Pangolin

Pangolin (m'Chilatini Pholidota) ndi nyama zokhazokha zomwe zili ndi mamba. Dzinalo "pangolin" m'Chimalaya limatanthauza "kupindika kukhala mpira". Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama pakagwa ngozi. M'mbuyomu, nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa malo owonera nkhwangwa. Pali mizere isanu ndi itatu ya masikelo ndipo imawoneka ngati matailosi padenga.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Pangolin

Pangolins adawoneka pafupifupi zaka 60 miliyoni zapitazo mu Paleocene, 39 mwa mitundu yoyambirira kwambiri yomwe idayamba zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ya Eomanis ndi Eurotamandua imadziwika kuchokera pazakale zakale zomwe zimapezeka pamalo a Messel ku Eocene. Nyamazi zinali zosiyana ndi ma dinosaurs amakono.

Chosangalatsa! Zomwe zili m'mimba yosungidwa bwino ya Eomanis ku Messel zikuwonetsa kupezeka kwa tizilombo ndi zomera. Asayansi apanga kuti poyambapo ma pangolini adadya masamba ndikumameza mwangozi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.

Abuluzi akale analibe mamba oteteza, ndipo mutu unali wosiyana ndi mutu wa abuluzi amakono. Amawoneka kwambiri ngati armadillo. Banja lina la abuluzi, lomwe limapezeka kumapeto kwa Eocene, linali banja lokonda dziko lawo. Mitundu iwiri yomwe ilimo, Cryptomanis ndi Patriomanis, anali kale ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wamankhwala amakono, komabe amasungabe mawonekedwe azinyama zoyambirira.

Kanema: Pangolin

Ndi Miocene, pafupifupi zaka 30 miliyoni pambuyo pake, abuluzi anali atasintha kale kwambiri. Necromanis, mtundu wa pangolin waku France wofotokozedwa ndi Henri Philhol mu 1893, adachokera ku Eomanis ndipo anali ndi matumbo, zakudya, komanso machitidwe ofanana kwambiri ndi ma pangolin amakono. Zakale zakale zomwe zapezeka m'chigawo cha Quercy.

Kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsa kuti achibale omwe amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi a pangolin ndi omwe amadya omwe amapanga Ferae. Kafukufuku wa 2015 adatsimikizira ubale wapakati pakati pa ma pangolin ndi gulu lomwe latha la Creodonta.

Mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya ma pangolini amoyo mzaka za 2000 idagawa ma pangolini m'magulu atatu: Manis, Phataginus ndi Smutsia, omwe ali ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu + mabanja angapo zakale. Dongosolo la ma pangolin (mu Latin Pholidota) ndi membala wa banja la abuluzi (Manidae).

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Animal pangolin

Nyamazi zili ndi mutu wawung'ono, wakuthwa. Maso ndi makutu ndizochepa. Mchira ndi wokulirapo komanso wautali, kuyambira masentimita 26 mpaka 90. Miyendo ndi yamphamvu, koma yaifupi. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayitali komanso yamphamvu kuposa yakumbuyo. Mwendo uliwonse uli ndi zikhadabo zisanu zopindika. Kunja, thupi lokakala la pangolin limafanana ndi phini lapaini. Mamba akulu, ophatikana, amiyala yaphimba pafupifupi thupi lonse. Amakhala ofewa m'mapinolini obadwa kumene, koma amawuma akamakalamba.

Pakamwa pokha, chibwano, pakhosi, khosi, mbali zina za nkhope, mbali zamkati zamiyendo ndi pamimba sizimaphimbidwa ndi masikelo. Mitundu ina, mawonekedwe akunja akutsogolo amapezekanso. Mbali zopanda thupi zimaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi. Tsitsi lopanda madera ofiira limayera, kuyambira bulauni yotuwa mpaka bulauni yofiirira kapena yakuda.

Khungu limakhala lotuwa m'malo ena okhala ndi mtundu wabuluu kapena pinki. Mitundu ya Asiatic imakhala ndi ubweya atatu kapena anayi kumapeto kwa sikelo iliyonse. Mitundu yaku Africa ilibe tsitsi lotere. Kukula kwa raptor, kuphatikiza mutu + wamthupi, kumakhala masentimita 30 mpaka 90. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna.

Chosangalatsa! Kuphimba kwamankhwala kwa pangolin kumapangidwa kuchokera ku keratin. Izi ndizofanana ndi misomali yaumunthu. M'mapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kake, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mamba a zokwawa.

Nyama izi zilibe mano. Kuti agwire chakudya, abuluzi amagwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali komanso lamphamvu lomwe limatha kutambasula mtunda wautali. M'mitundu ing'onoing'ono, lilime limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 16 mpaka 18. Mwa anthu akuluakulu, lilime limakhala masentimita 40. Lilime limakhala lokakamira kwambiri komanso lozungulira kapena lathyathyathya, kutengera mtunduwo.

Kodi pangolin amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Lizard Pangolin

Ma Pangolin amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza nkhalango, nkhalango zowirira, madera amchenga ndiudzu. Mitundu yaku Africa imakhala kumwera komanso pakati pa kontinenti ya Africa, kuyambira ku Sudan ndi Senegal kumpoto mpaka ku Republic of South Africa kumwera. Malo okhala abuluzi ku Asia amapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa kontrakitala. Amayambira ku Pakistan kumadzulo kupita ku Borneo kum'mawa.

Mitundu ina yamitundu idagawidwa motere:

• Amwenye amakhala ku Pakistan, Bangladesh, India ambiri, malo ena ku Sri Lanka ndi China;
• Chinese - ku Nepal, Bhutan, kumpoto kwa India, Burma, kumpoto kwa Indochina, kumwera kwa China ndi Taiwan;
• Pangolin Filipino amapezeka pachilumba cha Palawan, ku Philippines kokha;
• Malay Pangolin - Southeast Asia + Thailand + Indonesia + Philippines + Vietnam + Laos + Cambodia + Malaysia ndi Singapore;
• Pangolin temminckii amapezeka pafupifupi m'maiko onse akumwera kwa Africa, kuyambira ku Sudan ndi Ethiopia kumpoto mpaka Namibia ndi Mozambique kumwera;
• Chimphona chimakhala m'maiko ambiri kumwera kwa Africa. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chimakhala ku Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya;
• Arboreal Pangolin - Central + West Africa, kuchokera ku Congo kummawa mpaka ku Senegal kumadzulo, kuphatikiza mabeseni amitsinje ya Niger ndi Congo;
• Lauttail imapezeka m'nkhalango zakumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic pakati pa Guinea ndi Angola, kudzera ku Central African Republic kupita ku Sudan ndi Uganda.

Mitengo yayitali komanso ya pangolin yaku Malaysia nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'malo obzala, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti abuluzi akukakamizidwa kufikira anthu. Nthawi zina, awonedwa m'malo omwe zinthu zikuwonongeka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Abuluzi ambiri amakhala pamtunda, m'maenje omwe adakumba okha kapena nyama zina.

Izi ndi chidwi! Mitengo italiitali ndi nkhalango (mitundu ya ziphuphu) imakhala m'nkhalango zamitengo ndipo imabisala m'maenje, osafikanso kuchigwa. Buluzi wa ku India amathanso kukwera mitengo, koma ali ndi bowo lake mobisa, motero amadziwika kuti ndiwadziko lapansi.

Ma pangolini a Arboreal amakhala m'mitengo yopanda kanthu, pomwe mitundu yapadziko lapansi imakumba ngalande pansi panthaka mpaka 3.5 m.

Kodi pangolin amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Battleang Pangolin

Pangolini ndi nyama zodya tizilombo. Gawo la mkango pazakudya limakhala ndi nyerere zamtundu uliwonse, koma zimatha kuthandizidwa ndi tizilombo tina, makamaka mphutsi. Amanena mosapita m'mbali ndipo amatha kudya mtundu umodzi kapena ziwiri zokha za tizilombo, ngakhale mitundu yambiri ilipo. Buluzi amatha kudya kuchokera ku 145 mpaka 200 g ya tizilombo patsiku. Pangolin ndiwofunikira pakuwongolera chiswe m'malo awo.

Buluzi saona bwino, choncho amadalira fungo kapena kumva. Nyama zimazindikira nyama ndikununkhiza ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo yakutsogolo kuti ziphwasule zisa zawo. Kusowa kwa mano pangolini kumapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zina zakuthupi ziwoneke zomwe zimathandiza nyerere ndi chiswe kudya.

Izi ndi chidwi! Kapangidwe ka lilime lawo ndi m'mimba ndiye chinsinsi chothandizira pakupopera ndi kugaya tizilombo. Malovu akewo amamata nyerere ndi chiswe zitamatirira ku malilime awo. Kusapezeka kwa mano sikuloleza ma pangolin kutafuna, komabe, kupeza chakudya, amameza miyala yaying'ono (gastroliths). Mwa kudziunjikira m'mimba, amathandizira kugaya nyamayo.

Mafupa awo ndi olimba, ndipo miyendo yawo yakutsogolo yolimba imathandiza kupasula milulu ya chiswe. Zipolopolo zimagwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zake zamphamvu kutsogolo kukumba mitengo, nthaka, ndi zomera posaka nyama. Amagwiritsanso ntchito malirime ataliatali kuti afufuze mumphangayo wa tizilombo ndikupezera nyama. Mitundu ya pangolin ya arboreal imagwiritsa ntchito michira yawo yolimba, yolimba kuti izipachika pamitengo yamitengo ndikung'amba makungwawo padzenje, ndikuwonetsa zisa za tizilombo mkati.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Chilombo cha pangolin

Ziphuphu zambiri ndi nyama zakutchire zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kafungo kabwino kupeza tizilombo. Long-tailed Raptor imagwiranso ntchito masana, pomwe mitundu ina imakhala nthawi yayitali kugona itazunguliridwa ndi mpira. Amawoneka ngati zolengedwa zodzipatula komanso zobisa.

Abuluzi ena amayenda ndi zikhadabo zakutsogolo ataweramitsa pansi pamiyendo ya mapazi awo, ngakhale amagwiritsa ntchito msamilo wonsewo kumiyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma pangolini nthawi zina amatha kuyimirira ndi miyendo iwiri ndikuyenda masitepe angapo ndi miyendo iwiri. Ma Pangolin nawonso ndi osambira abwino.

• Indian pangolin amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhalango, nkhalango, zigwa kapena malo otsetsereka a mapiri. Imakhala m'mayenje akuya kwa 2 mpaka 6 m, koma imatha kukwera mitengo;
• Pangolin waku China amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zopanda mitengo. Ali ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi thunzi yakuthwa. Ndi miyendo yolimba ndi zikhadabo, amakumba mabowo mita ziwiri zosakwana mphindi 5;
• Pangolin Filipino mwina poyambirira anali anthu achi Malay pangolin, omwe adachokera ku Borneo koyambirira kwa Pleistocene kudzera pamilatho yapamtunda yomwe idapangidwa nthawi ya glaciation;
• A Malay Pangolin amakhala m'nkhalango zam'mapiri, m'nkhalango, komanso m'malo okhala masamba ambiri. Khungu la miyendo ndi lowala ndipo limakhala ndi khungu laimvi kapena labuluu lokhala ndi tsitsi laling'ono;
• Pangolin temminckii ndi kovuta kuwazindikira. Amakonda kubisala mu zomera zowirira. Ali ndi mutu wawung'ono polumikizana ndi thupi. Buluzi wamkuluyu amakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'chipululu momwe muli madzi. Ndiwo mtundu waukulu kwambiri, womwe umafikira mpaka 140 cm wamwamuna mpaka 120 cm mwa akazi;
• Pangolin wolimba amagona munthambi zamitengo kapena pakati pazomera. Ikamazungulira, imatha kukweza masikelo ndikupanga mayendedwe akuthwa nawo, pogwiritsa ntchito minofu kusunthira sikeloyo mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Zimatulutsa mawu achiwawa zikaopsezedwa;
• Pangolin wa mchira wautali uli ndi mchira wa pafupifupi masentimita 60. Ndi mtundu wawung'ono kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi mchira wa prehensile, zimakhala ndi moyo wopambanitsa. Kutalika kwa moyo kuthengo sikudziwika, koma kumatha kukhala zaka 20 muukapolo.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Pangolin Buluzi

Ziphuphu ndi nyama zosungulumwa. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi, ndipo amalemera 40% kuposa. Amatha msinkhu ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Mitundu yaku Africa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mwana m'modzi pamimba, mitundu yaku Asia imatha kukhala ndi mmodzi kapena atatu. Nyengo yakukhwimitsa sikutsatiridwa bwino. Pangolini amatha kubereka nthawi iliyonse pachaka, ngakhale kuyambira nthawi ya Novembala mpaka Marichi amawakonda.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Popeza ma pangolini ndi nyama zokhazokha, amayenera kupezana ndi kununkhiza. Yaimuna, mmalo moyang'ana yaikazi, imalemba malo ake ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe, ndipo akazi amazifunafuna.

Akamalimbana ndi mkazi, ofunsira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito mchira ngati cholimbikitsira pomenyera mpata wokwatiwa. Nthawi ya bere imatenga miyezi inayi mpaka isanu, kupatula ma dinosaurs aku Philippines, momwe nthawi yolera imatenga miyezi iwiri yokha.

Mwana wamphongo amabadwa pafupifupi masentimita 15 ndipo amalemera pakati pa 80 ndi 450 g. Atabadwa, maso ake amakhala otseguka ndipo thupi lamanjenje ndilofewa. Pakapita masiku angapo, zimauma ndi kuda, mofanana ndi ma dinosaurs akuluakulu. Amayi amateteza ana awo powakulunga m'matumba awo okutidwa ndipo, monga nyama zonse zoyamwitsa, amawadyetsa mkaka, womwe umapezeka m'matenda am'modzi amodzi.

Ana amatengera amayi awo kufikira atakwanitsa miyezi itatu kapena inayi. Patatha mwezi umodzi atabadwa, amachoka pamtombopo kwa nthawi yoyamba ndipo amayamba kudya chiswe. Pakati pa kutuluka uku, ana amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi mayiyo (nthawi zina, amamatira kumchira, akukwera pamwamba pake). Izi zimathandiza mwanayo, pakagwa zoopsa, kubisala mwachangu pansi pa amake akadzadziteteza ndikudziteteza. Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ana amakula msinkhu ndipo amayi amawasiya.

Adani achilengedwe a pangolins

Chithunzi: Pangolin

Pangolini akakhala pachiwopsezo, amatha kupindika kukhala mpira kuti adziteteze. Mamba akuthwa panthawiyi amakhala ngati zida zankhondo, kuteteza khungu lowonekera komanso kupewa adani. Mukadzipindulira kukhala mpira, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuzipereka.

Itapindikana kukhala mpira, imatha kuyenda motsetsereka, ndikuyendetsa 30 m mumasekondi 10. Pangolin amathanso kupopera nyama zomwe zingathe kudya ndi madzi amphamvu, onunkhira bwino.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Pangolins amatulutsa mankhwala onunkhiritsa owopsa kuchokera ku tiziwalo timene timayandikira pafupi ndi anus omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi utsi wa skunk.

Kuphatikiza pa anthu, nyama zolusa zazikulu za ma pangolin ndi awa:

• Mikango;
• Akambuku;
• Akambuku;
• Python.

Choopsa chachikulu pa pangolin ndi anthu. Ku Africa, ziphuphu zimasakidwa ngati chakudya. Iyi ndi imodzi mwamitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya nyama zamtchire. Pangolin amafunikanso ku China chifukwa nyama imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino, ndipo achi China (monga anthu ena aku Africa) amakhulupirira kuti masikelo a pangolin amachepetsa kutupa, amayenda bwino, komanso amathandiza azimayi oyamwa kutulutsa mkaka.

Pangolins achepetsa kwambiri chitetezo chokwanira chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa majini, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osalimba kwambiri. Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kudwala matenda monga chibayo, zilonda zam'mimba, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa kufa msanga.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Pangolin nyama

Mitundu yonse ya ma pangolini amasakidwa nyama, khungu, masikelo ndi ziwalo zina za thupi zomwe zimayamikirika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse yakuchepa m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Pali zowopseza pangolin zingapo:

• Zowononga;
• Moto womwe umawononga malo awo okhala;
• Ulimi;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
• Kusaka nyama.

Akuluakuluwo adagwira magalimoto, mabokosi ndi matumba a nyama, masikelo ndi zitsanzo. Ogulitsa zinyama amazigulitsa kwa ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nyamazo ngati chakudya. Kugulitsa kwa Pangolin ku China kumawonjezeka m'miyezi yozizira chifukwa chachikhulupiriro chakuti magazi a pangolin amathandizira kutentha kwa thupi ndikulimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito. Ngakhale kuli koletsedwa, pali malo odyera achi China omwe amaperekabe nyama ya pangolin pamitengo kuyambira € 50 mpaka € 60 pa kg.

Amakhulupirira kuti ma pangolins alinso ndi mphamvu zamatsenga. Masikelo omwe amasonkhanitsidwa mu mphete amakhala ngati chithumwa cha rheumatism. Magulu ena a anthu amasakaniza mamba ndi makungwa amtengo, akukhulupirira kuti izi ziteteza ku ufiti kapena mizimu yoyipa. Nthawi zina mamba amawotcha kuti nyama zakutchire zisapite. Mitundu ina imakhulupirira kuti nyama ya pangolin imagwira ntchito ngati aphrodisiac. Ndipo mmadera ena amaperekedwa nsembe popanga mvula.

Pangolin alonda

Chithunzi: Pangolin Red Book

Chifukwa cha kupha nyama mosavomerezeka, anthu amitundu yonse isanu ndi itatu adatsika kwambiri ndipo nyamazo zidawopsezedwa kuti zitha kwathunthu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000.

Zolemba! Pofika chaka cha 2014, IUCN idasankha mitundu inayi kuti ndi yowopsa, mitundu iwiri - Indian pangolin (M. crassicaudata) ndi Philippine pangolin (M. kusowa. Onsewa adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Nyamazi zinazunzidwa kwambiri, ndipo nthumwi ku Msonkhano wa 17 wa Zamalonda Padziko Lonse mu Mitundu ya Zinyama Zamtchire (CITES) ku Johannesburg, South Africa adavota kuti aletse malonda apadziko lonse a ziphuphu mu 2016.

Njira ina yolimbanirana ndi malonda a zigawenga ndi "kutsata ndalama" kuti nyama ziwononge phindu la ozembetsa poletsa ndalama. Mu 2018, bungwe lomwe si la boma ku China lidayamba gulu - Pangolin khalani moyo kuyitanitsa kuyanjana kuti mupulumutse nyama yapaderayi. TRAFFIC Group yapeza njira 159 zozembetsa anthu ndipo ikufuna kuimitsa izi.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 10.04.2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 16:07

Onerani kanemayo: The Endangered Pangolin (July 2024).