Chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino - nzika yaku South America. Amatha kutchedwa kuti nthumwi yokha ya ufumu wa chimbalangondo yemwe adakhazikika ku South America. M'malo mwake, chimbalangondo ichi sichachikulu kwambiri ndipo chili ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa ndi achilendo a mphutsi, yomwe adatchedwa "yowoneka bwino".
Zachisoni, zimbalangondozi zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosowa masiku ano, chifukwa zatsalira zochepa. Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa chifukwa chake zinthu zomvetsa chisoni chonchi zachitika ndi kuchuluka kwa chimbalangondo chosangalatsa ichi ndikuphunzira ntchito yake yofunikira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sparacled Bear
Chimbalangondo chochititsa chidwi ndi cha achibale omwe amadyera banja. Ndiye yekhayo amene ali wamtunduwu kuchokera kubanja laling'ono la zimbalangondo zazifupi zomwe zapulumuka mpaka pano. Akatswiri a zinyama amakhulupirira kuti izi zimatheka chifukwa chokhoza kukwera mitengo yayitali yomwe ikukula m'nkhalango za Andes.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino ndi chimbalangondo chachikulu chachifupi, chomwe chidakhala m'nthawi ya Ice Age ndipo chidatha zaka 12,000 zapitazo. Zotsalira za chimphona ichi zikuwonetsa kuti kulemera kwake kwa nyama kudafikira tani, ndikukula kwa chimbalangondo pakadafikira pafupifupi mita inayi.
Kanema: Chimbalangondo Chowoneka
Zachidziwikire, chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino ndichocheperako kangapo kuposa kholo lawo, kulemera kwake kumasiyana 80 mpaka 130 kg. Ngakhale pali chojambula chimodzi chosangalatsa kwambiri chomwe chimakhala kumalo osungira nyama ku Argentina mumzinda wa Buenos Aires. Monga tanena mu 2014, chimbalangondo ichi chinapeza makilogalamu 575, chimphona chenicheni. Ku North America, zamoyo zakale pafupi ndi chimbalangondo chowoneka chamakono zidapezeka, zimatchedwa chimbalangondo cha Florida. Wachibale wina wapamtima wa chimbalangondo cha Andes ndi panda wamkulu.
Chosangalatsa cha chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino sikungopezeka kokha kwa zikopa zaubweya zomwe zimakongoletsa maso, komanso mphuno yayifupi poyerekeza ndi mamembala ena a chimbalangondo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chimbalangondo ichi chimatchedwa chowoneka bwino ndipo ndi cha banja laling'onoting'ono.
Ngati tikulankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino, ndiye kuti sichidziwika kwenikweni za izi. Asayansi adangozindikira kuti anthu omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa madera awo ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa omwe amakhala kumwera; zina zofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa zimbalangondo za Andes zomwe zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana sizinazindikiridwe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino
Tidazindikira kulemera kwa chimbalangondo m'mbuyomu, koma kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kukhala mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka 180 cm, osawerengera mchira, kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita 10. Kutalika kwa chimbalangondo chomwe chimafota kumachokera pa masentimita 60 mpaka 90. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna ndipo amalemera pang'ono ... Mutu wa chimbalangondo ndi waudongo, koma wamphamvu, mphuno yake yafupikitsidwa pang'ono, imakhala ndi chigoba chowala kwambiri chofanana ndi magalasi. Makutu a nyamayi ndi yaying'ono komanso yokhotakhota, maso nawonso ndi ochepa.
Kupatula mitundu yowala yosangalatsa kumaso ndi m'khosi, utoto wonse waubweya wowoneka bwino wa chimbalangondo ndiwamtundu umodzi, utha kukhala:
- Wakuda kwambiri;
- Wakuda bulauni;
- Kufiira kofiirira.
Mwambiri, ubweya wa chimbalangondo cha Andes umakhala wandiweyani, wonenepa, tsitsi lalitali, wonyezimira bwino padzuwa. Chimbalangondo chowoneka chokha ndichamphamvu komanso champhamvu, chili ndi khosi lalifupi laminyewa, miyendo yake siyitali kwambiri, koma yolimba komanso yoluka. Chimbalangondo chochititsa chidwi chikuyenda, chikuponda. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa yakumbuyo, motero chimbalangondo chimakhala chokwera sikungokhala mitengo yokha, komanso kukwera miyala.
Chosangalatsa pamafupa a chimbalangondo chowoneka ndikuti chiri ndi nthiti khumi ndi zitatu za nthiti, chimbalangondo chonsecho chili ndi awiriawiri khumi ndi anayi. Ponena za beige wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira pang'ono pamaso ndi khosi la chimbalangondo, tiyenera kudziwa kuti anthu ena alibe chokongoletsera ichi, pomwe anthu ena samachiyang'ana konse, i.e. chimbalangondo chili ndi mtundu wa monochromatic kwathunthu.
Kodi chimbalangondo chochititsa chidwi chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino kuchokera ku South America
Ku South Africa, chimbalangondo chimodzi chokha chimakhala ndi moyo - izi ndizowoneka bwino.
Titha kuwona m'maiko osiyanasiyana a kontinentiyi:
- Kum'mawa kwa Panama;
- Kumadzulo kwa Colombia;
- Ku Venezuela;
- Peru;
- Ecuador;
- Bolivia;
- Argentina (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo).
Chimbalangondo chozizwitsachi chinakongola kupita ku nkhalango zamapiri zomwe zili kumadzulo kwa Andes. Chimbalangondo chimamva bwino kwambiri pamtunda wamakilomita opitilira atatu, chifukwa chimayenda mwaluso kwambiri pamiyala, chokhala ndi mapiko olimba ndi olimba. Ndizolakwika kuganiza kuti chimbalangondo chimakhala ndi chilolezo chokhazikika kumadera akumapiri okha, chimatha kukhala m'malo otseguka a madambo, masango, chilombo chimakhala pakulamba kwamitengo yamitundumitundu.
Zimbalangondo zawonedwa zikukhala m'zidikha momwe zomera ndizosowa komanso sizosiyana kwenikweni, ndipo anthu omwe amakhala m'malo achithaphwi awonedwa. Chikhalidwe chachikulu posankha malo okhala okhazikika a zimbalangondo si malo ndi nyengo, koma kupezeka kwa chakudya ndi kupezeka kwake m'malo amodzi.
Komabe, tisaiwale kuti chimbalangondo chokongola chimakonda nkhalango zamapiri zokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, kupewa madera ouma. Chimbalangondo chimayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi akasupe amadzi osiyanasiyana. Malo okhala nyama zodabwitsazi amatambasula zoposa 4.5 km m'litali ndi 200 mpaka 650 km mulifupi. Imayamba kuchokera ku phiri la Sierra de Perija lomwe lili kumpoto ndikufika chakum'mawa kwa Cordillera kumwera kwa Bolivia. M'mbuyomu, malo okhala zimbalangondozi anali ochulukirapo komanso opitilira madera ena a Andes.
Kodi Andean bear amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Spectacled Bear Red Book
Chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino chimakhala pamalo achiwiri olemekezeka pakudya zakudya zamasamba. Pachiyambi pamiyalayi ndi panda wamkulu. Chodabwitsa kwa nyama yolusa, chimbalangondo ichi chimakhala ndi 95% yazomera, pomwe pali zotsala zisanu zokha za nyama.
Kwa odyetsa ambiri, chakudya chomera chimakhala chovuta kwambiri m'mimba mwawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chikhale chovuta, koma zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino ndizokwanira ndi izi. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi zipatso zamtundu uliwonse, masamba, ma rhizomes ndi ma tubers, mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo yosiyanasiyana. Zimbalangondo zimatha kukwera mitengo yayitali kwambiri, kuthyola nthambi zake zamphamvu ndikudya masamba ake pansi. Sachita mantha kukwera ngakhale mitengo ikuluikulu ya nkhadze kuti idule zipatso zawo zamtundu.
Nyama izi zimatha kudya ngakhale khungwa lolimba kwambiri la mitengo, chifukwa zimakhala ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri za nsagwada. M'madera ena, zimbalangondo ndi minda yambewu yowononga, yomwe amakonda kudya. Kuphatikiza pa chimanga, nzimbe ndi uchi wochokera ku njuchi zakutchire ndizokoma kwa iwo, chifukwa mwachilengedwe ndi dzino lokoma lokoma.
Ngati tikulankhula za mndandanda wa zimbalangondo zomwe zimayambira, ndiye kuti zimaphatikizapo: makoswe osiyanasiyana, agwape ang'onoang'ono, vicunas, guanacos, hares, mbalame zina komanso ma arthropods. Chimbalangondo sichidana ndi kuyesera mazira a mbalame, chifukwa chake sichachilendo kuwononga zisa zawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, chimbalangondo chowoneka modabwitsa chili ndi lilime lalitali kwambiri, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito kudya chiswe ndi nyerere, kuwononga nyumba zawo mwankhanza. Munthawi yovuta, pomwe kumakhala kovuta kupeza chakudya, nyama zimatha kuwononga msipu wa ziweto, koma zochitika zotere ndizosowa kwambiri, zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino munthawi yanjala zimakonda kukhala zokhutira ndi nyama zomwe zatsala ndi chakudya cha nyama zina zolusa. Nayi chakudya chosangalatsa komanso chachilendo kwa oimira zimbalangondo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chinyama chowoneka bwino
Zimbalangondo zooneka bwino zimakonda kukhala kwayokha, kukhala ndi awiri okha nthawi yokwatirana. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana zakudya zosiyanasiyana, zimbalangondo zingapo zimatha kukhala nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, nthawi zambiri nyama zolusa zimakhala pamalo awoawo, omwe amadziwika bwino. Chimbalangondo chozizwitsachi ndichikhalidwe chokwanira ndipo sichitha kumenyera ndi kuyambitsa mikangano pazamasewera. Ngakhale mlendo atabwera kudera lake, amangokhala chenjezo laphokoso kuti aperekeze wobisalayo.
Zimbalangondo izi zimangowukira nthawi zovuta kwambiri, pomwe palibe kuchitira mwina. Nthawi zambiri amathawa kukumana kosafunikira (mwachitsanzo, ndi munthu) pokwera mitengo yayitali. Kumeneko, pamwamba pa korona (pafupifupi 30 mita kutalika), zimbalangondo zimadzipangira ngati nsanja, pomwe zimapuma ndikusunga chakudya chawo. Amayi obala, omwe amakhala okonzeka kuchita chilichonse kuteteza ana awo ovuta, akhoza kukhala achiwawa.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti zimbalangondozi ndizolimba komanso zolimba ndendende masana, zomwe sizodziwika bwino za adani. Nthawi zambiri amasaka ndi kupeza chakudya m'mawa komanso madzulo. Hibernation ya zimbalangondo zamtunduwu sizachilendo, ndipo nthawi zambiri samapanga mapanga. Nthawi zina m'nkhalango zowirira, amapanga zinthu ngati chisa, zomwe amaziphimba mwaluso, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira.
Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira m'chigawo cha chimbalangondo, ndiye kuti nyama yowonongekayo sakusunthira kutali ndi chisa chake kupitirira theka la kilomita. Pakakhala njala, zimbalangondo pakufunafuna chakudya zimatha kuyenda pafupifupi makilomita sikisi patsiku. Fungo limathandiza kwambiri pakulankhulana pakati pa abale achibale, ndipo kumveka kumazilala kumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri, chimbalangondo chokhacho chimalankhula ndi anawo pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amawu.
Chifukwa chake, chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino ndichinyama chamtendere chomwe sichikhala ndiukali ndipo sichitha kukangana. Khalidwe la chilombocho ndi chete komanso bata, chimbalangondo chimapewa anthu, posankha madera akutali komanso obisika kwa moyo wawo wonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wowoneka bwino wa chimbalangondo
Zotsatira zake, zimbalangondo zokongola zimakhala zokhazokha, koma nthawi zina anthu angapo amatha kukhala mwamtendere m'dera lomweli lokhala ndi chakudya chochuluka. Amayi amakula msinkhu wazaka zitatu ndipo amuna azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nthawi yokhwima, nthawi yomwe nyama zimapanga awiriawiri, imayamba kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika mpaka nthawi yophukira. Mgwirizano wa nyama ziwiri zogonana umakhalapo kwa milungu ingapo, kenako abwenziwo amabalalika kwamuyaya.
Nthawi yobala ana mu zimbalangondo zokongola ndi yayitali kwambiri, imatha miyezi 8. Izi ndichifukwa choti mimba imakhala ndi nthawi yoti ana azibadwa panthawi yomwe chakudya chimakhala chokwanira. Pali ana amodzi mpaka atatu mwa ana. Amabadwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, koma ali akhungu kwathunthu ndipo amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 300 okha. Atatsala pang'ono kufika mwezi umodzi, makanda amayamba kuwona bwino ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kuchoka pogona. Zitsamba zimakula msanga, ndipo zikafika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kulemera kwake kumafikira 10 kg.
Anawo amaperekeza amayi awo osamalira kulikonse, omwe amawaphunzitsa maluso onse ofunikira pamoyo wawo: amawaphunzitsa kusaka, kupeza zakudya zokoma komanso zathanzi, ndikupanga zakudya zawo molondola. Amayi amateteza ana awo okulirapo kwa nthawi yayitali, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala nawo mpaka zaka ziwiri, kenako amapita kukasaka gawo lawo, komwe amapitilizabe kudziyimira pawokha. Kuthengo, kutalika kwa moyo wa chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino ndi kotala zaka zana limodzi, ndipo mu ukapolo panali zitsanzo zomwe zidakhala zaka 36.
Adani achilengedwe a zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino
Chithunzi: Spectacled Bear South America
M'nkhalango, zachilengedwe, ana obadwa kumene komanso nyama zazing'ono zomwe zili pachiwopsezo zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri monga ma cougars ndi jaguar zimawopseza, komanso zimbalangondo zamphongo zowoneka bwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaukira ana ofooka, ndizowopsa kwa ana a zimbalangondo.
Ngakhale kuzimva kuwawa kuzindikira, koma mdani woopsa komanso wankhanza wa chimbalangondo chooneka bwino ndi munthu, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo adaniwo atafalikira. Anthu adathetsa zimbalangondo zambiri chifukwa chowononga ziweto, kuwononga minda ya chimanga. M'dera la Peru, nyama ya chilombochi nthawi zonse imadyedwa. Sikuti khungu la chimbalangondo limangofunika kwambiri, komanso mafuta ake ndi ziwalo zamkati, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala.
Kuphatikiza pa chakuti munthu mwadala anapha zimbalangondo zokongola, iye anawononganso iwo mwanjira ina, akukhala m'malo awo okhazikika osowa zosowa zake, kudula nkhalango, kumanga misewu ikuluikulu. Zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti chimbalangondo chiwonongeke. Tsopano mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book, kuyisaka ndikoletsedwa, koma kupha nyama mwachisawawa kukuchitikabe. Tsopano ziwetozi ndizokhazikika, koma ndizochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake mitunduyo imadziwika kuti ili pachiwopsezo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Sparacled Bear
Chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo zokongola chatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe anthu omwe, nthawi zina, amangoganiza zopindulitsa zawo, kuyiwala kuti atha kuvulaza abale awo ang'onoang'ono. Ntchito zantchito komanso zamphepo, kuphatikizapo kulima malo, kuyika misewu, kumanga nyumba zosiyanasiyana, migodi, kukonza malo odyetserako ziweto, zapangitsa kuti pakhale malo ochepa komanso ocheperako omwe chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino chitha kukhala momasuka.
Kusaka kwa chimbalangondo cha Andes, komwe mpaka pano kudali kotakataka, zidapangitsa kuti ziwombankhanga zoseketsa komanso zachilendo zatha. Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito osati nyama ndi zikopa zokha, koma mafuta, ziwalo zamkati ndi bile ya zimbalangondo. Mafuta onyamula mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda monga rheumatism ndi nyamakazi, ndipo ndulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ku mankhwala achi China.
Malinga ndi zomwe boma limafufuza, akatswiri azanyama apanga kuti pakadali pano ziweto zochititsa chidwi zimachokera ku 2 mpaka 2, 4 nyama zikwi, zomwe ndizotetezedwa ndi lamulo. Tsopano pali bata. Palibe kuwonjezeka kwakukulu komanso kwakukulu komwe kungatsatidwe, ngakhale pali zonse zomwe zachitika, koma palibe kuchepa kwamphamvu komwe kwadziwikanso posachedwa.
Zojambula Zochititsa Chidwi
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chowoneka kuchokera ku Red Book
Woyimira zimbalangondo zochititsa chidwi walembedwa mu Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, kuchuluka kwa chirombo ichi ndi chochepa kwambiri. Dziko la anthu likadali lokhumudwitsa. Kusaka chimbalangondo kumeneku ndikoletsedwa tsopano, komabe kukupitilira mosaloledwa, inde, osati pamlingo wofanana ndi kale. Akuluakulu am'deralo, akumenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi umbanda, koma sizotheka kuthetseratu.
Kuphatikiza pa njira zina zonse zodzitetezera, malo otetezedwa akupangidwa, koma madera awo sikokwanira kuti chimbalangondo chimveke kukhala otetezeka kwathunthu. Pali umboni kuti pafupifupi zimbalangondo 200 zikuwonongedwa chaka chilichonse m'malo osiyanasiyana m'chigawo cha South America. Anthu ena am'deralo amawona chimbalangondo chowoneka ngati chowopsya ku ziweto, chifukwa chake amayesa kupha nyama yolanda nyama, ngakhale ndizosaloledwa.
Monga tanena kale, kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino ndi pafupifupi 2, 4 zikwi zokha, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, ndizocheperako. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amayamba kuganiza za kutetezedwa kwa nyama zamtundu wina kapena zina pakakhala zovuta zakuchulukirachulukira ndikukhala zowopsa.Tikuyembekeza kuti njira zonsezi zibweretsa zotsatira zabwino ndipo, ngati sizingakulitse kwambiri zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino, ndiye kuti zingalepheretse kuchepa, ndikupangitsa kuti chiwerengerocho chikhale chokhazikika.
Pamapeto pake, ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi chimbalangondo chodabwitsa zachilendo kwambiri komanso zosadziwika kwa ambiri. Chidwi chawo chimaperekedwa ndi mawonekedwe awo oseketsa owala pankhope. Iwo amadabwitsidwa osati ndi chakudya chawo chokha, chomwe sichikhalidwe cha nyama zodya nyama, komanso ndi mkhalidwe wabwino, wodekha komanso wofatsa. Ndikofunikira kuti zisawonongeke, chifukwa sikuti ndi okhawo omwe akuyimira chimbalangondo, olembetsedwa ku South America, komanso ndi mapazi okhaokha amfupi omwe apulumuka mpaka pano.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 15:36
