo omwe amasankhidwa kuti azikhala ndi albatross, monga lamulo, kulibe nyama zolusa. Chizolowezi ichi sichinalole kuti pakhale mbalame zomwe zimadzitchinjiriza. Chifukwa chake, nyama zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi anthu - mwachitsanzo, makoswe kapena amphaka amphaka - zimawopseza kwambiri. Zimaukira mbalame zazikulu ndi kuwononga zisa zawo mwa kudya mazira ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono.
Zimadziwika kuti mbalame zazikuluzikuluzi zimathanso kuvutika ndi mbewa zazing'ono kwambiri - mbewa, zomwe sizowopa kusaka nyama yosavuta ngati mazira a albatross. Mbewa, amphaka, makoswe amafalikira ndikuchulukana m'malo osazolowereka mwachangu kwambiri. Amafuna chakudya, chifukwa chake, ma albatross omwe sanakonzekere zoopsa zotere amagwera m'malo owopsa.
Koma si makoswe apansi okha omwe amaopseza ma albatross. Amakhalanso ndi adani m'madzi. Sharki omwe amakhala m'malo amphepete mwa nyanja momwe mbalame zimakhalira akuluakulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri - ana. Nthawi zina albatross amapita ku nkhomaliro ndi nyama zina zazikulu zam'madzi. Pali nthawi zina pomwe mafupa a albatross adapezeka m'mimba mwa sphale whale. Anamezedwa, mwina mwangozi, pamodzi ndi zakudya zina, popeza mbalame sizimaphatikizidwamo mndandanda wazomera za sphale whale.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame albatross
Modabwitsa, ma albatross, okhala ndi adani ochepa kuthengo, ali pangozi. Mwanjira ina kapena imzake, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha vuto la munthu.
M'masiku akale, kusaka mwakhama albatross kudapangitsa kuti anthu azisowa m'malo ena. Izi zidachitika ndi malo obisalira mbalame pachilumba cha Easter. Anawonongedwa ndi alenje akale a ku Polynesia omwe amapha mbalame kuti apeze nyama. Mpaka pano, ma albatross pachilumba cha Easter sanabwezeretse.
Pachiyambi cha kukula kwa maulendo apanyanja ku Europe, kusaka albatross kunatsegulidwanso kumeneko. Mbalamezi zinawonongedwa mwankhanza zambirimbiri, osati nyama zokoma zokha, komanso zosangalatsa, kukonza masewera, kapena kungowagwira.
Ndipo m'zaka za zana la 19, kuwonongedwa kwa albatross yoyera ndi mbalame zoyera, komwe kumayambira pagombe lakumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean, kudayamba. Mbalame zinaphedwa chifukwa cha nthenga zokongola, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kupangira zipewa za azimayi. Chifukwa cha izi, anthu adatsala pang'ono kutha pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi.
Pakadali pano pa mitundu 22 ya mitundu iwiri ya albatross, mitundu iwiri ili pafupi kutha, mtundu wa mitundu ina isanu ndi umodzi umadziwika kuti ndiwowopsa, ndipo isanu ngati yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza mbalame kwambiri ndikukula kwa nsomba zazitali. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi fungo la nyambo, zimameza pamodzi ndi mbedza, zomwe sizingathe kudzimasula zokha. Pamodzi ndi kusodza kwa pirate, kusodza kwakanthawi kumawononga ma albatross, pafupifupi pafupifupi anthu 100 zikwi pa khodi.
Chitetezo cha Albatross
Chithunzi: Albatross Red Book
Pofuna kupewa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ma albatross kuthengo, asayansi ndi mabungwe oteteza anthu padziko lonse lapansi akupanga njira zodzitetezera. Amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi makampani osodza komanso maboma amitundu.
Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zimafa nthawi yayitali, njira zodzitetezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- zoteteza mbalame;
- kulemera kwa nkhalango;
- kusodza pansi kwambiri;
- kusodza usiku.
Zochitika izi zikuwonetsa kale mphamvu zowoneka bwino. Koma cholinga cha asayansi ndikubwezeretsa chilengedwe choyambirira m'malo a albatross. Kuti achite izi, akugwira ntchito yochotsa nyama zakunja kuzilumbazi.
Ponena za zochitika zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi ma albatross, munthu sangalephere kutchula gawo lofunikira kwambiri - kusaina mu 2004 Pangano la Chitetezo cha Ma Albatross ndi Petrels. Limalimbikitsa maphwando kuti akonze njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zimafa posodza, kuyeretsa malo okhala ma albatross kuchokera ku nyama zomwe zatulutsidwa komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Pali chiyembekezo chachikulu kuti chikalatachi chisungidwe cha albatross kuthengo.
Mbalame - cholengedwa chodabwitsa. Chilengedwe chawapatsa luso lapadera, mphamvu ndi chipiriro. Ndani akudziwa, mwina mbalame zokongola komanso zamanyanja izi zimabweretsa mwayi. Chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika - amafunikira chitetezo chathu ndi chitetezo chathu. Ndipo tiyenera kuwapatsa ngati tikufuna kusunga mbalame zodabwitsa zakuthengo kwa ana athu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 21:45
