Chimbalangondo choyera cha Himalayan - Ichi ndi nyama yosowa kwambiri yomwe ili ndi mayina angapo. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chimbalangondo choyera, chimbalangondo cha ku Asia kapena chi Tibetan, Himalayan kapena mwezi, komanso Ussuri. Nyamayo imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma kapena zamkungudza. Amakhala m'mapanga kapena m'matumba akuluakulu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Pachiyambi cha anthu omwe ali ndi mabere oyera ndi zimbalangondo zakale, zomwe zimbalangondo zamakono zonse zimachokera. Zimbalangondo zoyera-zoyera ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, koma zimasiyana nawo pamalamulo oyenera kwambiri.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa anthu chimbalangondo sikupitilira zaka 27. Kutalika kotalika kwa moyo kwa chimbalangondo cha mwezi wokhala mu ukapolo ndi zaka 30.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Mutu wa munthu wamkulu ndi wocheperako, wokhala ndi mphuno yayitali, yopapatiza komanso yayikulu, yotakata, makutu owoneka ngati ndere. Chovala chanyama chimakhala chachitali, chokhala ndi malo oyera oyera pachifuwa ngati chilembo "V". Kukula kwa nyama ndikokulirapo kuposa kufota.
Zikhadabo zazikulu mwa akulu ndizolimba, zopindika mwamphamvu komanso zowongoka. Mapazi, makamaka phazi, lamphamvu kwambiri, lamphamvu komanso lalitali kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Zimbalangondo zili ndi mano 42 kwathunthu.
Umunthu wamtunduwu sunafotokozeredwe mokwanira. Ubweya wake umakhala wonyezimira, wakuda, pachifuwa pali chidutswa choyera ngati chipale chofewa kapena chachikaso cha V, ndichifukwa chake nyamayo imatchedwa yoyamwitsa yoyera. Kutalika kwa thupi lamwamuna wamkulu ndi masentimita 150-160, nthawi zina mpaka masentimita 200. Akazi amakhala ochepa, mpaka masentimita 130-140.
Kodi chimbalangondo cha mawere oyera chimakhala kuti?
Kukhazikika kwa zimbalangondo za mwezi kumalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa nkhalango zam'madera otentha komanso otentha. Nyamazo zimakhala m'mitengo yosalala ya mkungudza komanso nkhalango za Manchu, mitengo ya oak ndi mitengo yamkungudza, m'minda yamitengo ya Manchu kapena thundu laku Mongolia.
Mitengo iyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtedza wosiyanasiyana, zipatso zosiyanasiyana ndi zipatso zina - chakudya chachikulu cha chimbalangondo cha mwezi. M'madera okwera kwambiri, nyama zimakhala m'nyengo yotentha ya chilimwe, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimamira pansi, m'ziyuni zofunda bwino.
Gawo lalikulu la chimbalangondo cha mawere oyera limafikira ku East Asia. Nyama zimapezeka m'maiko ena ofunda: China, Afghanistan, Himalaya, Indochina, Korea, Japan. Ku Russia, anthu aku Himalaya amakhala kokha kudera la Ussuri komanso kudera la Amur. Nyamayo imapezeka kumtunda kwa mapiri, pamtunda wopitilira 3000 km.
Malo okhala azimayi oyamwitsa oyera ku Russian Federation amagwirizana kwathunthu ndi dera logawidwa kwa nkhalango zazitali, mitengo yayikulu ndi mitengo ya mkungudza.
Kodi chimbalangondo choyera chimadya chiyani?
Menyu ya zimbalangondo za Himalaya imayang'aniridwa ndi chakudya chopanda mafuta:
- mtedza wamba, hazel;
- thundu la thundu ndi mtedza wa paini;
- zipatso zosiyanasiyana zokoma;
- zitsamba, masamba kapena masamba a mitengo.
Zimbalangondo zimakonda zipatso za mbalame zamatcheri ndi rasipiberi. Ndi zokolola zochuluka, nyama zimakhazikika m'mitsinje yamadzi ndi akasupe ndikusangalala ndi zipatso zokoma mosangalala. Nthawi zambiri zimanyamula malo owetera njuchi; nthawi zina, mng'oma wobedwa umaphimbidwa ndi chimbalangondo m'madzi kuti njuchi zisawonongeke.
Zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimadya chakudya cha nyama - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mphutsi, mphutsi. Ngakhale pakasupe wanjala, mutadzuka kutulo, mabere oyera samadya, samapha, koma osanyalanyaza zovunda. Nthawi zina, zimbalangondo zimatha kuyesa kuwononga akavalo kapena ziweto. Zimbalangondo zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa anthu nawonso.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chimbalangondo cha Himalaya ndi chule wokongola wamtengo, wofunafuna moyo wokhalitsa. Nyama yamwezi imakhala moyo wake wopitilira 50% pamwamba pamitengo. Kumeneko amagulitsa, kupeza chakudya chake, kuthawa otsutsa ndi udzudzu wosasangalatsa.
Sizitengera kanthu kuti chimbalangondo chikwere pamwamba pa mtengo waukulu, mpaka 30 m kutalika m'masekondi 3-4. Kuchokera kutalika kwa 6-7 mita, nyama imalumpha mosavuta, osazengereza. Ikakwera pa korona wa mikungudza ikuluikulu, nyamayo ikukhala panthambi zakuda. Kudula nthambi zowazungulira ndikudya zipatso zokoma kuchokera ku izo, chilombocho chimapeza chakudya chake. Nyama yochenjera siyitaya nthambi zokukuta, koma imayiyika pansi pake ngati zofunda. Zotsatira zake ndi chisa chosangalatsa chomwe mungagwiritse ntchito nthawi yopuma masana pamalo otetezeka.
Mukakumana ndi munthu, nyamayo imachoka pang'onopang'ono, zochitika zosasangalatsa ndizochepa. Zimbalangondo sizimapha anthu mwangozi. Pambuyo pa kuwombera ndi mabala, nthawi zambiri amathawa, koma amatha kuthamangira wolakwayo. Zimbalangondo, zoteteza anawo, mwamphamvu zimawopseza mbali ya munthuyo, koma zimabweretsa chiwonongekocho pokhapokha munthuyo atapulumuka. Mtundu uwu uli ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kuyenda bwino.
Zimbalangondo zoyamwitsa zoyera zimakhala ngati zimbalangondo wamba mu hibernation:
- samatulutsa mkodzo kapena chimbudzi;
- nthawi yozizira, kugunda kwa mtima kumachepa kuchokera ku 40-70 mpaka 8-12 kumenyedwa pamphindi;
- njira zamagetsi zimachepetsedwa ndi 50%;
- kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika ndi 3-7 madigiri Celsius, chifukwa chake chimbalangondo chimatha kudzuka popanda zovuta.
Kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu, amuna amataya mpaka 15-30% ya kulemera kwawo, ndipo akazi amataya mpaka 40%. Zimbalangondo zimachoka m khola pafupifupi pakati pa 2 Epulo.
Chimbalangondo cha mabere oyera chimakhala ndi chikumbukiro chabwino, chimakumbukira chabwino ndi choyipa. Ndipo mawonekedwe amitundu yayikulu kwambiri - kuchokera mwamtendere mwakachetechete mpaka kukwiya kwambiri komanso kukwiya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Zimbalangondo zoyamwitsa zoyera zimalankhulana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mawu okweza. Ngati anawo atalikirana ndi amayi awo, amalira. Phokoso laling'ono lamatumbo limatha kukhala chizindikiro chosakhutira ndi toptygin, komanso munthawi yomweyo ndikudina mano, udani wake.
Nyama ya ku Himalaya nthawi zambiri imakhala nthawi yonse yozizira ikubisala m'mapako a mitengo ikuluikulu. Zosavuta nyengo yozizira ndi maenje akuluakulu mumitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ya msondodzi kapena lindens. Kufikira pamalo amenewa ndikosachepera 5 mita kuchokera panthaka. Malinga ndi kulemera kwa bere wamkulu, mitengo yoyenera iyenera kukhala yosachepera 90 cm.
Nthawi zambiri, ngati kulibe mitengo yayikulu kapena yadulidwa, chimbalangondo chimatha nthawi yozizira m'malo ena obisika:
- m'maenje pansi pa mizu ya mitengo;
- zisa zazikulu zomangidwa pansi pa makungwa a mitengo yakugwa;
- m'mapanga amiyala, m'ming'alu kapena mameza.
Chimbalangondo cha Ussuri chimadziwika ndi kayendedwe ka nyengo yam'nyengo yozizira kupita ku nkhalango zowuma komanso kumbuyo, pomwe kusintha kumachitika m'njira zomwezo. Nthawi yozizira imakhala m'malo omwe amalekanitsidwa ndi mitsinje yayikulu. Nthawi zambiri, khola lachisanu limakhala mkati mwa chiwembu, ndipo pafupi ndi kholalo, chimbalangondo chokhala ndi mawere oyera chimafuna kusokoneza mayendedwe kuti asapereke malo ake.
Kuphatikiza pa nyengo yokhwima, zimbalangondo zoyenda ndi mwezi zimatsogolera kumoyo wakutali, nthawi ndi nthawi zimasonkhanitsa anthu angapo kumadera omwe ali ndi chakudya chochuluka. Mwa azimayi oyamwitsa oyera, olamulira ena amtundu wina amatha kutsatiridwa, ophatikizidwa ndi mibadwo yosiyana ndi kulemera kwa amuna. Izi zimawonekera makamaka munthawi yakuswana. Aamuna achichepere, omwe kulemera kwawo sikungochepera ma kilogalamu a 80, alibe mwayi wofanana ndi akazi.
Zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimalumikizana wina ndi mzake zikawonetsa kuti zimakhala zazikulu kapena zosasunthika potengera mayendedwe ndi mayendedwe. Pofuna kudziwa momwe angathere, chimbalangondo chimabwerera, chimakhala pansi kapena kugona. Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti ndi yotani, chimbalangondo chimapita patsogolo kapena kuthamangira kumene kuli mdaniyo.
Kuti zilumikizane ndi zimbalangondo zina zoyamwa, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe kake kabwino. Nyama zimapanga zipsera zawo: Amakodza pamitengo ya mitengo kapena pokanda, pakani ndi mitengo yake. Nyama zimachita izi kuti zizimva kununkhira kwawo. Wopikisana naye nthawi yomweyo amadziwa mwiniwake wa gawolo ndikupita kwawo. Malo achinsinsi atha kukhala 5-20 kapena 35 mita mita. Km. Zimatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya pamalopo. Chakudyacho chimachulukirachulukira, kuderalo kumakhala kocheperako.
Chimbalangondo cha mawere oyera ndi cholengedwa chamitala. Amayi amalowa nthawi yokwatirana nthawi ndi nthawi. Chifukwa chake, kuthana kumatha kuchitika ndi amuna osiyanasiyana m'masiku 10-30. Maanja amatuluka kwakanthawi kochepa.
Nthawi yoswana imatenga theka la Juni mpaka theka la Ogasiti. Mbadwo wachinyamatayo umakula msinkhu wazaka zitatu, koma akazi ambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda ana. Mimba imakhala miyezi 7-8. Mkaziyo nthawi zambiri amabereka ana awiri kumapeto kwa Disembala kapena mkatikati mwa Januware. Ziweto zolemera 250-350 g zimawonekera, zimapanga nthawi yayitali ndipo ngakhale zili ndi miyezi iwiri zilibe chitetezo. Ana amaliza kudya mkaka miyezi 3.5.
Adani achilengedwe a chimbalangondo choyera
Mimbulu yayikulu, akambuku, zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi adani a zimbalangondo zoyera. Choopsa kwambiri ndi nyalugwe, kuchokera ku zikhadabo zomwe zimakhala zovuta kutuluka amoyo. Koma kuwonongedwa kwa zimbalangondo za Himalayan ndi zolusa ndizosowa kwambiri, popeza zimbalangondo ndizinyama zamphamvu kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupatsa ulemu mdani aliyense. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha chimbalangondo cha Himalaya kumangotengedwa ngati zotsatira za zochita za anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pamitengo yotsika pang'ono yobereka ya zimbalangondo zoyera, pali kuchepa kosalekeza kwa anthu. Akazi amapereka ana oyamba kwa zaka 3-4 zokha. Osapitirira 35% azimayi omwe amatenga nawo gawo pakuswana chaka chilichonse. Kuchulukitsa kulikonse kwa nsomba kumabweretsa kuchepa mwachangu kwa anthu. Komanso moto, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kupha nyama mozembera kumadzetsa kuchepa kwa anthu.
Chimbalangondo cha bere loyera ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri posaka mosavomerezeka ndi ozembera. Nthawi zambiri amawombera nyama yamtengo wapatali ya nyama yamtchire komanso yokoma. Nthawi zambiri zimbalangondo zoyamwa zimaphedwa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo zokongola komanso ubweya wawo wamtengo wapatali.
Chitetezo cha chimbalangondo choyera
Nyama yoyendera mwezi idalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia mu 1983. Kuyambira 1977, kusodza ndi ma Himalaya kudaletsedwa. Kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi anthu 7-9 pa 100 sq. Km, komabe, zochitika zachuma zaumunthu zikukakamiza kwambiri chimbalangondo kuti chisamuke kumalo okhala ovuta kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, osaka nyama nthawi zambiri amadula mitengo yoyenera nyama, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa mitengo ikuluikulu. M'madera ambiri, zimbalangondo zoyamwitsa zoyera tsopano zatsika chifukwa chosowa malo ozizira.
Chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo za Ussuri m'ma 80s chinali 6,000 - 8,000, ku Primorye - 4,000 - 5,000. Chiwerengero chake chidapitilira kuchepa m'zaka zotsatira. Zinapezeka kuti chaka chilichonse nyamazi zimatsika ndi 4-4.6%. Izi zimachitika ngakhale m'malo otetezedwa, ngakhale osamukira kudziko lina akugwa.
Kupha nyama mosavomerezeka kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri kunyamula anthu. Chovulaza kwambiri ndikuwombera akazi ndi ana, gawo lawo lonse mwa nyama limaposa 80%. Ana onse amatengedwa pamodzi ndi chiberekero.
Kudula mitengo m'nkhalango zakutchire, makamaka mitengo ya mkungudza ndi nkhalango zowotcha, kuwotcha nkhalango ndi zochitika za anthu kumalanda zimbalangondo zoyamwitsa zoyera malo awo okhala, ndikuwakankhira kumayiko okhala ndi fodya woyipa kwambiri komanso malo oteteza. Kudula mitengo yopanda mabowo kumapangitsa kuti nyama zisamakhale mosamala komanso mosamala m'nyengo yozizira. Kuchepa kwa zisa zodalirika kumawonjezera imfa ya zimbalangondo zoyera kuchokera kwa adani olanda. M'dera la Primorskaya, kupatsa chilolezo kwakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1975, ndipo kuyambira 1983, kusodza ndi chimbalangondo cha mwezi kudaletsedwa kotheratu. Ku Khabarovsk, chiletso chokwanira chogwira nyama chakhazikitsidwa kuyambira zaka za m'ma 80.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60, chiwerengero chonse cha chimbalangondo cha Himalaya ku Russia chinali anthu zikwi 5-7. M'zaka za m'ma 80, kuchuluka kwa chinyama ichi kumayesedwa pafupifupi mitu 4.5-5.5. Malo a Amur: Anthu 25-50. Chiyuda - kuchuluka kwa mtunduwu kumayambira pamitu 150 mpaka 250. Khabarovsk dera mpaka anthu zikwi zitatu. M'chigawo cha Primorsky, kuchuluka kwa anthu kuyerekezedwa kuchokera pamitu 2.5 mpaka 2.8 zikwi. Chiwerengero chonse mu Russian Federation chikuyembekezeka kukhala anthu 5000 - 6000. Chimbalangondo choyera cha Himalayan imafunikira chitetezo chotetezedwa kwa ozembetsa nyama ndikuwonongeratu anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.01.2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 16:12
