Isopodi - banja lalikulu kuchokera ku nsomba zazikuluzikulu. Zamoyozi zimakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza zomwe zimapezeka m'malo okhala anthu. Ndiwo oyimira akale kwambiri azinyama omwe sanasinthe pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri, akupulumuka bwino munthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Izopod
Isopods (ravnon ogie) ndi amtundu wa nsomba zazinkhanira zapamwamba. Zonsezi, zimaphatikizira mitundu yoposa khumi ndi theka ya crustacean yomwe imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza madzi amchere ndi mitundu ina yapadziko lapansi. Pakati pawo pali magulu a crustaceans omwe ndi tiziromboti.
Ili ndiye lakale kwambiri - zotsalira zoyambirira zidayamba nthawi ya Triassic ya nthawi ya Mesozoic. Zotsalira za isopods zidapezeka koyamba mu 1970 - zinali zofananira ndi moyo wamadzi. Ali kale ku Mesozoic, isopods komwe kumakhala madzi abwino ndipo anali adani awo owopsa.
Kanema: Izopod
Panthawiyo, ma isopods analibe omwe anali opikisana nawo pachakudya; iwowo sankaukiridwa ndi adani ena. Amawonetsanso kusinthasintha kwakutali mikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, zomwe zidalola kuti zolengedwazi zizikhala ndi moyo kwa mamiliyoni a zaka osasintha thupi konse.
Nthawi yoyambirira ya Cretaceous imaphatikizapo ma isopods a woodlice, omwe amapezeka mu amber. Adachita gawo lofunikira pagulu lazakudya zanthawi ino. Masiku ano, ma isopod ali ndi ma subspecies ambiri, ambiri omwe amakhala ndi zotsutsana.
Ma Isopods ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amaimira dongosolo la nsomba zazinkhanira zapamwamba, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso:
- nkhanu;
- nsomba zazinkhanira za mumtsinje;
- shirimpi;
- amphipodi.
Amadziwika chifukwa chokhoza kuyenda pansi pamadzi, mutu wokhala ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tambiri, kumbuyo ndi chifuwa. Pafupifupi nthumwi zonse za nsomba zazinkhanira zapamwamba ndizofunika pamtundu wausodzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Giant Isopod
Isopods ndi banja lalikulu la nsomba zazinkhanira zapamwamba, oimira omwe amasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe. Makulidwe awo amatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 0,6 mm. Kufikira 46 cm (chimphona chakuya kwambiri panyanja). Thupi la isopods limagawika bwino m'magulu, pakati pake pali mitsempha yoyenda.
Isopods ili ndi miyendo 14, yomwe imagawidwanso m'magulu osunthika achitini. Miyendo yake imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwawo, komwe kumapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi minofu yayikulu yamfupa, yomwe imalola ma isopod kuti aziyenda bwino komanso mwachangu m'malo osiyanasiyana - apadziko lapansi kapena apansi pamadzi.
Chifukwa cha chipolopolo cholimba cha chitinous, isopods satha kusambira, koma amangoyenda pansi. Miyendo iwiri yomwe ili pakamwa imagwira kapena kugwira zinthu.
Pamutu pa isopods pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi zowonjezera zam'kamwa. Ma Isopod samawoneka bwino, ena amachepetsa masomphenya, ngakhale kuchuluka kwamaso amitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatha kufikira chikwi.
Mtundu wa isopods ndiwosiyana:
- zoyera, zotuwa;
- zonona;
- mutu wofiira;
- bulauni;
- bulauni yakuda komanso pafupifupi wakuda.
Mtundu umadalira malo okhala isopod ndi subspecies yake; makamaka ili ndi chobisa. Nthawi zina pama mbale azithunzithunzi amatha kuwona mawanga akuda ndi oyera omwe amakhala ndi magawanidwe ofanana.
Mchira wa isopod ndi mbale yopingasa yopindika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mano pakati. Nthawi zina mbale izi zimatha kulumikizana kuti zikhale zolimba. Ma Isopod amafunika mchira wosambira kosowa - ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito moyenera. Isopod ilibe ziwalo zambiri zamkati - izi ndizida zopumira, mtima ndi matumbo. Mtima, monga wa mamembala ena a dongosololi, wabwerera kwawo.
Kodi isopods amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Isopod yam'madzi
Isopods adziwa mitundu yonse yazokhalamo. Mitundu yambiri yamitundu, kuphatikiza yama parasiti, imakhala m'madzi oyera. Isopods imakhalanso m'nyanja zamchere, nthaka, zipululu, malo otentha, ndi madera osiyanasiyana ndi nkhalango.
Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ikuluikulu ya isopod imapezeka m'malo awa:
- Nyanja ya Atlantic;
- Nyanja ya Pacific;
- Nyanja ya Indian.
Amakhala mokha panyanja m'makona ake akuda kwambiri. Isopod yaikulu imatha kugwidwa m'njira ziwiri zokha: pogwira mitembo yomwe yawonekera ndipo idadyedwa kale ndi onyoza; kapena akonze msampha wakunyanja ndi nyambo yomwe agweremo.
Chosangalatsa: Ma isopods akuluakulu, omwe amapezeka pagombe la Japan, amapezeka m'madzi okhala ngati ziweto zokongoletsera.
Woodlice ndi amodzi mwamitundu yodziwika bwino ya isopods.
Amapezeka pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, koma amakonda malo amvula, monga:
- mchenga wa kugombe la madzi oyera;
- nkhalango zamvula;
- kosungira;
- pansi pamiyala panthaka yonyowa;
- pansi pa mitengo yovunda yomwe idagwa, mu chitsa.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Mokrits amatha kupezeka m'makona akumpoto kwa Russia m'nyumba ndi mosungira kumene kuli chinyezi pang'ono.
Mitundu yambiri ya isopod sinaphunzirebe, malo awo ndi ovuta kuwapeza kapena sanatsimikizidwebe bwinobwino. Mitundu yowerengedwa imatha kukumana ndi anthu, chifukwa amakhala mozama kunyanja ndi nyanja, nthawi zambiri amaponyedwa kunja kwa gombe, kapena nkhalango ndi minda, nthawi zina m'nyumba momwe.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe isopod imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi isopod imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Izopod
Kutengera mitundu, ma isopod amatha kukhala omnivorous, ovuta kudya, kapena odyetsa. Isopods zazikulu ndi gawo lofunikira m'zinthu zam'madzi, makamaka pansi panyanja. Iwo ndi onyoza ndipo iwowo ndiwo chakudya cha nyama zolusa zazikulu.
Zakudya za isopods zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:
- nkhaka zam'nyanja;
- masiponji;
- nematode;
- ma radiolarians;
- zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala pansi.
Chofunikira pakudya kwa isopods zazikuluzikulu ndi anamgumi akufa ndi squid zazikuluzikulu, omwe matupi awo amagwera pansi - ma isopods okhala ndi zina zakuya zam'madzi amadya anamgumi ndi zolengedwa zina zazikulu.
Zosangalatsa: M'magazini ya Shark Week ya 2015, chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa isopod chidawonetsedwa chikuukira shaki yomwe idakodwa mumsampha wakuya. Chinali katran, choposa isopod kukula kwake, koma cholengedwa chija chinakakamira kumutu kwake ndikudya chamoyo.
Mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya isopods yomwe imagwidwa mu maukonde akulu oti igwire nsomba nthawi zambiri imawukira nsomba m'maneti momwemo ndipo imadya msanga. Kawirikawiri samaukira nsomba zamoyo, samatsata nyama, koma amangogwiritsa ntchito mwayiwo ngati nsomba yaying'ono ili pafupi.
Isopods zazikulu zimapirira mosavuta njala, zimapulumuka mopanda kuyenda. Sadziwa momwe angayendetsere kukhutira, kotero nthawi zina amadzikongoletsa mpaka kulephera kusuntha. Ma isopod apadziko lapansi monga nsabwe zamatabwa nthawi zambiri amakhala odyetsa. Amadyetsa manyowa ndi zomera zatsopano, ngakhale mitundu ina sikukana nyama zakufa ndi zina zakufa.
Zosangalatsa: Woodlice atha kukhala tizirombo tonse, kudya mbewu zofunikira, komanso zolengedwa zopindulitsa zomwe zimawononga namsongole.
Palinso mitundu ya majeremusi ya isopods. Amamatira ku nkhanu zina ndi nsomba, zomwe zimawononga zinthu zambiri zosodza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Giant Isopod
Ma isopods amadzi ndi ma woodlice sizowopsa mwachilengedwe. Ma isopod am'madzi, omwe nthawi zina amakhala olusa, amatha kuwononga nyama zapakatikati, koma iwowo sadzawonetsa nkhanza zosafunikira. Amakonda kubisala pansi, pakati pamiyala, miyala yamiyala ndi zinthu zouma.
Isopods zam'madzi zimakhala zokha, ngakhale sizigawo. Amatha kuwombana wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ngati munthu wina ali wa subspecies ina ndipo ndi yaying'ono, ma isopods amatha kuwonetsa kudya anzawo ndikuukira woimira mtundu wawo. Amasaka usana ndi usiku, kuwonetsa zocheperako kuti asagwidwe ndi zilombo zazikulu.
Woodlice amakhala m'magulu akulu. Zolengedwa izi sizimagonana. Masana amabisala pansi pamiyala, pakati pa mitengo yovunda, m'malo osungira ndi malo ena obisika, ndipo usiku amapita kukadya. Khalidweli limachitika chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza kwathunthu kwa mitengo yolumikizana ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya.
Isopods zazikulu zimasakanso nthawi zonse. Mosiyana ndi ma subspecies ena, zolengedwa izi ndizankhanza ndipo zimaukira chilichonse chomwe chili pafupi nawo. Amatha kuukira zolengedwa zomwe ndizazikulu kwambiri kuposa iwo, ndipo izi ndichifukwa chakulakalaka kwawo kosatha. Isopods zazikulu zimatha kusaka mwakhama, kusunthira pansi panyanja, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo cha nyama zazikulu kwenikweni.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Isopods
Mitundu yambiri ya isopod imagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo imaberekanso kudzera mwachindunji pakati pa mkazi ndi mwamuna. Koma mwa iwo pali ma hermaphrodites omwe amatha kuchita ntchito za amuna ndi akazi.
Ma isopodi osiyanasiyana ali ndi mawonekedwe awo obereketsa:
- Nsabwe zazimayi zimakhala ndi umuna. Mu Meyi kapena Epulo, zimakwatirana ndi amuna, kuwadzaza ndi umuna, ndipo zikadzazidwa kwambiri, zimaphulika ndipo umuna umalowa m'miyendo. Pambuyo pake, ma molts achikazi, kapangidwe kake kamasintha: chipinda cha ana chimapangidwa pakati pa miyendo yachisanu ndi yachisanu ndi chimodzi. Ndiko komwe amanyamula mazira a umuna, omwe amakula masiku angapo. Amanyamulanso nsabwe za nkhuni zomwe zabadwa kumene. Nthawi zina mbali ina ya nyembayo imagwirabe ntchito ndipo imadzaza mazira otsatilawo, pambuyo pake nsabwe ya nkhuni imayambiranso ndikuwonekera kale;
- zimphona zazikuluzikulu ndipo mitundu yambiri yamadzi imaswana m'miyezi yachisanu ndi yozizira. Nthawi yakumasirana, zazikazi zimapanga chipinda cha ana, pomwe mazira aubwamuna amayikidwa atakwatirana. Amawanyamula, ndipo amayang'ananso ma isopods omwe angoswedwa kumene, omwe amakhalanso mchipinda chino kwakanthawi. Ana amphona zazikuluzikulu amawoneka chimodzimodzi ndi akulu, koma alibe miyendo yakutsogolo;
- Mitundu ina ya ma isopods opatsirana ndi ma hermaphrodites, ndipo amatha kuberekana pogonana komanso podzipangira umuna. Mazira akusambira mwaulere, ndipo ma isopods aswedwa amamatira ku nkhanu kapena nsomba zazing'ono, zikukula pa iwo.
Ma isopod apadziko lapansi amakhala pafupifupi miyezi 9 mpaka 12, ndipo kutalika kwa isopod zam'madzi sikudziwika. Isopods zazikulu zomwe zimakhala m'madzi amatha kukhala zaka 60.
Adani achilengedwe a isopods
Chithunzi: Isopod yam'madzi
Ma Isopods amakhala chakudya cha nyama zambiri zomwe zimadya nyama kapena nyama zina. Isopods zam'madzi zimadyedwa ndi nsomba ndi nkhanu, ndipo nyamayi nthawi zina imawukira.
Isopods zazikulu zimayesedwa ndi:
- nsombazi zazikulu;
- sikwidi;
- ma isopods ena;
- nsomba zakuya zam'madzi.
Kusaka chimphona chachikulu ndi choopsa, chifukwa cholengedwa ichi chimatha kukana kwambiri. Giopopopopu zazikuluzikulu zimamenya nkhondo mpaka kumapeto ndipo sizibwerera m'mbuyo - zikapambana, zimadya womutsutsayo. Isopods si zolengedwa zopatsa thanzi kwambiri, ngakhale mitundu yambiri (kuphatikiza mbewa) imagwira gawo lofunikira pagulu lazakudya.
Ma isopod apadziko lapansi amatha kudyedwa ndi:
- mbalame;
- tizilombo tina;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- ziphuphu.
Woodlice alibe njira zodzitetezera kupatula kugubuduzika mu mpira, koma izi sizimawathandiza kulimbana ndi omwe akuukira. Ngakhale kuti nsabwe zamitengo zimadyedwa ndi zilombo zambiri, zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ambiri, chifukwa ndi achonde kwambiri.
Zikakhala zoopsa, ma isopod amapindikana kukhala mpira, ndikuwonetsa chigamba cholimba kunja. Izi sizimayimitsa nyerere zomwe zimakonda kudya nsabwe zamatabwa: zimangogudubuza nsabwe za nkhuni kupita ku chiswe, komwe gulu la nyerere limatha kuthana nalo mosamala. Nsomba zina zimatha kumeza bwino isopod ngati singakulume.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Isopod m'chilengedwe
Mitundu yodziwika ya isopods sichiwopsezedwa kutha, siili mu Red Book ndipo sanatchulidwe kuti ndi pafupi kuwonongeka. Isopods ndi chakudya chokoma m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusodza kwawo kumakhala kovuta pazifukwa zingapo:
- Mitundu yopezeka ya isopods ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, chifukwa chake ilibe phindu lililonse: kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi chipolopolo cha chitinous;
- zimphona zazikulu ndizovuta kwambiri kuzigwira pamalonda, chifukwa zimakhala mozama kwambiri;
- Nyama ya Isopod ili ndi kukoma kwake, ngakhale ambiri amayifanizira ndi nkhanu zolimba.
Chosangalatsa: Mu 2014, mu Japanese Aquarium, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zotchedwa isopods chinakana kudya ndipo sichinakhalitse. Kwa zaka zisanu, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti isopod idya mobisa, koma atamwalira, kuwunika kwake kudawonetsa kuti mulibe chakudya mmenemo, ngakhale kulibe zisonyezo zakutopa pathupi.
Ma isopod apadziko lapansi, amatha kudya nkhuni, amatha kupanga zinthu kuchokera kuma polima omwe amakhala ngati mafuta. Asayansi akuphunzira izi, chifukwa chake mtsogolo ndizotheka kupanga biofuel pogwiritsa ntchito isopods.
Isopodi - cholengedwa chakale chodabwitsa. Adakhala zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, sanasinthe ndipo adakali ofunika pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Ma Isopod amakhala kwenikweni padziko lonse lapansi, koma nthawi yomweyo, amakhalabe zolengedwa zamtendere zomwe sizikuwopseza anthu komanso mitundu ina yazachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:05
