Forest-steppe, steppe ndi semi-desert - njoka za m'chigawo cha Rostov zimakhala m'malo atatu achilengedwewa, omwe mitundu yawo yazachilengedwe imachepetsedwa ndi ma herpetologists mpaka 10 taxa.
Njoka zapoizoni
Zina mwa zokwawa zimangokhala m'chigwa / nkhalango, zina zimapezeka kudera lonse la Rostov. Njoka za poizoni zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu inayi, yomwe poizoni wake ndi wowopsa kwa anthu komanso ziweto. Chokhacho chomwe muyenera kudziwa ndikuti njokayo siziukira koyamba, ngati sizisokonezedwa (mwapondaponda mwangozi kapena kulumikizidwa ndi ndodo).
Njoka ya steppe
Njoka yamasana yosankha malo otseguka - madera ndi zipululu za dera la Rostov. Anthu ochuluka kwambiri adalembedwa kumadera akumwera, kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa.
Njoka ya steppe siyitali kwambiri, imakula mpaka avareji ya 61-63 cm, pomwe masentimita 55 amagwera thupi lolimba, ndipo enawo - pamchira wawufupi. Makhalidwe ake ndiopapatiza (ofukula m'mbali) ophunzira, mutu woboola pakati komanso utoto wa mchenga wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a zigzag m'mbali mwa phirilo. Melanists (anthu akuda) samabadwira pafupi ndi Rostov.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, chifukwa cha kulumidwa kwa mphiri, mahatchi ndi zinyama zazing'ono zimawonongeka pakudya. Zotsatira zakupha kwa munthu ndizokayikitsa, pokhapokha mantha a anaphylactic atachitika, ndipo thandizo silibwera nthawi.
Njoka imeneyi, ngakhale kuti ili ndi poizoni, ndi yamanyazi. Akakumana, amathawira msanga, ndikuwukira mokakamiza, ngati njira yopulumukira idadulidwa.
Nthawi zambiri, njoka ya mphiri imayambitsa chizungulire, kupuma movutikira, kufooka, kuzizira, kutupa, ndi kuvulaza / kuphulika pamalo olumirako. Thupi labwino limalimbana ndi kuledzera m'masiku ochepa.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha ntchito zachiwawa za anthu, kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa mphamba wakuchepa kwatsika: Russia ndichonso, pomwe mitunduyo ili pachiwopsezo. Kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo, kuyimitsidwa kwa ululu wa mphiri kunayimitsidwa, ndipo adatengedwa ndi chitetezo cha The Bern Convention (Convention on the Protection of Fauna / Flora and Natural Habitats ku Europe).
Njoka wamba
Mitundu ya mitundu ya zamoyo "imakwirira" makamaka madera akumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera la Rostov, ngakhale zitsanzo zina zimapezekanso zigawo zikuluzikulu.
Chokwawa chapakatikati. Njoka zazitali mita imodzi zimapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi (mwachitsanzo, ku Scandinavia), mamba ang'onoang'ono amakhala ku Don steppes (mpaka 65 cm). Njokayo ili ndi thupi lakuda, mchira waufupi komanso mutu wamakona atatu, wopatukana ndi khosi.
Mitundu ya thupi imasiyanasiyana ndipo imatha kukhala yaimvi, yachikasu-bulauni, yofiirira komanso yofiirira. M'malo ena mulinso njoka zamtundu wakuda.
Njoka iyi imakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kumbuyo kwake omwe amapinda chilembo "X" pamutu, ndipo nsonga ya mchira nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiira, yalanje kapena yachikaso.
Ululu wa mphiri wamba umayambitsa kukha mwazi kwambiri ndikuwonekera kwa malo amanjenje pafupi ndi malo olumirako, chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya poyizoni imadziwikanso ndi kuyandikira kwa kuluma kumutu. Zizindikiro zake ndizofooka kwambiri, chizungulire, komanso kuzizira. Kuluma kwa mphiri wamba sikupha kawirikawiri: pokhapokha ngati muli ndi vuto la poizoni.
Viper ya Nikolsky
Si akatswiri onse azitsamba omwe amazindikira kuti ndi mtundu wodziyimira pawokha, womwe umawutcha kuti subspecies wa mphiri wamba. Ngakhale kufanana ndi melanists, Nikolsky njoka ali ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe palokha, mosiyana ndi njoka zina, osati kokha mu utoto wake wakuda kwambiri, komanso mu mokoma kapangidwe ka mamba ndi diso la diso - mwana sakuwoneka, popeza wazunguliridwa ndi njerwa yakuda.
Zokwawa zazikulu zimakula mpaka 85 cm m'litali ndi thupi lolemera komanso lolimba, lofanana ndi loluka.
Zosangalatsa. Njoka zazing'ono ndizopepuka kuposa achikulire ndipo zimaoneka zofiirira-zofiirira ndi zigzag zofiirira m'mbali mwa chitunda: pofika chaka chachitatu cha moyo, mamba amada ndipo mtunduwo umasowa.
Njoka yoopsa kwambiri m'chigawo cha Rostov imakhala kumpoto, kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera la Rostov, posankha, monga lamulo, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zodikirira (nthawi zambiri), zodulidwa ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje.
Chakudya cha njoka ya Nikolsky chimaphatikizapo:
- zikopa;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- achule;
- mbalame zisa pansi;
- mazira awo ndi anapiye.
Njoka zazing'ono zimadya tizirombo tating'onoting'ono, achule abulauni, adyo, nsomba ndipo samapewa zakufa. Pamtunda njoka ya Nikolsky imakwawa pang'onopang'ono, koma imasambira mwachangu kuposa njoka zina za "Rostov".
Poizoni wa njoka ya Nikolsky amadziwika kuti ndi wowopsa chifukwa chakupha kwa ma cardiotoxin (kusokoneza ntchito ya minofu yamtima) mmenemo, kuphatikiza ziphe zowononga magazi. Pambuyo kuluma, palpitations ndi khunyu amadziwika, nthawi zina - kukomoka ndi kukomoka. Sichotsedwe (makamaka omwe ali ndi ziwengo) ndi zotsatira zoyipa.
Tsopano Vipera nikolskii amatetezedwa mdera la Khopersky.
Shitomordnik wamba
Iyenso ndi Pallas mace - mitundu yofala kwambiri yamtundu wa mouton, yomwe imakonda kukhala zipululu zazing'ono komanso zitsamba. Kukhazikika m'deralo, malo ouma kwambiri komanso otentha m'chigawo cha Rostov: kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi Salskaya steppe.
Njokayo imadziwika ndi msana wake wa bulauni kapena wotuwa, wokhala ndi mawanga ofiira akuda. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono amapezeka pambali, komanso pamutu, m'mbali mwake momwe muli mzere wakuda wakumbuyo. Mwa omwe akuyimira mitunduyo, anthu akuda ndi ofiira njerwa siachilendo.
Zosangalatsa. Shitomordniki adapeza dzina lawo lachibadwa chifukwa cha zikopa zokulitsa (mafupa) pamutu.
Iyi ndi njoka yamutu, yomwe imatha kumva kupezeka kwa nyama zamagazi ngakhale mumdima wandiweyani. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala nyama ya njenjete zokula. Zakudya za njoka zazikulu zimakhala ndi zinyama zazing'ono:
- steppe makoswe;
- zikopa;
- abuluzi ndi njoka;
- mbalame zazing'ono / anapiye;
- mazira a mbalame.
Kuluma njoka kumapweteka kwa anthu, koma nthawi zambiri kumapha mahatchi ndi ziweto zina. Njoka imamenya munthu ngati pali chiwopsezo kuchokera kwa iye chomwe (pakalibe thandizo lakanthawi) chingayambitse ziwalo za kupuma. Ola limodzi chitachitika chiwembu cha njoka, kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo ndi kutayika kwa chidziwitso, komanso ma hematomas, kukha mwazi ndi kutupa m'malo oluma, zomwe zimabweretsa matenda a necrosis.
Njoka zopanda poizoni
Mitundu itatu ya njoka, mitundu iwiri ya njoka ndi mutu wamkuwa - zonsezi ndi njoka zopanda poizoni za m'chigawo cha Rostov. Vuto lawo ndiloti amachitidwa mopanda nzeru ndi alendo opanda nzeru omwe sangathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zokwawa zowopsa komanso zopanda vuto.
Wothamanga wotengera
Ndi za banja lopapatiza ndipo limasinthidwa kukhala moyo wokhala ndi ma biotopu osiyana - madambo, madambo, zigwa zamtsinje, kunja kwa madambo, madambo amchere, m'minda ya mpunga, milu, nkhalango za mlombwa, mabango, mapiri, komanso nkhalango za coniferous komanso zosakanikirana.
Imeneyi inali njoka yopanda vuto komanso yopanda vuto yomwe anthu am'mudzimo adayitcha "njoka ya chess", ndikuiwononga mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti njoka yomwe idapangidwayo idalowa mu Red Book la Russian Federation.
Njoka zachikulire zimakula mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka ndipo zimadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri kuchokera kuimvi mpaka yofiirira ndi yakuda (pakati pama melanists). Pali mikwingwirima 4 yosiyana m'mbali mwa chitunda, iwiri yomwe imafikira kumchira. Madera awiri amdima amawoneka kumtunda kwa mutu, ndipo mzere wakanthawi watambasula kupyola diso (ndi mwana wozungulira).
Njokayo yamakedzana imakwera bwino mitengo, miyala ndi nthaka, imasambira ndikumira bwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimabisala m'ming'alu pansi pa mizu, mabowo akale ndi ming'alu yamiyala.
Menyu yamitundu ya njoka imaphatikizapo:
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono;
- mbalame, anapiye / mazira awo;
- amphibiya;
- njoka zazing'ono;
- nsomba;
- tizilombo.
Adani achilengedwe a njokayo amawerengedwa kuti ndi odyetsa nthaka ndi nthenga, makamaka chiwombankhanga, komanso posachedwapa ndi anthu, ngakhale kuti njokayo imayesetsa kuti isayende.
Wothamanga wokwera anayi
Wina wopapatiza, wokhala bwino, koma biotopes yokhala ndi mthunzi wokhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira. M'dera la Rostov, njoka za misewu inayi zimasankha nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi zigwa, mitsinje yamadzi osefukira, malo amchenga okhala ndi mchenga, malo otsetsereka amiyala (odzaza tchire), minda ya zipatso ndi minda yamphesa. Pansi pa pogona, imagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu yamiyala, maenje ndi maenje, komanso ming'alu yayikulu panthaka.
Misewu inayi ndi yayikulupo kuposa othamanga: ndi kutalika kwa 1.5 m, zitsanzo zopitilira 2 mita imapezekanso.
Iyi ndi njoka yopyapyala kwambiri yokhala ndi mutu wopapatiza wooneka ngati daimondi komanso kutseka khosi moperewera. Pali magawo atatu a njoka zokwera njanji zinayi (ziwiri mwa izo sizipezeka ku Russia), zosiyana ndi kunja kwawo ndi machitidwe.
Zokonda za Gastronomic sizongokhala makoswe okha: njoka imasaka nyama zazing'ono, mbalame ndikuwononga zisa za mbalame. Njoka zokhwima nthawi zambiri zimadya abuluzi. Njokayo imangoyenda mosavuta paming'oma, komanso mopanda zovuta idaponya kuchokera ku nthambi yina kupita ku ina, ngati itasiyana ndi 0.5-0.6 m.
Adani achilengedwe a njokayo ndi nkhandwe, ferrets ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Podziwa munthu, njokayo imayesa kubisala muudzu wandiweyani, koma sizimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka yamphongo ndikuphedwa, ndichifukwa chake njoka yokwera misewu inayi inafika pamasamba a Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Caspian, kapena njoka yamiyala yachikasu
Analandira ulemu wa njoka yayikulu kwambiri osati m'chigawo cha Rostov komanso ku Europe konse, popeza anthu okhwima amakula mpaka mita 2.5.
Okhala m'malo ouma (otseguka / otseguka) a biotopes - theka-chipululu, nkhalango, miyala yamiyala, mapiri a mitsinje, malamba a nkhalango, zitsamba za shrub, malo otsetsereka a mitsinje ndi zigwa. Samachita manyazi ndi malo olimidwa - minda yamphesa ndi minda yamphesa, mipanda yamiyala, nyumba zosiyidwa ndi maudindo. Kukwawa panjira, nthawi zambiri amafera pansi mawilo magalimoto.
Njoka ya Caspian imasaka chilichonse chomwe chimafikira pakhosi pake. Masewera omwe mumakonda - nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame. Njokayo imawononga mbewa ndi makoswe ochuluka kwambiri, nthawi ndi nthawi kumadya ma gopher ndi ma raccoon.
Njoka yamiyala yachikasu imeza nyama zazing'ono zamoyo, pomwe nyama zazikulu zimapanikizidwa pansi, zikupanikizika ndi kulemera kwa matupi awo.
Njokayo samawoneka ngati njoka, koma ngakhale zili choncho, imavutika nthawi zonse ndi amateurs omwe akuchita mantha, ndichifukwa chake imakhala m'gulu la Russia ngati nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo.
Komabe, yotsirizira komanso amatenga njoka yaikulu, yomwe (mosiyana ndi njoka yomweyo) sakonda kuthawa, koma amakonda kudziteteza mwamphamvu. Pozindikira kuti mdaniyo ali ndi njiru, njokayo imadziponya mu mpira, ndikuponyera thupi mwamphamvu kuti lilume kumaso kapena m'khosi. Zachidziwikire, njokayo ilibe poizoni, ndiye zomwe ingachite ndikadula khungu.
Mkuwa wamba
Amapezeka m'chigawo cha Rostov pafupifupi kulikonse. Monga njoka, ndi ya banja laling'ono, koma imawerengedwa kuti ndi poyizoni, chifukwa poizoni wake umagwira nyama zazing'ono ndi tizilombo.
Copperhead imasiyanitsidwa ndi njoka zambiri ku Europe ndimizere yayitali yayitali yodutsa diso mozungulira (monga ziweto zonse zopanda poizoni). Mano amakulira mkatikati, kotero kuti wovulalayo apeze poizoni wochepa. Makutu akulu amkuwa samapitilira 60-70 masentimita ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala okutidwa ndi mizere ingapo yamagawo opingasa (odziwika kwambiri m'chigawo cha khosi), nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa mikwingwirima yosagwirizana. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kumakongoletsedwanso ndi mawanga / mikwingwirima ingapo.
Zofunika. Mkuwa amajambulidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - imvi, bulauni-chikasu, mitundu yonse ya bulauni, komanso yofiira yamkuwa. Anthu amdima kwambiri amabadwa, mpaka akuda (ndi melanism).
Mkuwa umasaka tizilombo, njoka zazing'ono, abuluzi ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Mitundu yambiri yomwe idadziwika kuti ili pachiwopsezo, ikuchepa mwachangu, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimakhalapo - kulima malo okhala, kudula mitengo ndi ena.
Madzi kale
Mitundu yodziwika kudera la Rostov (makamaka ku chigumula cha Don), kutsatira matupi amadzi achilengedwe. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi njoka wamba posakhala ndi malo akanthawi kochepa. Ndi njoka yofiira ya azitona yomwe nsana wake watambasula ndi mawanga akuda patebulopo.
Mtundu wa njoka yamadzi imakhalanso monochrome - wakuda kapena maolivi, osawona. Njoka yayikulu imakula mpaka 1-1.3 m, kawirikawiri mpaka 1.6 mita. Maso ake ndi ozungulira, otuluka pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri masana, njoka yamadzi imasambira, kugwira nsomba ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Wamba kale
Mwina njoka yofala kwambiri m'chigawo cha Rostov. Kale, ngati sali wokonda kuimba, ndizovuta kumusokoneza ndi njoka ina: amapatsidwa zizindikilo ziwiri kumbuyo kwa makutu (zoyera, zachikasu, lalanje kapena pinki). Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna ndipo amatha kufikira 2.5 m, ndikutalika kwa munthu osaposa mita. Makoswe, achule ndi nsomba zimakhala ngati chakudya. Njokayo imasakidwa ndi nyama zina, kuphatikizapo mbalame, komanso adokowe.
Zochita mukakumana ndi njoka
Tiyenera kumusiya, zomwe adzagwiritsadi ntchito. Ngati chiwembucho chidachitika chifukwa chakusazindikira kwanu (mudaponda njokayo kapena kuitola ndi ndodo), tengani antihistamine. Pofuna kupewa anaphylactic mantha, jekeseni yankho la tavegil (1-2 ml) pansi pa khungu, kubaya bala kuchokera mbali zonse. Pakakhala zizindikilo zazikulu, jekeseni dexazone kapena dexamethasone (2-3 ml) mu mnofu, kenako mutengereni wodwalayo kuchipatala.
Chisamaliro. Osayamwa poizoni (izi ndizopanda ntchito), musatenthe kapena kudula chilondacho, kuti musakule minofu.
Sungani mwendo wolumidwa, imwani 70 g ya vodka / mowa (uyu ndi vasodilator), ndipo imwani madzi amadzimadzi ambiri (tiyi wazitsamba, mowa, khofi), chifukwa poizoni amatulutsidwa kudzera mu impso zokha.
