Chiswe nthawi zina amatchedwa nyerere yoyera. Anapeza dzina lakutchulali chifukwa chofanana ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi nyerere zoyera. Chiswe chimadya mbewu zakufa, nthawi zambiri chimakhala mitengo, masamba akugwa, kapena nthaka. Chiswe ndi tizilombo tambiri, makamaka kumadera otentha ndi otentha. Chifukwa chakuti chiswe chimadya nkhuni, zimawononga nyumba ndi zinthu zina zamatabwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chiswe
Chiswe ndi cha dongosolo la ntchentche zotchedwa Blattodea. Chiswe chakhala chikudziwika kwazaka zambiri kuti chimafanana kwambiri ndi mphemvu, zomwe ndizambiri zokhazokha. Mpaka posachedwa, chiswe chinali ndi dongosolo la Isoptera, lomwe tsopano ndi gawo laling'ono. Kusintha kwatsopano kwa misonkho kumathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku komanso kafukufuku yemwe chiswe chimakhala mphemvu.
Chiyambi cha dzina lakuti Isoptera ndi Chi Greek ndipo chimatanthawuza awiri awiriawiri a mapiko owongoka. Kwa zaka zambiri chiswe chakhala chikutchedwa nyerere zoyera ndipo chakhala chikusokonezedwa ndi nyerere yeniyeni. Munthawi yathu yokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma microscopes pomwe tatha kuwona kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa.
Zakale zakale kwambiri zotchedwa termite fossil zidayamba zaka zopitilira 130 miliyoni zapitazo. Mosiyana ndi nyerere, zomwe zimasinthira kwathunthu, chiswe chilichonse chimakhala ndi vuto losasintha, lomwe limadutsa magawo atatu: dzira, nymph, ndi wamkulu. Makoloni amatha kudziwongolera, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa superorganisms.
Chosangalatsa: Amfumukazi achiswe amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri wa tizilombo tonse padziko lapansi, pomwe mafumukazi ena amakhala zaka 30-50.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Ntchentche nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono - kuyambira mamilimita 4 mpaka 15 kutalika. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa zomwe zatsala ndi mfumukazi ya chiswe cha mitundu ya Macrotermes bellicosus, chomwe chimakhala chopitilira masentimita 10. Chimphona china ndi chiswe cha mitundu ya Gyatermes styriensis, koma sichidapobe mpaka pano. Nthawi ina, idakula ku Austria nthawi ya Miocene ndipo inali ndi mapiko a 76 mm. ndi kutalika kwa thupi 25mm.
Antchito ambiri ndi chiswe chimakhala akhungu chifukwa alibe maso. Komabe, mitundu ina, monga Hodotermes mossambicus, ili ndi maso ovuta omwe amawunikira ndikuzindikiritsa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuwala kwa mwezi. Amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi mapiko ali ndi maso komanso ofanana. Ocelli wotsatira, komabe, sapezeka mu chiswe chilichonse.
Kanema: Chiswe
Mofanana ndi tizilombo tina, chiswe chimakhala ndi milomo yaing’ono yooneka ngati lilime komanso milomo yakuthengo; clypeus adagawika mu postclypeus ndi anteclypeus. Tinyanga tokhala ndi chiswe timagwira ntchito zingapo monga kumva kukhudza, kulawa, kununkhira (kuphatikiza ma pheromones), kutentha, ndi kugwedera. Zigawo zitatu zazikuluzikulu za kachilombo ka chiswe ndi monga scape, peduncle, ndi flagellum. Ziwalo zam'kamwa zimakhala ndi nsagwada zakumtunda, milomo, ndi zingapo. Ma maxillary ndi labia ali ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zimathandiza chiswe kumvetsetsa komanso kukonza chakudya.
Malingana ndi momwe tizilombo tina timapangidwira, nthata ya chiswe imakhala ndi magawo atatu: prothorax, mesothorax, ndi methorax. Gawo lirilonse liri ndi miyendo iwiri. Mwa akazi ndi abambo okhala ndi mapiko, mapikowo amapezeka mu mesothorax ndi metathorax. Chiswe chimakhala ndi gawo la magawo khumi pamimba lokhala ndi mbale ziwiri, tergites ndi sternites. Ziwalo zoberekera ndizofanana ndi za mphemvu, koma zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ziwalo zoberekera sizimapezeka mwa amuna, ndipo umuna suyenda kapena aflagellate.
Mbalame zosadya zopanda mapiko zilibe mapiko ndipo zimangodalira miyendo yawo isanu ndi umodzi yoyenda. Amuna ndi akazi omwe amakhala ndi mapiko amangouluka kwakanthawi kochepa, choncho nawonso amadalira miyendo yawo. Maonekedwe a miyendo amafanana mgulu lililonse, koma asirikali ali ndi miyendo yayikulu komanso yolemera.
Mosiyana ndi nyerere, kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kumakhala kutalika komweko. Nthawi zambiri, amuna ndi akazi amapiko amakhala oyendetsa ndege osauka. Njira yawo yothamangitsira ndege ndikuti adziwulutse m'mlengalenga ndikuwuluka mosadukiza. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti, poyerekeza ndi chiswe chachikulu, chiswe chaching'ono sichingathe kuwuluka mtunda wautali. Chiswe chikamauluka, mapiko ake amakhala moyenerera, ndipo pamene chiswe chimapuma, mapiko ake amakhalabe ofanana ndi thupi lake.
Kodi chiswe chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chiswe choyera
Chiswe chimapezeka m'mayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica. Osati ambiri aiwo amapezeka ku North America ndi Europe (mitundu 10 imadziwika ku Europe ndi 50 ku North America). Chiswe chili ponseponse ku South America, kumene kuli mitundu yoposa 400 ya zamoyo. Mwa mitundu 3,000 ya chiswe yomwe ikadasankhidwa, 1,000 imapezeka ku Africa. Amapezeka kwambiri kumadera ena.
Kumpoto wa Kruger National Park kokha, kungapezeke milu yayitali pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni. Pali mitundu 435 ya chiswe ku Asia, yomwe imapezeka ku China. Ku China, mitundu ya chiswe imangokhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha kumwera kwa Mtsinje wa Yangtze. Ku Australia, magulu onse azachilengedwe (chonyowa, chouma, mobisa) amapezeka mdziko muno, ndi mitundu yoposa 360 yazachilengedwe.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chiswe, chiswe sichikula bwino m'malo ozizira kapena ozizira. Pali magulu atatu azachilengedwe: chinyontho, chouma, ndi mobisa. Chiswe cha Dampwood chimangopezeka m'nkhalango za coniferous, ndipo chiswe cha Drywood chimapezeka m'nkhalango zolimba; Chiswe chimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi mwa mitundu yamagulu owuma ndi chiswe cha West Indian (Cryptotermes brevis), chomwe ndi mtundu wankhanza ku Australia. Ku Russia, chiswe chimapezeka kudera lomwe lili pafupi ndi mizinda ya Sochi ndi Vladivostok. Pafupifupi mitundu 7 ya chiswe idapezeka ku CIS.
Kodi chiswe chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chinyama chodyedwa
Chiswe ndi zododometsa zomwe zimadya zomera zakufa mulingo uliwonse wowola. Zimathandizanso m'chilengedwechi pokonzanso zinyalala monga nkhuni zakufa, ndowe, ndi zomera. Mitundu yambiri imadya mapadi ndi midgut yapadera yomwe imaphwanya ulusi. Chiswe chimapanga methane, yomwe imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga pamene mapadi agawanika.
Chiswe chimadalira kwambiri mankhwala enaake otchedwa protozoa (metamonads) ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa matumbo m'matumbo mwawo, kuti tizitha kupukusa mapadi, n'cholinga choti tizigwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo. Matumbo a protozoa monga Trichonympha, nawonso, amadalira mabakiteriya am'madzi omwe amakhala pamwamba pake kuti apange ma enzyme ofunikira am'mimba.
Chiswe chambiri kwambiri, makamaka m'banja la Termitidae, chimatha kupanga mavitamini awo a cellulose, koma amadalira makamaka mabakiteriya. Flagella atayika kuchokera ku chiswe. Asayansi samvetsetsa za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chiswe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono; Komabe, chomwe chiri chowona ndi mitundu yonse ya chiswe ndi chakuti antchito amadyetsa ziwalo zina za njuchi ndi zakudya kuchokera ku chimbudzi cha mbewu kuchokera mkamwa kapena kumatako.
Mitundu ina ya chiswe imagwiritsa ntchito fodya. Amasunga "dimba" la bowa wapadera wamtundu wa Termitomyces, womwe umadya zonyansa. Bowa akadyedwa, timbewu tawo timadutsa bwinobwino m'matumbo mwa chiswe kuti amalize kuzungulira kwake, kumera m'matumba atsopano.
Chiswe chimagawika m'magulu awiri kutengera momwe amadyera: chiswe chochepa ndi chiswe chambiri. Chiswe chapafupi chimadya nkhuni. Popeza nkhuni zimavuta kugaya, chiswe chimakonda kudya nkhuni zodzadza ndi bowa chifukwa ndizosavuta kugaya, komanso bowa amakhala ndi zomanga thupi zambiri. Pakadali pano, chiswe chapamwamba chimadya zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndowe, humus, udzu, masamba, ndi mizu. Matumbo am'munsi mwa chiswe muli mitundu yambiri ya mabakiteriya pamodzi ndi protozoa, pomwe chiswe chapamwamba chimangokhala ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya mabakiteriya opanda protozoa.
Zosangalatsa: Chiswe chimatafuna mtovu, phula, pulasitala, kapena matope kuti apeze nkhuni.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chiswe chachikulu
Zimakhala zovuta kuwona chiswe, chifukwa zimayenda mumdima ndipo sakonda kuwala. Amayenda m'njira zomwe adazipanga okha mumtengo kapena panthaka.
Chiswe chimakhala zisa. Zisa zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: mobisa (pansi panthaka), pamwamba (poyenda pamwamba panthaka) ndikusakanikirana (yomangidwa pamtengo, koma yolumikizidwa pansi nthawi zonse kudzera m'misasa). Chisa chimagwira ntchito zambiri, monga kupezera malo okhala ndi pogona kwa adani. Chiswe chambiri chimakhala mozungulira mobisa osati zisa ndi milu yambirimbiri. Chiswe chakale nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'matabwa monga mitengo, ziphuphu ndi mitengo yakufa, monga momwe chiswe chidaliri zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo.
Chiswe chimamanganso milu, nthawi zina mpaka kutalika kwa 2.5 -3 m. Chulu chimapereka chiswe ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi chisa, koma champhamvu kwambiri. Milomo yomwe ili m'malo omwe mvula yamphamvu komanso mosalekeza imakonda kukokoloka chifukwa chadothi lake.
Kulankhulana. Nthawi zambiri chiswe chimakhala chakhungu, choncho kulankhulana kumachitika makamaka kudzera m'mankhwala, m'makina, ndi m'mazira. Njira zoyankhulirana izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kusaka nyama, kupeza ziwalo zoberekera, kumanga zisa, kuzindikira okhalamo zisa, kuthawa, kukolana ndi adani, komanso kuteteza zisa. Njira yofala kwambiri yolumikizirana ndi kudzera pa tinyanga.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Chiswe chimakhala ndi dongosolo lachigawo:
- Mfumu;
- Mfumukazi;
- Mfumukazi Yachiwiri;
- Mfumukazi yapamwamba;
- Msirikali;
- Kugwira ntchito.
Chiswe cha anthu ogwira ntchito chimagwira ntchito zambiri m'deralo, chomwe chimayang'anira kupeza chakudya, kusunga chakudya, ndi kusunga ana m'zisa. Ogwira ntchito ali ndi udindo wopukusa mapadi mu chakudya, chifukwa chake ndiomwe amapangira nkhuni zodwala. Njira yoti chiswe chimagwira ntchito kudyetsa nzika zina chimadziwika kuti trofollaxis. Trofallaxis ndi njira yothandiza yopezera zosinthira zobwezeretsanso zinthu za nitrogenous.
Izi zimamasula makolo kuti azidyetsa ana onse kupatula m'badwo woyamba, kulola kuti gululi likule mochuluka ndikuonetsetsa kuti matumbo ofunikira amatuluka m'badwo wina kupita ku wina. Mitundu ina ya chiswe ilibe gulu lowona, m'malo modalira ma nymph kuti agwire ntchito yomweyo osadziwika ngati gulu lina.
Gulu lankhondo lili ndi ukadaulo wamatomiki ndi machitidwe, cholinga chawo chokha ndikuteteza njuchi. Asitikali ambiri ali ndi mitu yayikulu yokhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu zosinthidwa kwambiri zokulitsa kotero kuti sangathe kudzidyetsa okha. Chifukwa chake, iwo, monga ana, amadyetsedwa ndi antchito. Mitundu yambiri imadziwika mosavuta, pomwe asitikali amakhala ndi mitu yayikulu, yakuda komanso zina zazikulu.
Pakati pa chiswe china, asirikali amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitu yawo yoboola mpira kutseka ngalande zawo zopapatiza. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chiswe, asirikali amatha kukhala akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono, komanso mphuno zomwe zili ndi mphuno yopangidwa ndi nyanga yokhala ndi chiwonetsero chakumbuyo. Asitikali apaderaderawa amatha kupopera zotsekemera zoyipa, zomata zomwe zimakhala ndi ma diterpenes kwa adani awo.
Gulu loberekana la gulu lokhwima limaphatikizapo akazi achikazi ndi amuna omwe amadziwika kuti mfumukazi komanso mfumu. Mfumukazi ya njuchi ndi yomwe imapangitsa kuti mazirawo apange mazira. Mosiyana ndi nyerere, mfumu imakwatirana naye kwamuyaya. Mwa mitundu ina, mimba ya mfumukazi imafufuma mwadzidzidzi, kukulitsa chonde. Kutengera mtunduwo, mfumukazi imayamba kupanga mapiko obala nthawi zina pachaka, ndipo gulu lalikulu limatuluka pagulu pomwe zouluka.
Adani achilengedwe a chiswe
Chithunzi: Chiswe Chanyama
Chiswe chimadya nyama zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya chiswe "Hodotermes mossambicus" yapezeka m'mimba mwa mbalame 65 ndi nyama 19 zoyamwitsa. Nyamakazi zambiri zimadya chiswe: nyerere, centipedes, mphemvu, crickets, dragonflies, zinkhanira ndi akangaude; zokwawa monga abuluzi; amphibiya monga achule ndi achule. Palinso nyama zina zambiri zomwe zimadya chiswe: malo obisalapo, malo owonera nyama, mileme, zimbalangondo, mbalame zambiri, echidnas, nkhandwe, mbewa ndi pangolin. Zosangalatsa: Mbalame yotchedwa aardwolf imatha kudya chiswe masauzande ambiri usiku umodzi pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali lokakamira.
Nyerere ndi adani akuluakulu a chiswe. Mitundu ina ya nyerere imadziwika kwambiri ndi chiswe. Mwachitsanzo, Megaponera ndi mtundu wina wokha wa kudya chiswe. Amawombera, ena amakhala kwa maola angapo. Koma si nyerere zokhazokha zomwe zimaukira. Mavu ambiri a sphecoid, kuphatikizapo Polistinae Lepeletier ndi Angiopolybia Araujo, amadziwika kuti amalanda milu ya chiswe pakutha kwa chiswe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chiswe
Chiswe ndi chimodzi mwamagulu opambana kwambiri padziko lapansi, omwe awonjezera kuchuluka kwawo m'moyo wawo wonse.
Kulamulira madera ambiri, kupatula Antarctica. Madera awo amakhala ochokera mazana ochepa mpaka magulu akuluakulu a anthu mamiliyoni angapo. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi mitundu 3106 yafotokozedwa, ndipo si zokhazo, pali mitundu mazana angapo yomwe imafunikira kufotokozedwa. Chiwerengero cha chiswe Padziko lapansi chitha kufikira 108 biliyoni komanso kupitilira apo.
Pakadali pano, nkhuni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafamu ngati chakudya cha chiswe zikuchepa, koma chiwala chikuchulukirachulukira. Kukula kumeneku kumatsagana ndi chiswe kuti chizizizira kuzilirira.
Pakadali pano, mabanja 7 a chiswe amadziwika:
- Mastotermitidae;
- Nthawi;
- Hodotermitidae;
- Kalotermitidae;
- Rhinotermitidae;
- Kutalika;
- Kutha.
Zosangalatsa: Chiswe Padziko Lapansi chimaposa unyinji wa anthu Padziko Lapansi, monga nyerere.
Tizilombo chiswe ili ndi tanthauzo loipa kwambiri pamunthu, chifukwa amawononga nyumba zamatabwa. Kusiyanitsa kwa chiswe kumalumikizidwa ndi chikoka chawo pakazunguliro kake ka kaboni ndi kaboni dayokisaidi, pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mumlengalenga, womwe ndiwofunika nyengo yonse yapadziko lapansi. Amatha kutulutsa mpweya wa methane wambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu 43 ya chiswe imadyedwa ndi anthu ndikupatsidwa ziweto. Masiku ano, asayansi akuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu, pomwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kutsatira njira yomwe chiswe chimatha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 16:41
