Nambat - marsupial wapadera wochokera ku Australia. Nyama zokongola komanso zoseketsa izi ndizofanana ndi gologolo. Koma ngakhale ali ochepa, amatha kutambasula lilime lawo theka la kutalika kwa matupi awo, komwe kumawathandiza kudya chiswe, chomwe ndi maziko a zakudya zawo. Ngakhale ma nambat ali m'gulu la nyama zakutchire, alibe thumba la ana. Tinyama tating'ono timasungidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lopotana m'mimba mwa mayi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nambat
Nambat adadziwika koyamba ndi azungu mu 1831. Malo obisalapo marsupial anapezeka ndi gulu la ofufuza omwe adapita ku Avon Valley motsogozedwa ndi Robert Dale. Anawona nyama yokongola yomwe poyamba inkawakumbutsa za gologolo. Komabe, atachigwira, adali otsimikiza kuti inali kanyumba kakang'ono kachikasu kokhala ndi mitsempha yakuda ndi yoyera kumbuyo kwake.
Chosangalatsa: Gulu loyamba lidasindikizidwa ndi George Robert Waterhouse, yemwe adafotokoza za zamoyozi mu 1836. Ndipo banja la Myrmecobius flaviatus lidaphatikizidwa mgawo loyambirira la John Gould's Mammals of Australia, lofalitsidwa mu 1845, ndi zithunzi za H.H. Richter.
Nambat ya ku Australia, Myrmecobius flaviatus, ndi marsupial yokhayo yomwe imadyetsa chiswe kokha ndipo imangokhalira kugawa chiswe. Zaka mamiliyoni mamiliyoni azosinthazi zadzetsa mawonekedwe apadera a morphological ndi anatomical, makamaka chifukwa cha mano omwe amachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira kuyanjana kwa phylogenetic ndi ma marsupial ena.
Kuchokera pakuwunika kwa DNA, banja la Myrmecobiidae limayikidwa mu marsupial dasyuromorph, koma malo enieniwo amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kafukufuku. Kupadera kwa Myrmecobius sikuwonekera pakudya kwawo kokha, komanso m'malo awo akutali a phylogenetic.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Nambat
Nambat ndi cholengedwa chaching'ono chautoto chotalika kuyambira masentimita 35 mpaka 45, kuphatikiza mchira wake, wokhala ndi mkamwa wonyezimira bwino komanso mchira wolimba, wazitsamba, pafupifupi kutalika kofanana ndi thupi. Kulemera kwake kwa marsupial anteater ndi 300-752 g.Ulitali wa lilime lochepa komanso lolimba limatha mpaka 100 mm. Chovalachi chimakhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lofiirira, lofiirira kapena lofiirira lodziwika ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yambiri. Amathamangira kumbuyo ndi matako, kupatsa aliyense mawonekedwe mawonekedwe apadera. Mzere umodzi wakuda, wokometsedwa ndi mzere woyera pansi pake, umadutsa nkhope ndikuyenda mozungulira maso.
Kanema: Nambat
Tsitsi lakumchira ndilitali kuposa thupi. Mtundu wa mchira sikusiyana kwambiri ndi a Nambats. Imakhala yamtundu wofiirira kwambiri pomwe pamatuluka zoyera ndi zofiirira pansi. Tsitsi pamimba ndi loyera. Maso ndi makutu ali pamwamba pamutu. Mapazi akumbuyo ali ndi zala zisanu ndipo zakumbuyo zili ndi zinayi. Zala zili ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa mwamphamvu.
Zosangalatsa: Akazi alibe thumba ngati ma marsupial ena. M'malo mwake, pali zikopa za khungu zomwe zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lamarata.
Ali mwana, kutalika kwa nambat ndikotsika 20 mm. Anawo akafika kutalika kwa 30 mm, amakhala ndi gawo locheperako. Mitundu yoyera yoyera imawoneka kutalika ngati pafupifupi 55 mm. Iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri a marsupial aliwonse, ndipo ichi ndiye lingaliro loyambirira lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupezera omwe angadye nyama. Ma Nambats amatha kulowa dzanzi, komwe kumatha kukhala maola 15 patsiku m'nyengo yozizira.
Kodi nambat amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nambat marsupial
M'mbuyomu, ma nambat anali ofala kumwera kwa Australia ndi madera ake akumadzulo, kuyambira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa New South Wales mpaka kugombe la Indian Ocean. Adakhala m'nkhalango yowuma komanso yolimba komanso nkhalango zamitengo yamaluwa ndi zitsamba za genera monga bulugamu ndi mitengo ya kesha. Nambats anapezekanso mochuluka m'malo odyetserako ziweto opangidwa ndi zitsamba za Triodia ndi Plectrachne.
Chosangalatsa: Mitundu yawo yatsika kwambiri kuyambira kubwera kwa azungu kumtunda. Mitundu yapaderayi idapulumuka m'malo awiri okha ku Dryandra Forest ndi Perup Wildlife Sanctuary ku Western Australia. Komabe, mzaka zaposachedwa abwezeretsanso bwinobwino m'malo angapo achitetezo, kuphatikiza mbali zina za South Australia ndi New South Wales.
Tsopano zimangopezeka m'nkhalango za eucalyptus, zomwe zili pamalo okwera pafupifupi 317 m pamwamba pamadzi, pamphepete mwanyontho lakale. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitengo yakale komanso yakugwa, malo ochitira masewera a marsupial amakhala otetezeka pano. Mitengo yochokera m'nkhalango za bulugamu imathandiza kwambiri kuti nyama zikhale ndi moyo. Usiku, ma nambat amathawira ku mitengo yopanda kanthu, ndipo masana amatha kubisala kwa adani (makamaka mbalame ndi nkhandwe) kwinaku akubisala mumdima wa chipika.
Nthawi yokwatirana, zipika zimapereka malo okhala. Chofunika kwambiri, pachimake pa mitengo yambiri m'nkhalango zimadya chiswe, chomwe chimadya chakudya cha nambat. Malo ochitira masewera a Marsupial amadalira kwambiri kupezeka kwa chiswe m'derali. Kukhalapo kwa kachilomboka kumachepetsa malo. M'madera omwe ndi achinyezi kapena ozizira kwambiri, chiswe sichikhala mokwanira motero kulibe ma nambat.
Amadya chiyani nambat?
Chithunzi: Nambat Australia
Zakudya za nambat zimakhala ndi chiswe ndi nyerere, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zimamezanso nyama zina zopanda mafupa. Pogwiritsa ntchito chiswe 15,000-22,000 patsiku, ma nambat apanga mikhalidwe yambiri yomwe imawathandiza kudyetsa bwino.
Chingwe chopingasa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudutsa mitengo ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono panthaka. Mphuno zawo zimakhala zoterera kwambiri, ndipo zimazindikira kukhalapo kwa chiswe chifukwa cha kununkhiza komanso kugwedera pang'ono pansi. Lilime laling'ono lopyapyala, lokhala ndi malovu, limalola ma nambat kuti adutse njira za chiswe ndikutulutsa mwachangu tizirombo tomwe timamatira malovu omata.
Chosangalatsa: Malovu a marsupial anteater amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, ndipo miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo imakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wokumba msanga wa chiswe.
Pakamwa pamakhala "zikhomo" 47 mpaka 50 m'malo mwa mano olondola, monga zinyama zina, chifukwa ma nambat samatafuna chiswe. Chakudya cha chiswe cha tsiku ndi tsiku chimafanana ndi pafupifupi 10% ya kulemera kwa nyama yayikulu ya marsupial anteater, kuphatikiza tizilombo ta m'badwo:
- Heterotermes;
- Zamgululi;
- Zothandizira;
- Ma Microcerotermes;
- Nthawi;
- Paracapritermes;
- Nasutitermes;
- Zotupa;
- Zochitika.
Monga lamulo, kuchuluka kwa zakumwa kumadalira kukula kwa mtundu m'deralo. Chifukwa chakuti Coptotermes ndi Amitermies ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri ya chiswe m'malo awo achilengedwe, ndi omwe amadya kwambiri. Komabe, ma nambat ali ndi zomwe amakonda. Amayi ena amakonda mitundu ya Coptotermes nthawi zina pachaka, ndipo malo ena owonera marsupial amakana kudya mitundu ya Nasutitermes nthawi yachisanu.
Chosangalatsa: Pakudya, nyama iyi sichimachitapo kanthu pazomwe zikuchitika mozungulira. Nthawi ngati imeneyi, nambata imatha kusilidwa ngakhalenso kunyamulidwa.
Nambat imagwirizanitsa tsiku lake ndi chiswe chomwe chimadalira kutentha m'nyengo yozizira kuyambira pakati pa m'mawa mpaka masana; m'chilimwe imadzuka kale, ndipo nthawi ya kutentha kwa tsiku imadikirira ndikudyetsanso madzulo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nambat marsupial anteater
Nambat ndiye marsupial yekhayo amene amagwira ntchito masana. Usiku, marsupial imabwerera m'chisa, chomwe chimatha kukhala mu chipika, choboola mtengo kapena dzenje. Chisa nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi khomo lopapatiza, lalitali mamita 1-2, lomwe limathera mchipinda chozungulira chokhala ndi bedi lofewa la masamba, udzu, maluwa ndi makungwa osweka. Nambat imatha kutsekereza kutseguka kwa nyumba yake ndi chikopa chakuthwa cha chotupa chake kuti zisawononge nyama kuti zisalowe mumtsinjewo.
Akuluakulu amakhala okhaokha komanso nyama zakutchire. Kumayambiriro kwa moyo, anthu amakhazikitsa malo mpaka 1.5 km² ndikuwateteza. Njira zawo zimadutsana munyengo yoswana, amuna akamatuluka kunja kwa msinkhu wawo kuti akapeze wokwatirana naye. Ma nambat akasunthira, amasuntha. Kudyetsa kwawo kumasokonezedwa nthawi zina kuti athe kusanthula malo okhala zolusa.
Chosangalatsa: Atakhala chilili ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ma nambat amatukula nsidze zawo. Akakhala okondwa kapena opanikizika, amapinda mchira wawo kumbuyo kwawo ndikuyamba kung'amba ubweya wawo.
Akakhala ndi nkhawa kapena kuwopsezedwa, amathawa mwachangu, ndikupanga liwiro la 32 km pa ola, kufikira atafika pachimtengo kapena dzenje. Vutoli likangodutsa, nyamazo zimapitilira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Nambat
Poyembekezera nyengo yakumasirana, yomwe imayamba kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware, ma nambat achimuna amatulutsa mafuta kuchokera kumtundu womwe uli kumtunda kwa chifuwa. Kuphatikiza pa kukopa chachikazi, kununkhira kumachenjezanso ena omwe akufuna kuti akhale kutali. Asanakwatirane, ma Nambats azimuna ndi akazi amapanga mawu omwe amakhala ndikudina pang'ono pang'ono. Phokoso loterolo limachitika nthawi yoswana komanso khanda mwana wa ng'ombe akamalankhula ndi mayi ake.
Ikakangana, imasiyana kuyambira miniti imodzi mpaka ola limodzi, yamphongo imatha kunyamuka kuti ikakwatire ndi mkazi wina, kapena kukhalabe m'phanga mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yokhwima. Komabe, ikatha nyengo yobereka, chachimuna chimasiya chachikazi. Mkazi amayamba kusamalira anawo payekha. Ma Nambat ndi nyama zamitala ndipo mu nyengo yotsatira amuna ndi akazi ena.
Chosangalatsa: Zozungulira za kubala za Nambat zimachitika nyengo ndi nyengo, chachikazi chimatulutsa zinyalala imodzi pachaka. Amakhala ndi ma estrous angapo nthawi imodzi yoswana. Chifukwa chake, akazi omwe sanatenge mimba kapena kutaya ana awo atha kukhalanso ndi chibwenzi china.
Amayi amabereka ali ndi miyezi 12 ndipo amuna amakula msinkhu pakatha miyezi 24. Pambuyo pathupi la masiku 14, akazi a Nambat amabereka ana awiri kapena anayi mu Januware kapena February. Nyenyeswa zomwe sizinakule bwino pafupifupi 20 mm kutalika kupita kumathumbu a amayi. Mosiyana ndi ma marsupial ambiri, ma nambat achikazi alibe thumba lonyamula ana awo. M'malo mwake, mawere ake amatsekedwa ndi ubweya wagolide wosiyana kwambiri ndi tsitsi loyera lalitali pachifuwa pake.
Kumeneku, tiana tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawongola miyendo yakutsogolo, kumamatira ku tsitsi la m'matumbo a mammary, ndikudziphatika ku nsonga zamabele kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Mpaka nthawiyo, mpaka atakula kwambiri kotero kuti mayiyo sadzatha kuyenda bwinobwino. Pakutha pa Julayi, makanda amakhala atachotsedwa kunsonga ndikuikidwa pachisa. Ngakhale adasiyana ndi mawere, amapitiliza kuyamwa mpaka miyezi isanu ndi inayi. Kumapeto kwa Seputembala, ma nambat achichepere amayamba kudya okha ndikusiya khola la amayi.
Adani achilengedwe a nambats
Chithunzi: Nambat waku Australia
Ma Nambats amasintha zinthu zingapo kuti athandize kupewa adani. Choyamba, pansi panthaka pamawathandiza kubisala, chifukwa chovala chake chimadya utoto. Makutu awo owongoka amakhala pamwamba pamutu, ndipo maso awo amayang'ana mbali zosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalame zam'mlengalenga zizimva kapena kuwona anthu oyipa akuyandikira. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo, amakhala chandamale chosavuta kwa adani.
Pali mitundu ingapo yayikulu ya nyama zomwe zimasaka nyama:
- Ankhandwe ofiira ofalitsidwa kuchokera ku Europe;
- Zakudya zamphasa;
- Mbalame zazikulu, nkhwangwa, ziwombankhanga;
- Amphaka amtchire;
- Abuluzi monga abuluzi amchenga.
Ngakhale mitundu ing'onoing'ono yolusa, monga ziwombankhanga zazing'ono, zomwe zimakhala zazitali masentimita 45 mpaka 55, zimatha kupondereza nambat mosavuta.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuchuluka kwa nyama zolusa m'nkhalango, kuchuluka kwa nambat kumachepa msanga chifukwa amasakidwa pafupipafupi.
Nambat zikaona kuti zili pangozi kapena zikakumana ndi nyama yolusa, zimaundana ndi kuziziritsa mpaka ngoziyo itadutsa. Akayamba kuthamangitsidwa, azithawa msanga. Nthawi ndi nthawi, ma nambat amayesetsa kuthana ndi nyama zolusa mwa kubangula mokalipa. Alibe mawu ochepa ngakhale. Amatha kufuula, kubangula, kapena kubwereza "chete" akamasokonezedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nambat
Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Nambat chidayamba kuchepa m'ma 1800, koma kutha kwachangu kwambiri kudachitika mdera louma mzaka za 1940 ndi 1950. Nthawi yakuchepa uku kudagwirizana ndi kulowetsedwa kwa nkhandwe mderali. Masiku ano, anthu a nambat amangokhala m'nkhalango zochepa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia. Ndipo ngakhale panali nyengo zakuchepa mzaka zam'ma 1970, pomwe mitundu idasowa m'malo okhala akutali.
Chosangalatsa: Kupha poizoni kwa nkhandwe kuyambira 1983 kwatsagana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nambat, ndikuwonjezeka kwa ziweto zomwe zidapitilira, ngakhale zidakhala zaka zochepa mvula yaying'ono. Kubwezeretsa anthu kumadera omwe kale anali a Nambats kudayamba mu 1985. Zinyama zochokera ku Dryandra Forest zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso Boyagin Reserve, komwe mitunduyo idasowa mzaka za 1970.
Nkhandwe zimayang'aniridwa nthawi zonse. Kusintha kwa moto ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kudayamba kuchepa kuchepa kwa anthu, zomwe zidakhudza kuchepa kwa mitengo yomwe ma nambat amagwiritsa ntchito ngati pogona kwa adani, yopuma komanso gwero la chiswe. Kuberekanso ma nambat ndikuwonekera kwa ana kumatsimikizira kuthekera kwa malo owonera marsupial. Lero pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwakusunthira nyama kumadera ena.
Mulonda wa Nambat
Chithunzi: Nambat Red Book
Nambats adatchulidwa mu IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Kutsika kwa manambala pazaka zisanu (pakati pa 2003 ndi 2008) kunali kopitilira 20%. Izi zadzetsa chiwerengero cha nambat cha anthu pafupifupi 1,000 okhwima padziko lonse lapansi. M'nkhalango za Dryand, manambala akupitilira kuchepa pazifukwa zosadziwika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Perup ndichokhazikika ndipo mwina chikuwonjezeka. M'madera omwe angopangidwa kumene, pali anthu pakati pa 500 ndi 600, ndipo anthu akuwoneka kuti ndi okhazikika. Komabe, nyama zomwe zimapezeka pamenepo sizokwanira pazokha, chifukwa chake, kukhalapo kwawo sikuwoneka ngati kotetezeka.
Zosangalatsa: Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyama zolusa zingapo monga ankhandwe ofiira ndi mbalame zodya nyama zathandizira kutsika kwa anthu a nambat. Kulowetsa kunja kwa akalulu ndi makoswe kwathandizira kukulira kwa amphaka amphaka, omwe ndi nyama ina yayikulu yomwe imadyetsa malo owonera marsupial.
Njira zatengedwa kuti zisunge mitundu. Izi zikuphatikiza kuswana kwa ogwidwa, mapulogalamu obwezeretsanso, madera otetezedwa ndi mapulogalamu owongolera nkhandwe zofiira. Kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, zinthu zonse zomwe zimakulitsa chitukuko cha nyama muzovuta kwambiri zidaganiziridwa. Palinso zoyeserera zokulitsa kuchuluka kwa magulu odzidalira mpaka osachepera asanu ndi anayi, ndikuwerengera anthu 4000. Kuyesetsa mwakhama kuteteza nyamazi tsopano ndi gawo lotsatira komanso lofunika kuteteza nyama yapaderayi - nambat, komanso mitundu ingapo yama marsupial.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 15.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 21:24
