Nyama zam'madzi zapadziko lapansi pano ndizolemera kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana. Anthu ake amakhala amoyo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ena ndi ochezeka komanso osawopseza, pomwe ena ndi ankhanza komanso owopsa. Oimira ang'onoang'ono a zinyama zam'madzi sangathe kupezeka ndi masomphenya aumunthu, koma palinso zimphona zenizeni zam'nyanja, zomwe zimakopa malingaliro ndi mphamvu zawo komanso kukula kwake kwakukulu. Izi zikuphatikizapo ngwazi yakale yakale ya nthano za ana, koma zenizeni - nyamayi yamphamvu komanso yoopsa - Nsomba ya umuna.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Whale whale
Anangumi aumuna ndi amodzi mwa nyama zakale kwambiri zam'madzi padziko lapansi. Zaka zakufa zakale za makolo awo akutali - anamgumi a squalodont whale - pafupifupi zaka 25 miliyoni. Poyang'ana nsagwada zamphamvu zokhala ndi mano akulu, otukuka kwambiri, zimphona izi zinali zolusa zodyetsa ndipo zimadyetsa nyama yayikulu - makamaka, abale awo oyandikira - anangumi ang'onoang'ono.
Pafupifupi zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo, anamgumi aumuna anawonekera, ofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ndi moyo wamtundu wamakono. Munthawi imeneyi, sanasinthe kwambiri, ndipo amakhalabe pamwamba pamndandanda wazakudya zam'madzi.
Kanema: Whale whale
Sperm whale ndi nyama ya m'nyanja, membala wamkulu kwambiri wabanja la nangumi wambiri. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, sangasokonezedwe ndi mitundu ina yonse ya cetacean. Nyamayi ili ndi miyeso yayikulu - imatha kutalika kwa 20-25 mita ndikulemera matani 50.
Ngati tsogolo la mutu wa nyamazi limakhala mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi, ndiye kuti chiyambi cha dzina la mtunduwo - "sphale whale" chimawonekeratu. Amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi mizu ya Chipwitikizi ndipo amachokera ku mawu oti "cachalote", omwe nawonso ndi ochokera ku mawu achi Portuguese "cachola", omwe amatanthauza "mutu waukulu".
Anangumi aumuna samakhala okha. Amasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu, omwe chiwerengero chawo chimafika mazana, ndipo nthawi zina anthu masauzande. Chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kwa iwo kusaka, kusamalira ana ndi kudziteteza ku adani achilengedwe.
Pofunafuna nyama, zimphona zikuluzikulu zam'madzi izi zimadumphira pansi kwambiri - mpaka 2000 mita, ndipo zimatha kukhala komweko popanda mpweya kwa ola limodzi ndi theka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Whale sperm whale
Maonekedwe a whale whale ndiwodziwika kwambiri ndipo ali ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi ma cetacean ena. Sperm whale ndi chimphona chenicheni, choyimira chachikulu kwambiri pamalamulo a anamgumi. Kutalika kwamwamuna wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi mita 20 komanso kupitilira apo. Ponena za kulemera kwa nyangumi ya sperm, pafupifupi mtengo wa mtengowu umawerengedwa kuti ndi osiyanasiyana kuyambira matani 45 mpaka 57. Nthawi zina pamakhalanso anthu akuluakulu, olemera mpaka matani 70. Ndipo akatswiri amati m'mbuyomu, pomwe anamgumi aumuna anali ochulukirapo, amuna ena amalemera pafupifupi matani 100.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kukula kwa amuna ndi akazi ndikofunikira kwambiri. Akazi ali pafupifupi theka laling'ono. Kukula kwawo kwakukulu: kutalika kwa 13 mita, kulemera matani 15. Chikhalidwe cha kapangidwe ka thupi la sphale whale ndimutu waukulu kwambiri. Kwa anthu ena, zimakhala 35% ya kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Mofanana ndi kukula kwa mutu ndi pakamwa pa nangumi, zomwe zimalola kuti nyama izisaka nyama yayikulu kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: sperm whale ndiye nyama yokhayo yam'madzi yomwe imatha kumeza munthu wathunthu.
Nsagwada yakumunsi ya sphale whale imatha kutsegula kwambiri panja, ndikupanga mbali yolondola poyerekeza ndi thupi. Pakamwa pamakhala kumapeto kwa mutu wa mammalian, ngati "pansi pa chibwano" ngati titenga kufananiza ndi kapangidwe ka mutu wa munthu. Pakamwa pali mitundu yoposa iwiri ya mano akulu komanso olimba, omwe amapezeka makamaka pachibwano, "chogwira ntchito".
Maso amapezeka mozungulira mbali, pafupi ndi ngodya za pakamwa. Kukula kwa diso ndikofunika kwambiri, pafupifupi masentimita 15-17. Pali bowo limodzi lokhalo lomwe limapuma ndipo limasunthidwa mbali yakumanzere yakumutu kwa nyama. Uwu ndi "mphuno yogwira ntchito", yomwe imapereka kasupe wa mpweya mukamatulutsa mpweya. Mphuno yachiwiri, yakumanja imathera ndi valavu ndi kabowo kakang'ono kamene sperm whale imasonkhanitsira mpweya usanalowe m'madzi. Mpweya sungatuluke m'mphuno yolondola.
Khungu la whale whale nthawi zambiri limakhala lotuwa. Kumbuyo kwake kuli mdima, koma mimba ndi yopepuka kwambiri, pafupifupi yoyera. Khungu limakwinyika mthupi lonse la nyama, kupatula kumbuyo. Pakhosi pali mapanga angapo akuya. Amaganiziridwa kuti kupezeka kwawo kumathandizira nyama kuyika nyama yayikulu kwambiri mkamwa mwake. Makutuwo amawongoka - ndipo mkatimo amakula, wokhala ndi chakudya chambiri.
Koma gawo lalikulu la anamgumi amphongo ndi spermaceti sac yomwe ili pamwamba pamutu ndikupanga 90% ya kulemera kwake. Ndi mtundu wamapangidwe mkati mwa chigaza cha nyama, cholekezedwa ndi minofu yolumikizana ndikudzazidwa ndi chinthu chapadera - spermacet. Spermaceti ndi chinthu ngati sera chopangidwa ndi mafuta anyama. Zimakhala zamadzimadzi kutentha kwa thupi kwa sphale whale kukwera ndikukhazikika ikakhazikika.
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti namgumi "amasintha" kutentha kokhako, ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa magazi kuthumba la umuna. Kutentha kukafika madigiri 37, ndiye kuti spermaceti imasungunuka, kachulukidwe kake kamachepa ndikupatsa nyangayi umuna wosavuta. Ndipo spermaceti yozizira ndi yolimba imathandiza nyamayo kuti imire m'madzi mozama.
Chikwama cha umuna chimagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri yothamangitsira sperm whale, ndikugawa mayendedwe amawu, ndipo chimakhala chowopsa pakamenyana ndi ma congeners kapena adani.
Kodi namgumi wam'madzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sperm whale munyanja
Malo okhala anamgumi amatha kutchedwa Nyanja Yonse Yapadziko Lonse, kupatula madzi am'madzi. Nyama zazikuluzikuluzi ndizopanda mphamvu; ziwerengero zawo zazikulu kwambiri zimawonedwa kumadera otentha. M'nyengo yachilimwe ikabwera m'modzi mwam'madera mwake, ma whale wambiri amatha. M'nyengo yozizira, madzi a m'nyanja akayamba kuzizira, nyama zimabwerera kufupi ndi equator.
Anangumi aumuna ndi nyama zakuya kwambiri. Sizimachitika pafupi ndi gombe, amakonda kukhala pamtunda wamakilomita ambiri kuchokera kunyanja - komwe kuya kwa nyanja kumapitilira 200-300 m. Kusuntha kwawo m'madzi a World Ocean sikudalira kokha pachaka, komanso kusuntha kwa ma cephalopods, omwe ali chakudya chawo chachikulu. Kukumana ndi anamgumi amphongo ndizotheka kulikonse komwe squid zazikulu zimapezeka.
Zinawonetsedwa kuti amuna amakhala m'malo ambiri, pomwe akazi amakhala ochepa m'madzi, kutentha kwawo sikutsika pansi pamadigiri 15 mchaka. Ochita kafukufuku akuti amuna amphongo omwe sanakwanitse kudzipezera okha agulu la nkhondoyi amayandikana nawo. Zimphona izi zimapezekanso m'madzi athu. Mwachitsanzo, mu Nyanja ya Barents ndi Okhotsk, pali chakudya chokwanira kwa iwo, kotero ochepa ng'ombe amakhala kumeneko bwino, monga m'nyanja ya Pacific Basin.
Kodi sphale whale amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Whale whale m'madzi
Sperm whale ndiye nyama yolusa kwambiri pakati pa nyama zam'madzi. Amadyetsa makamaka ma cephalopods ndi nsomba. Komanso, nsomba mu chakudya chosakanizidwa ndi namgumiyo ndi magawo asanu okha. Kawirikawiri awa amakhala katrans ndi mitundu ina ya nsombazi zapakatikati. Pakati pa ma cephalopods, nyamayi imakonda nyamayi, pomwe nyamayi imakhala gawo laling'ono kwambiri la nyama yake.
Whale whale amasaka mwakuya osachepera 300-400 mita - komwe nkhono zambiri ndi nsomba zomwe amadya zimakhala, komanso komwe kulibe opikisana nawo pachakudya. Ngakhale kuti namgumi amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali, imayenera kuchita maulendo angapo kuti ipeze yokwanira. Nyama imasowa pafupifupi toni ya chakudya patsiku kuti idye bwino.
Sphale whale samatafuna chakudya, koma amameza chonse. Zitsanzo zazikulu zokha ndi zomwe zingang'ambike. Poyerekeza zomwe zimayamwa ma squid m'mimba mwa chinsomba, ma cephalopods amakhalabe amoyo kwakanthawi.
Chosangalatsa: pali vuto lodziwika pomwe nyamayi idameza nyamayi yayikulu kwambiri mwakuti sinakwane m'mimba mwa chinsomba, ndipo mahema ake adalumikizidwa kunja kwa mphuno ya nangumi.
Amayi ndi owopsa kuposa amuna, ndipo pafupifupi samadya nsomba, amakonda kudya ma cephalopods. Pakati pa anangumi omwe amapezeka ndi ma whalers opanda kanthu m'mimba, ochulukirapo ndi azimayi, zomwe zimawonetsa zovuta zowadyetsa panthawi yosamalira ana awo.
Momwe namgumi amapezera chakudya sikutanthauza kuti nyama yolowa mwangozi kapena zinthu zosazolowereka zilowe m'mimba mwake. Nthawi zina izi ndi mbalame za m'nyanja zomwe namgumi samasaka dala, ndipo nthawi zina nsapato za labala, zolanda nsomba, magalasi ndi mabotolo apulasitiki ndi zinyalala zina zam'madzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sperm whale nyama
Sperm whale ndiye nyama yayikulu yokha yam'madzi yomwe imatha kulowa m'madzi akuya ndikukhala komweko kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe amthupi lake, omwe amakhala ndi minofu ndi madzi ambiri a adipose, omwe sangakakamizike kuponderezedwa ndi gawo lamadzi, komanso chifukwa cha dongosolo lonse losungira mpweya wofunikira kupuma pansi pamadzi. Namgumi amapangira mpweya mu volumetric sac yamphuno yolondola. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumadzipezera mu minofu ya adipose ndi minofu ya nyama.
Nthawi zambiri anamgumi am'madzi amathamangira m'madzi akuya mpaka 400 mpaka 1200 mita - pomwe chakudya chawo chimakhala chambiri. Koma kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zimphona izi zimatha kulowa m'madzi mozama - mpaka 3000 komanso mpaka 4000 mita kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi. Whale anamgumi samasaka osati m'modzi, koma pagulu la anthu angapo. Pochita nawo konsati, amakola nyama m'magulu akuluakulu kuti azitha kuyamwa. Njira yosakira njenjemayi imatsimikizira moyo wamtchire wa anamgumi.
Ndipo anamgumi aumuna amasaka pafupifupi pafupipafupi. Mmodzi motsatira, amapita m'madzi, amakhala pafupifupi mphindi 30 mpaka 40, kenako amapuma kwakanthawi pamwamba pamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yogona mu nyama izi ndiyochepa, ndipo imangokhala pafupifupi 7% yamasana, ndiye kuti, yochepera maola awiri. Anangumi aamuna amagona, akutulutsa mphuno yawo yaikulu m'madzi, atapachikika osachita chilichonse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: tikamagona nyamakazi, ziwalo zonse ziwiri zaubongo zimasiya kugwira ntchito mwakamodzi.
Chifukwa chakupezeka kwa thumba la umuna, nyamayi imapatsidwa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi komanso akupanga echolocation. Ndi mthandizi wake, iye amayendetsa nyama ndi kuyenda m'mlengalenga, popeza amasaka kumene kuwala kwa dzuwa sikulowerera konse.
Asayansi akuwonetsanso kuti echolocation itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida ndi nyangayi. N'zotheka kuti zizindikiro za akupanga zomwe zimatulutsa zimakhudza ma cephalopods akuluakulu, kuwapangitsa kusokonezeka, kusokoneza mlengalenga ndikuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta kudya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sphale whale cub
Amuna amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika kwambiri kuposa akazi. Ntchito yayikulu yazimayi ndikubereka, kudyetsa ndi kusamalira ana. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna amadera nkhawa kwambiri zaudindo wawo pakati pa abale awo, nthawi zambiri kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wopambana pankhondo zowopsa, nthawi zina zomwe zimabweretsa kuvulala kapena kusokonekera.
Nthawi zambiri, ndewu zimachitika munthawi yovutitsa, pomwe amuna amakwiya ndipo, pofuna kuti akazi awo azikhala okha, amamenyera akazi. Pafupifupi akazi 10-15 nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi yamphongo imodzi. Amayi amabala ana miyezi 13-14 pambuyo pathupi. Kawirikawiri mwana mmodzi amabadwa. Whale wongobadwa kumene umafikira mita 5 m'litali ndipo amalemera pafupifupi tani imodzi. Mpaka zaka ziwiri, mwana amayamwitsidwa ndipo akuyang'aniridwa ndi mayi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: matumbo a mammary a namwino wamkazi whale whale amatha kukhala ndi malita 45-50 a mkaka.
Pofika zaka pafupifupi 10, umuna wa anangumi umakhala wodziyimira pawokha. Amuna achimuna amasonkhana m'magulu omwe amatchedwa bachelor. Amachoka pagulu, osiyana, ndipo samachita ndewu zosafunikira. Pofika zaka 8-10, anamgumi amphongo amakhala okhwima pogonana, okhoza kubereka ana.
Adani achilengedwe a anamgumi amphongo
Chithunzi: Whale whale
Popeza mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso mphamvu yayikulu yomwe chilengedwe chapatsa anamgumi achimuna, palibe adani ambiri omwe amawopseza miyoyo yawo m'chilengedwe. Koma iwo ali.
Choyamba, awa ndi anamgumi otchuka wakupha, lodziwika bwino nyama zolusa m'nyanja - wakupha anamgumi. Anangumi akhungu ali ndi nzeru zodabwitsa, amadziwika chifukwa cha njira zawo zolimbanirana zomwe zimawalola kusaka nyama zochuluka kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagulu, anangumi akumenya amapha anamgumi achimuna achikazi ndi ana awo. Poyesera kuteteza anawo, mkaziyo amakhala pachiwopsezo chambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amadzisowetsa yekha.
Achinyamata, omwe asochera m'gulu, nthawi zina amapita kukadya nkhomaliro ndi anangumi omwe amapha. Komabe, nyamayi zikamawona ziwembu za achibale awo, amathamangira kukapulumutsa, okonzeka kumenya nkhondo yankhondo ndikumenyera moyo ndi imfa. Nkhondo zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimasiya anamgumi akupha opanda nyama. Kuchita ndi anamgumi achikulire okwiya ndizovuta.
Whale whale alibe mdani wina wamkulu. Koma okhala m'madzi ang'onoang'ono - ma endoparasites omwe amakhala mthupi la nyama - amathanso kuvulaza thanzi lake. Choopsa kwambiri ndi nyongolotsi yotchedwa placentonema roundworm, yomwe imakhala ndikukhala m'mimba mwa akazi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: placentonema parasitic roundworm imatha kutalika kwa 8.5 mita.
Pamwamba pa thupi la sperm whale parasitic crustacean penella, ndi mano - nkhokwe. Kuphatikiza apo, pamoyo wake wonse, khungu la nyama limadzazidwa ndi nkhono zambiri zam'madzi ndi nkhanu, koma sizikuwononga moyo ndi thanzi la nyangayi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Blue sperm whale
Whale whale ndi chinthu chokongola kwambiri cha whaling. Mafuta a nsomba, spermaceti, mano ndi nyama ndizofunika kwambiri kwa anthu, kotero kwa nthawi yayitali anthu awonongedwa mwankhanza chifukwa cha mafakitale.
Zotsatira zake zinali zakuchepa mwachangu kwa anamgumi aumuna, ndipo mzaka za m'ma 60s zapitazo, pokhudzana ndi chiwopsezo chothetsa mtunduwo, kukhazikitsidwa kwalamulo kwa nyama yake kunayambitsidwa. Ndipo mu 1985, kuletsa kwathunthu kusodza kunayamba kugwira ntchito. Tsopano ndi Japan yokha yomwe ili ndi gawo locheperako popanga anamgumi aumuna chifukwa cha sayansi ndi kafukufuku.
Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa anamgumi aumuna pakadali pano kumasungidwa bwino kwambiri, ngakhale kuli koyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu kulibe kapena kosiyana kwambiri. Akatswiri osiyanasiyana amaimba manambala kuchokera pa 350,000 mpaka miliyoni miliyoni. Koma aliyense mogwirizana akuti palibe manambala enieni a anamgumi amtchire kuthengo. Izi ndichifukwa chake, choyambirira, ndizovuta zolembera ndikutsata nyama, chifukwa zimakhala mozama kwambiri.
Lerolino nkhono za umuna zili ndi "chiopsezo", mwachitsanzo. palibe chiweto chikuwonjezeka kapena ndi chochepa kwambiri. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kutalika kwa kubereka kwa ana.
Kuteteza kwa namgumi wa umuna
Chithunzi: Sphale whale Red Book
Chiwerengero cha nsomba za umuna chimakhala pangozi zambiri. Ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu yochititsa chidwi komanso mphamvu zachilengedwe, zimphona zazikulu zam'madzi izi zimavutika ndi zovuta zakunja monga zamoyo zina zam'madzi.
Nazi zinthu zina zomwe zimalepheretsa nyama kukhala ndi moyo ndikukula momasuka m'malo awo achilengedwe, ndikuwonjezera mitundu yazamoyo:
- Anthropogenic chifukwa cha kuipitsa ndi phokoso lomwe limakhalapo m'malo amafuta ndi gasi;
- Phokoso kuchokera zombo zodutsa, zomwe mwachilengedwe zimasokoneza kukokoloka;
- Kudzikundikira kwa zoipitsa zodalirika zamankhwala m'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja;
- Kuwombana ndi zombo;
- Wokakamizidwa ndi zida zausodzi ndikukodwa mu zingwe zamagetsi zam'madzi.
Izi ndi zochitika zina zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa anamgumi aumuna m'malo awo achilengedwe. Ngakhale pakadali pano, akatswiri akuwona zakuchuluka kwa ziweto, koma sizipitilira 1% pachaka cha anthu onse.
Izi ndizosalimba kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake namgumi whale akadatetezabe. Pofuna kupewa kutha kwa mitunduyi, akatswiri aku Russia komanso ochokera kumayiko ena apanga mapulogalamu apadera oteteza poteteza kuchuluka kwa anamgumi aamuna ndi kukula kwake. Kuwunika nthawi zonse kumachitika pofuna kupewa kuwononga nyama. Mpaka pano, sperm whale idalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia komanso m'mndandanda wazosunga mayiko ena.
Anangumi aamuna ndi nyama zam'madzi zapadera, zolimba komanso zamphamvu. M'mbuyomu, akamasakidwa mwamphamvu, amadziwika kuti ndi opha anthu mwankhanza. Chifukwa cha iwo, pali mabwato ambiri ogwidwa ndi nsomba komanso sitima zapamadzi, miyoyo yambiri yamalinyero. Koma kuwonetsa zankhanza kunali kokha yankho pakadyera mopitilira muyeso kwa munthu wofunitsitsa kupeza zinthu zamtengo wapatali zamalonda a Nangumi.
Masiku ano, posaka anamgumi aamuna ndikoletsedwa pafupifupi kulikonse, simumvanso nkhani zamagazi zoterezi. Nsomba ya umuna amakhala ndikudzipezera chakudya, osavulaza anthu. Ndipo kuti tikhalebe achilengedwe, tiyenera kuchita chimodzimodzi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 16:18
