Artiodactyl yokongolayi imawoneka ngati chipatso chachikondi pakati pa giraffe ndi mbawala, yomwe imawonekera mu dzina - giraffe gazelle, kapena gerenuk (lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Somaliya ngati "khosi la girafa").
Kufotokozera kwa gerenouk
M'malo mwake, antelope wochepa waku Africa wokhala ndi dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Litocranius walleri (gerenuch) sali wogwirizana ndi mphalapala, koma akuimira banja la antelopes owona ndi mtundu wina wa Litocranius. Alinso ndi dzina limodzi - mbawala ya Waller.
Maonekedwe
Gerenuch ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba - thupi lofananira bwino, miyendo yopyapyala komanso mutu wonyada wokhala pakhosi lalitali... Mawonekedwe onse sawonongedwa ngakhale ndi makutu owulungika akulu, omwe mkati mwake amakongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa zovuta zakuda ndi zoyera. Ndi makutu otseguka komanso maso akulu atcheru, zikuwoneka kuti gerenuk akumvetsera nthawi zonse. Kutalika kwa nyama yayikulu kuyambira kumutu mpaka mchira ndi mita 1.4-1.5, ndikukula kumafota pafupifupi mita imodzi (kuphatikiza - kupatula 10 cm) ndikulemera mpaka 50 kg. Khosi la mbawala yamphongo, yovekedwa ndi mutu wawung'ono, ndi yayitali kuposa ya agwape ena.
Ndizosangalatsa! Polimbana ndi thupi lokhazikika, mutu umawoneka ngati duwa lachilendo ndi makutu ake otambalala ndi chotseka chopaka, pomwe maso, mphumi ndi mphuno zafotokozedwa moyera. Mwambiri, mtundu wa gerenuch umabisa (zofiirira kumbuyo ndi miyendo), zomwe zimathandiza kuti ziziphatikizana ndi malo opondaponda, ndipo utoto woyera, kupatula pamutu, umaphimba pansi pamkati ndi miyendo.
“Chishalo” chofiirira chofiiracho chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mzere wopepuka kuchokera ku mtundu woyambira, wamchenga wamthupi, womwe umagwira khosi ndi ziwalo za gerenuch. Madera aubweya wakuda amawoneka kumchira, hocks, pafupi ndi maso, m'makutu ndi pamphumi. Nyanga, kunyada kwa amuna okhwima ogonana, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa kwambiri - kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka mawonekedwe osangalatsa a S, pomwe nsonga za nyanga zam'mbuyo zimapindika ndi / kapena kuthamangira kwina.
Moyo, machitidwe
Gerenuka sangatchulidwe kuti nyama yocheza, chifukwa nkhonozi sizimasochera kukhala ziweto zazikulu ndipo sizimadziwika ndikumacheza kwambiri. Magulu akuluakulu, mpaka nyama 10, amapanga akazi ndi ana a ng'ombe, ndipo amuna okhwima nthawi zambiri amakhala mosiyana, kutsatira malire a gawo lawo. Malirewo amadziwika ndi chinsinsi chomwe chimapangidwa ndi preorbital gland: mitengo ndi zitsamba zomwe zikukula mozungulira zimapopera ndi madzi onunkhira.
Kulowa sikukuletsedwa kwa amuna ena onse, koma zazikazi zokhala ndi nyama zazing'ono zimangoyenda mwaulere mu savannah, zimasamuka pamalopo kupita kumalo ena. Amuna achichepere, omwe adasochera kuchokera kwa amayi awo, koma sanakule ndikudziyimira pawokha, amapanga magulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komwe amasonkhana mpaka kukhwima kwathunthu.
Pofunafuna chakudya, ma gerenuk amapita kukazizira, nthawi zambiri m'mawa komanso madzulo, kupumula masana pansi pamthunzi wamitengo yosawerengeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Gerenuk, mosiyana ndi antelope ena, amadziwa kuyimirira ndi miyendo iwiri, kuwongoka mpaka kutalika kwake ndikukhala tsiku lonse m'malo amenewa. Kapangidwe kapadera ka mafupa amchiuno kumathandizira kukhalabe olimba kwa nthawi yayitali.
Pakati pa chilala chotalika komanso m'malo ouma pang'ono, ma gerenuk samavutika ndi ludzu konse.... Kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino, amakhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira mu zipatso ndi masamba owiritsa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma gerenuk samakonda kuchoka m'malo ouma, ngakhale nyama zina zikakakamizidwa kupita kukafunafuna madzi opatsa moyo.
Ndi gerenuk angati omwe amakhala
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali yamiyala yamiyala zimasiyanasiyana: ena amatcha nambala "10", ena amatero pafupifupi zaka 12-14. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri asayansi apeza, nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo osungira nyama zimakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala akulu komanso atali kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwakanthawi kwamwamuna ndi 0.9-1.05 m wokhala ndi makilogalamu 45-52, pomwe akazi samakula kuposa 0.8-1 m pomwe amafota ndi kulemera kwa 30 kg. Kuphatikiza apo, mwamuna wamwamuna wokhwima pogonana amawonekera patali chifukwa cha nyanga zake zakuda zopindika (mpaka masentimita 30 kutalika): mwa akazi izi zakunja sizikupezeka.
Mitundu ya Gerenuque
Mbawala wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa 2 subspecies.
Omwe asankhidwa posachedwapa ndi akatswiri a zoo monga mitundu yodziyimira payokha:
- kum'mwera gerenouk (Litocranius walleri walleri) ndi masheya omwe amasankhidwa ku Kenya, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Tanzania ndi kumwera kwa Somalia (mpaka ku Mtsinje wa Webi-Shabelle);
- kumpoto gerenuk (Litocranius walleri sclateri) - amakhala kumwera kwa Djibouti, kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Ethiopia, kumpoto komanso pakati pa Somalia (kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Webi-Shabelle).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtundu wa gerenuka umakwirira mapiri ndi mapiri kuchokera ku Ethiopia ndi Somalia mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Tanzania.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo, mbawala zamphongo, zolimbidwa modzidzimutsidwa ndi Aigupto akale, zimakhala ku Sudan ndi Egypt, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zojambula pamiyala zomwe zidapezeka ku Wadi Sab (kumanja kwa Nailo) ndipo zidalembedwa 4000-2900. BC e.
Pakadali pano, ma gerenuk amapezeka pamapiri ouma kwambiri komanso owuma, komanso m'mapiri ouma kapena achinyontho, pazigwa, zitunda kapena mapiri osaposa 1.6 km. Gerenuk sakonda nkhalango zowirira komanso malo otseguka kwambiri okhala ndi udzu, amakonda malo okhala ndi zitsamba.
Zakudya za Gerenuch
Gerenuk adazolowera kukhala m'chilengedwe chovuta, pomwe mitundu yambiri imapikisanirana chakudya chimodzi kapena madzi ochepa.
Mphalapala zagulugufe zaphunzira kukhala ndi moyo chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kosazolowereka pa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, kufikira malo okwera kwambiri - maluwa, masamba, masamba ndi mphukira zomwe zimamera pamwamba pa tchire, pomwe antelope ofupikitsa komanso omata sangathe kufikira.
Pachifukwa ichi, ma gerenuk adakulitsanso kutalika kwa miyendo ndi khosi, komanso adapeza lilime lolimba (ngati la giraffe), milomo yayitali komanso yolunjika pang'ono, kuwalola kugwirana nthambi zaminga. Mutu wawung'ono, wopapatiza, womwe umafinya mosavuta kudzera mu mphukira yaminga ya mthethe, umathandizanso kuzemba minga yakuthwa.
Kuti ifike panthambi zazitali kwambiri, gerenuk imakwera m'miyendo yake yakumbuyo, ikukoka mutu wake pang'ono ndikupita kukadya, ndikuthothola masamba onse omwe alipo. Kutambasula (panthawi yoyenera) ya khosi lalitali kumathandizanso kukulira kukula, chifukwa chake gerenuk imatha kudya masamba omwe sangathe kufikira omwe amapikisana nawo pachakudya - antelope wamiyendo yakuda.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kusaka ma gerenuk kumachitika nthawi zambiri, mpaka nthawi yamvula, koma kwakukulu kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya... Zomera zowonjezera chakudya, kwambiri masewera achikondi. Amuna amapangidwa kuti aziphatikiza zibwenzi, ndichifukwa chake amayesetsa kuti akazi asachoke m'dera lawo munthawi yovutayi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mzimayi akakumana ndi wamwamuna wokondwa, amamenya makutu ake kumutu kwake, ndipo amamulemba m'chiuno mwachinsinsi. Ngati mkwatibwi ali munthawi yogonana, amakodza nthawi yomweyo kuti chibwenzi chimvetsetse za kukonzekera kwake ndi fungo losadziwika la mkodzo. Ngati mkodzo umatulutsa kununkhira kolondola, wamwamuna amaphimba wamkazi, koma samagawana nawo zovuta, kupita kukasaka zochitika zatsopano zachikondi.
Mimba ya gerenuch imakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kutha ndikubadwa kwa m'modzi, kawirikawiri - ana awiri. Ntchito isanakwane, mkazi amayesetsa kuchoka pagululo, kufunafuna malo abata, nthawi zambiri pakati paudzu. Mwana akangobadwa (wolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu atatu) atabadwa, mayi ake amamunyambita ndipo nthawi yomweyo amadya pambuyo pake kuti asakope adani.
Masabata awiri oyamba ng'ombe ili pamalo amodzi, ndipo amayi amabwera kwa iye 3-4 pa tsiku kuti adye ndi kuyeretsa. Kuitana mwana wa ng'ombe, wamkazi amatuluka mwakachetechete. Kenako amayesa kunyamuka (pang'onopang'ono kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa zake) ndikutsata amayi ake. Pofika miyezi itatu, achinyamata amakhala atatafunafuna chakudya chotafuna, pang'ono pang'ono amasiya mkaka wa amayi.
Kubereka kwa nyama zazing'ono kumachitika munthawi zosiyanasiyana: kuthekera kwakubereka kwazimayi kumatsegukira pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, mwa amuna - ndi zaka 1.5. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna akulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi amayi awo mpaka azaka pafupifupi 2, pomwe akazi amakhala ndi ufulu wonse komanso kubereka.
Adani achilengedwe
Gwape wamkulu amathawa mosavuta kwa omwe amawathamangitsa chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri (mpaka 70 km / h) komanso kuyendetsa bwino kwake. Nyama yokhayo yomwe singagwire mphalapala mwachangu ndi cheetah.
Ndizosangalatsa! Gerenuk amatopa msanga kuthamanga mozungulira (patadutsa ma kilomita angapo) ndikutuluka kwa 5 km, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati mwachangu ngati cheetah, koma fisi wouma khosi ndi galu wonga fisi. Nyama zolusazi zimalondola mphalapala mpaka zitatheratu.
Adani ena a gerenuke, mikango ndi akambuku, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodikirira, kudikirira kuti abisalire. Pozindikira kuopsa kwake, mulu wa njaluyo amaundana ndipo amayesa kulumikizana ndi chilengedwe. Ngati sizingakhale ngati chitsamba, gerenuk imathawa, ikutambasula khosi lake kufanana ndi nthaka. Ng'ombe za Gerenuch zili ndi adani ambiri, omwe sanathamangitse kuthamanga ndikuthawa, ngati n'kotheka, muudzu wamtali. Amakhala ofunitsitsa kudya aliyense amene akusaka makolo awo, komanso nyama zing'onozing'ono zodya nyama, kuphatikiza miimba yamakoko yaku Africa, ziwombankhanga zankhondo, anyani ndi nkhandwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Litocranius walleri (gerenuk) ali m'gulu la IUCN Red List ngati mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kufika pachiwopsezo... Malinga ndi IUCN, anthu padziko lonse lapansi amiyala yamiyala idatsika kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2016 (yopitilira mibadwo itatu) ndi 25%.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchepa kwapitilira, komwe kumathandizidwa makamaka ndi zinthu za anthropogenic:
- kudula mitengo (yokonzera nkhuni ndi makala);
- kukulitsa malo odyetserako ziweto;
- kuwononga malo;
- kusaka.
Kuphatikiza apo, nkhondo zambiri komanso mikangano yapachiweniweni yomwe imachitika m'malo ambiri amtunduwu ku Ogaden ndi Somalia ndi omwe amachititsa kuti ma Gerenuks atha. Antelopes adapulumuka pano ngakhale kulibe chitetezo kuchokera kwa aboma, koma anthu ochulukirapo tsopano akukhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Ethiopia, komanso kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Kenya. Mbawala zafupi zapezeka ku Western Kilimanjaro ndipo ndizodziwika kufupi ndi Nyanja ya Natron, Tanzania.
Zofunika! Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN, lero ndi 10% yokha ya gerenuch omwe ali m'malo otetezedwa. Apa ndipomwe kuchuluka kwa antelopes kukhoza kukhazikika, ngati sichoncho chifukwa chosokoneza chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha chilala ndi rinderpest, anthu aku Tsavo National Park (Kenya) atsika posachedwa.
Akatswiri azachilengedwe amalosera kuti ngati zoyipa zikapitilira, gerenuk idzazimiririka m'malo ake ambiri... Nyama sizimangofa pang'onopang'ono, komanso zimakhala zovuta kuwerengera. Zimakhala zovuta kuziwerenga zonse kuchokera pansi komanso mlengalenga chifukwa cha kuyenda ndi magulu ochepa amabanja, zitsamba zowirira komanso kutengera mitundu. Kuyambira mu 2017, mitundu yonse ya zamoyozo ndi anthu 95,000.
