Ndikukula kwachangu pantchito zasayansi komanso ukadaulo, kuchuluka kwa nyama zokongola zakutchire kwatsika pang'ono. Nyama zambiri zokongola zimasowa. Koma chilengedwe chatsimikiza kuti cholengedwa chilichonse Padziko Lapansi chimakhala bwino, ndikupanga zofunikira zonse. Kodi mitundu ndi mitundu yaying'ono yamtundu wa abale athu ang'onoang'ono ndi yotani, mawonekedwe ake ndi machitidwe awo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zolengedwa zodabwitsa zakutchire ndi ngamila imodzi yodumphadumpha, amatchedwanso dromedar kapena arabian.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Ngamila yokhotakhota ilibe mawonekedwe apadera, kuchokera kwa mchimwene wake - ngamila-yozunguliridwa ziwirizo, mawonekedwe, komabe pali kusiyana kwina komwe kulipo. Kutengera kufanana kwa ma subspecies awiriwa, mawu omaliza amadzinenera za ubale wawo. Pali malingaliro angapo osiyanasiyananso kwakumayambira kwa subspecies, koma zotsatirazi ndizovomerezeka: ngamila inayake idakhala Kumpoto kwa America (mwina kholo la mitundu yonse ya Camelus). Pofunafuna chakudya ndi malo abwino, adafika ku Eurasia, komwe a Bactria ndi Dromedars adachokera. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, kholo la mtunduwo linali ngamira yakutchire yomwe idatuluka kuchokera kumadera achipululu a Arabia, omwe pambuyo pake adasamalidwa ndi Abedouin. Posakhalitsa makolo ake anasefukira Turkmenistan ndi Uzbekistan, ndikugawa magawo awiri.
Kanema: Ngamila imodzi
M'nthawi zakale, mitundu iwiri ya tizilomboti inkakhala kuthengo, ndipo ng'ombe zawo zinali zosawerengeka. Ngakhale asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mwamtheradi dromedaries zakutchire sizinakhaleko m'chilengedwe. Umboni wa izi ndikuchepa kwa zotsalira zanyama, komabe pali umboni wina woti zilipo. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi zithunzi zochepa za ngamila zamphongo imodzi pamiyala ndi miyala. Anthu ochulukirapo kwambiri m'ma dromedaries amapezeka m'malo amchipululu ku North Africa ndi Middle East.
Makolo achilengedwe a ngamila imodzi-yosungunuka mwachangu adasinthidwa ndi anthu okhala m'malo oyandikana nawo, omwe adazindikira mwachangu zabwino zamtunduwu. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, kuthekera kwawo kosiyanasiyana komanso kupirira, adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu yokoka, kuyenda maulendo ataliatali munjira zotentha komanso zowuma, komanso ngati mapiri. M'mbuyomu, ma subspecies awa nthawi zambiri anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito pazankhondo, chifukwa chake chidziwitso chokhudza nyama yolimba komanso yosadzichepetsa imafalikira ngakhale pakati pa azungu panthawi yankhondo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ngamila zamtundu umodzi kunali kofala pakati pa anthu aku India, Turkmenistan ndi madera ena oyandikana nawo. Mosiyana ndi anzawo awiriwa, ng'ombe zakutchire za dromedaries zakhala zosowa kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala makamaka m'chigawo chapakati ku Australia.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Nyama zodabwitsa, mosiyana ndi a Bactrian odziwika bwino, ali ndi hump imodzi yokha, yomwe adadziwika nayo dzina. Poyerekeza ma subspecies awiri amtundu umodzi wa ngamila moyenera, mawonekedwe akunja a ma dromedars, kuphatikiza pakupezeka kwa hump imodzi m'malo mwa awiri, amawoneka ndi maso:
- Miyeso yaying'ono kwambiri. Ngamila imodzi-yokhotakhota ili ndi magawo otsika kutalika ndi kulemera poyerekeza ndi wachibale wapafupi kwambiri. Kulemera kwake kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku 300 mpaka 600 kg (pafupifupi kulemera kwamwamuna ndi 500 kg), kutalika kwake kumakhala kuchokera 2 mpaka 3 mita, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala kuchokera 2 mpaka 3.5 m.
- Mchira ndi miyendo. Ng'oma yamphongoyo imakhala ndi mchira waufupi, kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita 50. Malamulo ake ndiabwino kwambiri, koma miyendo yake ndi yayitali kuposa ya mnzake. Chifukwa cha izi, ngamila imodzi-yokhotakhota imadziwika ndikulowerera komanso kuthamanga kwakanthawi.
- Khosi ndi mutu. Subpecies iyi imakhala ndi khosi lalitali komanso mutu wopingasa. Kuphatikiza pa mlomo wokhotakhota, dromedali imapatsidwa chinthu china - mphuno, kutsegula ndi kutseka komwe kumayendetsa payokha. Ngamila imodzi yong'ung'udza ili ndi nsidze zazitali zomwe zingateteze maso ngakhale mchenga wocheperako.
- Makhalidwe apangidwe la miyendo. Kuphatikiza pa kuti miyendo yamagulu ngamila yayitali, imaphimbidwanso ndi chimanga chapadera m'malo opindika. Kukula komweku kumakhudza mbali zambiri za thupi. Mbali ina yapadera ya ngamila zamankhwala amodzi ndi mapadi ofewa oyenda pamapazi, m'malo mwa ziboda, m'malo mwake muli zala ziwiri.
- Chivundikiro cha ubweya. Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lomwe limapangitsa kuti lizikhala losazolowereka nyengo yozizira. Komabe, chovalacho chimakhala chachitali komanso cholimba m'malo ena amthupi: pakhosi, kumbuyo komanso pamwamba pamutu. Mtundu wa ngamila zamankhwala amodzi chimakhala chofiirira, mchenga mpaka bulauni, komanso choyera. Ngakhale ma drum draries a albino ndi osowa kwambiri.
Monga ngamila za bactrian, ma subspecies awa amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupirira kwapadera munyengo youma. Izi ndichifukwa choti nsomba zam'madzi zimatha kusunga chinyezi ndikukhala ndi hump, yomwe imakhala ndi mafuta ambiri. Izi zimathandizira kuti ziperekedwe mwachangu pazinthu, kupatsa thupi lanyama mphamvu zofunikira.
Kodi ngamira imodzi-yokhotakhota imakhala kuti?
Subpecies iyi ndi yolimba kwambiri ndipo imasinthidwa ndi chilala. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake athupi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma dromedars amakhala kumadera aku North Africa, Middle East, Turkestan, Asia Minor ndi Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan.
Kupirira kwa ngamila zamtundu umodzi kumachitika chifukwa cha ntchito zingapo za matupi awo:
- chinyezi chomwe chinyama chimafunika kuti chikhalebe ndi moyo sichisungidwa m'chiuno, koma m'mimba;
- impso ntchito za subspecies zimakonzedwa kuti zipititse madzi m'thupi mkodzo wotulutsa, potero kusunga chinyezi;
- tsitsi lanyama limateteza kutuluka kwa chinyezi;
- ntchito ya tiziwalo timene timatulutsa thukuta ndi yosiyana ndi zinyama zina (kutentha kwa thupi kumachepa usiku, ndipo kumakhala malire wamba kwa nthawi yayitali). Thukuta limayamba kuonekera pakangotentha + 40 ℃ ndi pamwambapa;
- ma dromedaries amatha kubweretsa msanga zosungira zamadzimadzi zofunika ndipo amatha kumwa kuchokera ku 50 mpaka 100 malita amadzi nthawi imodzi mphindi zochepa.
Ndi chifukwa cha izi kuti ngamira-imodzi-yofunika-yofunikira kwa anthu achiarabu omwe amakhala m'malo am'chipululu. Makhalidwe ake apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kungoyenda zinthu zolemetsa komanso anthu, komanso ulimi.
Kodi ngamila-yosasunthika imadya chiyani?
Kuphatikiza pa kuti subspecies iyi imatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali osavulaza thupi lonse, imadziperekanso pachakudya. Dromedaries ndi nyama zodyera, ndipo, moyenera, amapatsidwa mawonekedwe apadera am'mimba, omwe amakhala ndi zipinda zingapo ndipo ali ndimatenda ambiri. Amadzimadzi amadzisiyanitsa okha ndi chakuti chakudya chazitsamba chomwe sichinadulidwe chimalowa mkati mwa m'mimba. Ndipamene zimachitika kuti chimbudzi chake chomaliza chichitike.
Zakudya za ngamila imodzi-yosungunuka sizodzichepetsa zokha, komanso nthawi zambiri sizoyenera kuzilombo zina. Kuphatikiza pa zomera zowuma ndi zaminga, ma dromedaries amatha kudya ngakhale shrub ndi semi-shrub solyanka. Nthawi yapadera, pakalibe chakudya, ngamila zimatha kudyetsa mafupa ndi zikopa za nyama, mpaka pazomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku izo. Momwe zinthu ziliri zoweta, zakudya zokoma za subspecies ndi barnyard, masamba obiriwira, saxaul, bango, udzu, oats. Kutchire, ngamila zamphongo imodzi zimakwaniritsa zosowa zawo zamchere zokha, zimadzazanso nkhokwe zamadzi m'zipululu zamchere. Ziweto zoweta zimafunikira mchere mofanana ndi anzawo amtchire, koma nthawi zambiri amakana kwathunthu kumwa madzi amchere. Zikatero, mchere umaperekedwa kwa ngamila ngati mipiringidzo yapadera yamchere.
Mbali yapadera ya nthumwi zonse za ngamila ndichakuti kwa nthawi yayitali safunikira madzi okha, komanso chakudya. Subpecies imapatsidwa mwayi wokhala wopanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamafuta mu hump. Ngamila zamtundu umodzi zimatha kufa ndi njala kwa milungu ingapo ndikuzolowera chakudya chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri, kusakhala ndi njala kwakanthawi komwe kumakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya chamoyo chambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwawo mopitilira muyeso.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Ngamila ndi nyama zosachedwa kuchepa. Chimodzi mwa zomwe amachita ndikuti amakhala mogwirizana ndi zochitika zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku, osapatukirako. Izi ndi zomwe zimawalola kusunga mphamvu ndi chinyezi nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale amakhala pansi, ma subspecies amatha kusintha tsiku lililonse pamaulendo ataliatali. Makolo athu akale achi Slavic adapatsa mawu oti "ngamira" ndi tanthauzo "kuyendayenda kwakutali".
Pofunafuna chakudya, ma dromedaries amakhala m'mawa komanso madzulo, ndipo masana ndi usiku amapuma pabwalo la milu yamchenga. Ngamila zamankhwala amodzi zimayenda mwachangu pafupifupi 10 km / h, koma, ngati zingafunike, zimatha kuthamanga (zosaposa 30 km / h). Kuthamanga koteroko ndikotheka, koma kwa nthawi yayitali ngamila siyitha kuthamanga.
Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi masomphenya abwino kwambiri, chifukwa amatha kuwona zoopsa zomwe zikuyandikira kuchokera kutali kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akangolowa m'munda wamasomphenya wa ngamira, amachoka asanayandikire. Nthawi zonse, gulu lankhosa limakhala bata - anthu samatsutsana wina ndi mnzake. Koma munthawi yovutayi, yamphongo imatha kuwonetsa yamphongo kwa amuna ena, kumenyera kukwatirana ndi yaikazi kapena yaikazi ina. Munthawi imeneyi, ngamila zamtundu umodzi zimatha kumenya nkhondo ndikuwonetsa madera awo, kuchenjeza adani a utsogoleri wawo. Ku Turkey, nthawi yolimbana ndi ngamila imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenyera ngamila, zachikhalidwe m'derali. Ngakhale kutengeka kwakukulu kwa mikhalidwe yayikulu, ngamila zimapatsidwa nzeru zapamwamba komanso mawonekedwe achilendo.
Nthawi zina, ma dromedar ndiwosangalatsa:
- Akazi a subspecies amalola kuti amwere mkaka kokha ndi munthu winawake. Pakadali pano, mwana wa mkazi ayenera kuti ali m'munda wake wamasomphenya.
- Akuluakulu amafuna kudzilemekeza, osakhululuka kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza.
- Ngati dromed sipumula kapena ili mtulo, ndiye kuti sitha kukakamizidwa kuti inyamuke.
- Kukumbukira oimira onse a subspecies kumapangidwa modabwitsa - amatha kukumbukira chipongwe kwa zaka zambiri ndipo adzabwezera wolakwayo.
- Dromedars amadziphatika kwa munthu, ndipo ngati atapatukana, amatha kupeza njira yopita kwa mwiniwake.
Mwambiri, ma dromedaries amapatsidwa bata losasunthika, ochezeka komanso kuthekera kuzolowera malo ena, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othandizira abwino kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuthengo, samaukira anthu, koma amangopewa kukumana nawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Ma Dromedars ndi nyama zosintha nthawi, motero, pachimake pa ntchito zawo zimachitika masana. Kumtchire, ngamila zamankhwala amodzi ndi zomata ziwiri zimapanga magulu ena azikhalidwe, okhala ndi wamwamuna m'modzi, akazi angapo ndi ana awo. Pali zitsanzo pomwe amuna okhawo amagwirizana m'magulu, ndikupeza utsogoleri mokakamizidwa. Komabe, milandu yotereyi ndiyosowa ndipo maguluwa sakhalitsa, potengera kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu mtsogolo.
Kutha msinkhu ndi kubereka
Kukula msinkhu kwa amuna ndi akazi a subspecies kumamalizidwa pafupifupi zaka 3-5. Amuna amayamba kukhwima pambuyo pake. Munthawi yamvula (Disembala-Januware), amalemba madera awo, potero amachenjeza omwe akupikisana nawo kuti sayenera kuyandikira. Pachifukwa ichi, yamphongo imagwiritsa ntchito ma gland apadera kumbuyo kwa mutu wake, ndipo, ndikupendeketsa mutu wake pansi, amaukhudza ndi mchenga ndi miyala yapafupi. Ngamila ina ikamayandikira, ndiye kuti kumenya nkhondo yamphamvu kumachitika, ndikumveka kosasangalatsa. Wopambana pa bout, atakhala ndi umuna wamkazi, nthawi yomweyo amapitiliza kufunafuna ina.
Mkazi amatha kutenga pakati kamodzi pazaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo kubereka kumeneku kumatha pafupifupi miyezi 13. Kubala kumachitika kuyimirira, ndipo patangopita maola ochepa, ngamira yobadwa (nthawi zonse 1, mapasa ndizosowa kwambiri) m'maola ochepa imadzuka yokha. Kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira, mwana amadya mkaka wa mayi, kenako amasinthana ndi zakudya zamasamba zanthawi zonse. Dromedar wamkazi amatha kupereka malita 10 a mkaka patsiku. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa makanda a ngamila ziwiri zamphongo ndi humped imodzi ndikuti ma dromedaries amabadwa pafupifupi 2 kuposa akulu awo. Kutalika kwa moyo wa subspecies kumafika zaka 50 pafupifupi.
Adani achilengedwe a ngamira imodzi
Ngamila zamtundu umodzi, ngakhale zili zazikulu poyerekeza ndi a Bactrian, ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri. M'madera achipululu, palibe anthu omwe amatha kupitirira kukula kwake, chifukwa chake, sangakhale ndi adani m'malo awo achilengedwe. Komabe, milandu yakumenyedwa kwa nkhandwe kwa makanda oledzeretsa yalembedwa. M'mbuyomu, ma subspecies anali ndi adani ena (magulu ena a mikango ya m'chipululu ndi akambuku), koma lero nyama izi zimawerengedwa kuti zatha.
Ngamila, zonse zoyenda bwino komanso amuna awiri, ali ndi mdani m'modzi - umunthu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto kwazaka zopitilira 3 zikwi zapitazo, mwachilengedwe, gulu lanyama zamtchire (zokhazokha zomwe zili m'chigawo chapakati cha kontrakitala ya Australia) sizinapulumuke. Abale awo, a Bactrian, akadapezekabe kuthengo, koma anthu ake ndi ochepa kwambiri mwakuti ali pachiwopsezo ndipo adatchulidwa mu "Red Book".
Sizosadabwitsa kuti kufunafuna anthu ambiri kutulutsa ma dromedaries. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala njira zabwino kwambiri zoyendera komanso zoyendera, ubweya wawo, nyama ndi mkaka zili ndi mawonekedwe osaneneka. Zikopa za ngamila ndizodziwika chifukwa chotchinjiriza kutenthetsa, nyama - chifukwa cha kukoma kwake, mafuta amafanana ndi mwanawankhosa, ndipo mkaka ndiwotchuka chifukwa chamafuta ake komanso zomwe zili ndi ma microelements othandiza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Makhalidwe apadera aubweya, mkaka ndi nyama yangamira zimawapangitsa kukhala nyama zosakira nyama. Chifukwa chake, ngamila zosaka zimawerengedwa kuti ndizopha ndipo zimaimbidwa mlandu pamalamulo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwamunthu kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kumachititsanso chidwi pa kuchuluka kwawo. Kulowererapo kwa anthu kwadzetsa chidziwitso chakuti kuchuluka kwa mitu ya anthu awiri onyentchera ndi pafupifupi zidutswa 1000 zokha zomwe zimakhala kuthengo, mosiyana ndi ma dromedaries - zimawerengedwa kuti ndizoweta. Bactrian otsala amatetezedwa ndi lamulo ndikusungidwa m'magawo azachilengedwe.
Ngakhale kuletsedwa kwa ngamila zakusaka kuthengo, ma dromedaries owetedwa nthawi zambiri samaleredwa kokha chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo, komanso zikopa, mafuta, nyama ndi mkaka. M'nthawi zakale, nyama zamkamela ndi mkaka ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya za anthu osamukasamuka. Ma zingwe ndi zingwe zimapangidwa ndi zikopa zawo, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba kwawo. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamkaka zopangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka.Ndikukula kwa zokopa alendo, ngamila zamankhwala amodzi zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza ndalama pa ski skiing ya alendo (kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwa subspecies pafupifupi 150 makilogalamu), ndipo kuthamanga kwa ngamila kwakula ndikukhala masewera amtundu ku Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates.
Aarabu, nawonso ndi ma dromary, ndi anzeru, olimba mtima komanso amasintha moyo ndi anthu. Ali ndi mphamvu zopitilira muyeso, njira zabwino zoyendera m'malo otentha komanso otentha kwambiri, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza kwambiri m'chipululu chotentha. Maonekedwe a matupi awo ndi kapangidwe kake amawathandiza kupulumuka ngakhale mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Koma, mwatsoka, sizingatheke kutsatira momwe amakhalira mwachilengedwe, chifukwa zakutchire zakutchire zimawonedwa ngati zatha ndipo zowetedwa. Osatengera izi ngamila imodzi yodumphadumpha pitilizani kutumikira mokhulupirika munthuyo m'moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 12:36
