Chikhalidwe cha chilumba cha Crimea ndichabwino komanso chosiyanasiyana, pomwe malo okhala nkhalango zamapiri amakhala pamodzi ndi mapiri. Mitundu yambiri yazinyama imakhala m'malo amenewa, kuphatikiza mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya njoka, zomwe ziwiri zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa anthu. Anthu omwe amakonda zokopa alendo, komanso okonda zosangalatsa zakunja kwa tawuni, akuyenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa zokwawa zowopsa ndi zopanda vuto. Sizipwetekanso kudziwa momwe mungakhalire moyenera mukakumana ndi njoka, zomwe zingachitike kapena zomwe sizingachitike pazochitika ngati izi.
Njoka zapoizoni
Mwa njoka zapoizoni ku Crimea, ndi mphiri yokhayokha yomwe imakhala, yomwe imapezeka makamaka ku steppe ndi nkhalango za Eurasia.
Njoka ya steppe
Njoka yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 40-60 cm, pomwe amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa akazi.
Mosiyana ndi njoka yanthawi zonse, yomwe matupi ake ndi otakata pakati, thupi la mphamba limakhala lofanana pakulimba, pomwe limakhala ngati lathyathyathya pang'ono.
Mutu wake ndi wokulirapo pang'ono, wokutidwa kutsogolo ndi ziphuphu zazing'ono zazing'ono, ndipo m'mphepete mwa mphuno mumakwezedwa pang'ono.
Masikelo a njokayo ndi ofiira-ofiira, pomwe kumbuyo kuli mtundu wokhotakhota wa utoto wakuda kapena wakuda. Kumbali ya thupi, kuli mzere wa mawanga akuda pang'ono. Mimba ndi yotuwa, ndimiyala yaying'ono. Mdima wakuda, pafupifupi njoka zakuda zopanda pake ndizosowa kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, njokayi imapezeka m'mapiri, zitunda, zipululu, komanso mapiri, komwe amakhala kumtunda wa mamita 2,700 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zofunika! M'nyengo yachilimwe, mphiri wokhazikika amatha kugwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo, pomwe masika ndi nthawi yophukira imakonda kusaka masana. Pamtunda pamakhala pang'onopang'ono, koma imasambira bwino ndipo imatha kukwera pama nthambi a zitsamba kapena mitengo yotsika.
Njokayi imadzuka kutentha kwa mpweya kufika madigiri asanu ndi awiri, ndipo nyengo yake yoswana imagwera pa Epulo-Meyi. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, njokayo imabweretsa ana 4 mpaka 24, kukula kwake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 11-13, omwe amakhala okhwima pogonana mchaka chachitatu cha moyo.
Njoka ya steppe ikhoza kukhala yowopsa kwa anthu, koma nthawi yomweyo ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa imawononga osati mbalame zazing'ono ndi abuluzi okha, komanso tizirombo taulimi - makoswe ndi tizilombo ta mafupa. Dzombe ndi gawo lalikulu la chakudya chake, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala tsoka lenileni kwa alimi.
Njoka zopanda poizoni
M'dera la Crimea Peninsula pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya njoka zopanda poizoni. Komabe, chimodzi mwazomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa munthu, chifukwa chimakhala chankhanza.
Njoka yamiyala yachikasu
Ndizo za njoka zazikulu kwambiri ku Europe: nthawi zina zimafika 200-250 cm kukula, pomwe amuna amatha kutalika kuposa akazi.
Mutu wa mkanda wonyezimira wachikaso ndi wocheperako ndi mphuno yozungulira, kutsekereza komwe kumalekanitsa ndi khosi sikuwonetsedwa bwino. Maso akutuluka pang'ono, ndi mwana wozungulira. Masikelo ndi achikulire, osalala.
Gawo lakumtunda lajambulidwa ndi azitona kapena wachikasu-bulauni, kapena ofiira, ofiira ofiira-chitumbuwa, palinso pafupifupi anthu akuda. Mimba ndi mtundu umodzi, wachikasu wonyezimira, lalanje kapena lalanje lofiira.
Njoka izi zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo otseguka - m'mapiri, m'chipululu, pakati pamiyala yamiyala, m'malo otsetsereka a zigwembe ndi zigwa.
Amathanso kupezeka mu tchire, malamba a m'nkhalango, m'minda, m'minda yamphesa, m'mabwinja a nyumba, modyera udzu. Mapiriwo amatalika mpaka mamita 1600 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Amasaka makoswe, abuluzi, amphibiya, mbalame ndi njoka za mitundu ina, kuphatikizapo njoka ndi mphiri.
Amakwatirana mu Epulo-Meyi, patadutsa miyezi 2.5, mkazi amatayira mazira 5-18, pomwe kumayambiriro kwa njoka zam'nyengo zamphongo pafupifupi 30 cm.Amafika pakukula msinkhu wazaka 3-4, ndipo njoka zamiyala yachikaso zimakhala m'malo awo achilengedwe kuyambira 8 mpaka zaka 10.
Njoka izi siziwopa anthu, akakumana nawo, samayesa kukwawa posachedwa, koma, atakulungidwa m'miphete, amaponyera munthuyo patali mpaka mamita 2, pomwe akuyesera kulowa pamaso. Kuluma kwa njoka yamiyala yachikaso kumakhala kopweteka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumasiya kansalu kakang'ono kumbuyo.
Wothamanga wa Leopard
Nthawi zambiri, amuna amtunduwu samapitilira 100 masentimita m'litali, zazikazi zimatha kukhala zazikulu pang'ono - mpaka masentimita 120. Njoka iyi, yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwake komanso mtundu wapadera, ndizosatheka kusokoneza mitundu ina yofananira.
Mutu wa njoka yamphongo ndi yopapatiza komanso yolumikizidwa pang'ono, maso ake ndi agolide-lalanje, apakati, mwana wozungulira ndi wozungulira.
Mtundu waukulu wa thupi ndi wotuwa kapena ngale imvi, wokhala ndi mawanga ofiira kapena ofiira ofiira, okumbutsa kapangidwe kake pakhungu la kambuku komanso m'malire ndi mawonekedwe akuda.
Njoka za kambuku zimapezeka kumwera kwa Europe. Kuphatikiza pa Crimea, amapezeka, mwachitsanzo, ku Italy, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Croatia.
Njoka izi zimadyetsa makoswe ngati mbewa ngati ma voles. Nthawi yawo yobereketsa imakhala mu Meyi-Juni, ndipo kuyambira ana awiri mpaka asanu amaswa mu Ogasiti - Seputembara.
Akatswiri othamanga a Leopard amakhala mwamtendere ndipo samawomberana ndi munthu poyamba, koma amatha kuyesa kuluma podziteteza.
Wothamanga wokwera anayi
Njoka yayikulu yofika masentimita 260, koma yopanda vuto lililonse kwa anthu.
Mutu umakutidwa ngati daimondi, chiberekero chimalephera kufotokoza bwino. Gawo lakumtunda nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi bulauni wonyezimira, wachikasu kapena wotuwa, mimba ndi yachikasu, nthawi zina imakhala ndi mabala akuda ngati mawanga.
Chikhalidwe cha mtundu uwu wa njoka ndi mikwingwirima inayi yopapatiza ya utoto wakuda, yomwe ili kumtunda kwa thupi la reptile.
Njoka yokwera misewu inayi imakonda kukhazikika m'malo abwino, komwe kuli malo amdima, m'malo achinyezi. Mutha kukumana naye pamphepete ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo otsetsereka okhala ndi tchire, komanso malo amchenga, minda yamphesa ndi minda.
Pamasiku akuda mitambo, njoka zamtundu uwu zimasaka masana, komanso padzuwa ndi masiku otentha, usiku komanso madzulo.
Amadyetsa makoswe, lagomorphs, mbalame. Amakwera mitengo mwangwiro, komanso, amadziwa kuthana ndi mtunda pakati pa nthambi zotalikirana wina ndi mnzake kudzera mlengalenga.
Mu Julayi kapena Ogasiti, mkaziyo amatenga mazira 4 mpaka 16; patatha milungu 7-9, ana amatuluka masentimita 20 mpaka 30 pafupifupi. Amakhala oyenerera kubereka m'zaka 3-4.
Sachita nkhanza kwa anthu ndipo akakumana nawo mwangozi, njoka izi, nthawi zambiri, zimayesera kubisala muudzu waukulu posachedwa.
Medyanka
Pa chilumba cha Crimea, pali mtundu umodzi wokha wamkuwa - mutu wamphesa wamba. Kutalika kwakanthawi kwa njokazi ndi 60-70 cm, komanso, mchira wake ndi wochepera ka 4-6 kuposa thupi.
Mutu wake ndi wonyezimira, mwana wamwamuna ndi wozungulira, maso ake ndi golide wonyezimira kapena wofiira.
Masikelo ndi osalala, thupi lakumtunda limakhala laimvi, labuluu wachikaso kapena bulauni-bulauni wokhala ndi utoto wamkuwa. Pachifukwa ichi, kumbuyo kwake, pangakhale chitsanzo mwa mawonekedwe a mawanga osakanikirana kapena mabala.
Mtundu wamimba nthawi zambiri umakhala waimvi, koma umatha kukhalanso wamtundu uliwonse kuyambira chitsulo chamtambo mpaka chofiira, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala mawanga kapena mabala amdima.
Pamutu pa opopera, mawonekedwe ake amawonekera, ngati mzere wamdima womwe umachokera m'mphuno kupita kukachisi.
Ma Copperheads amakhala m'malo owala bwino, owuma, monga m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, mapiri a nkhalango, madambo ndi kudula mitengo mwachangu, amathanso kukwera mapiri mpaka 3000 mita pamwamba pamadzi.
Njokayi imasinthasintha, ngakhale nthawi zina imatha kuwonedwa nthawi yamadzulo komanso usiku.
Amasaka abuluzi, mbalame zapakati, makoswe, amphibiya, ndi njoka, nthawi zina zimatha kudya anthu ang'onoang'ono amtundu wawo.
Nthawi yoberekera opopera imakhala mu Meyi, ndipo nthawi yotentha kuyambira ana awiri mpaka 15 amatulutsa mazira omwe amayika akazi, omwe ndi zipolopolo zochepa. Njoka zamtunduwu zimakhwima pakadutsa zaka 3-5, ndipo mkuwa wonsewo umakhala zaka pafupifupi 12.
Mkuwa samaukira anthu kaye, ndipo samaluma. Komabe, ngati mungayesere kuigwira njokayo, ndiye kuti idzawomba ndi kutumphuka kwa mdani yemwe angakhalepo. Ngati sakufuna kumusiya yekha, adzayesa kuwopseza nyama yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mothandizidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa, lomwe limapangidwa m'matenda apadera.
Wamba kale
Mutha kusiyanitsa ndi njoka zina ndi zigamba zachikasu, lalanje kapena zoyera pamutu pake.
Kukula kwapakati pa njokazi ndi masentimita 140, koma akazi amatha kutalika mpaka 2.5 mita. Mutuwo ndi wamakona atatu, wozungulira pang'ono kuchokera mbali yakumphuno. Mwana wa njoka ndi wozungulira, osati wowongoka, ngati njoka zapoizoni.
Mambawo ndi amdima, otuwa kapena akuda, mimba ndi yotumbululuka, yachikaso kapena imvi yopepuka, nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi zolemba zobiriwira zobiriwira.
Njoka zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo achinyezi; nthawi zambiri njoka izi zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja, komanso m'malo am'madzi ndi madambo ozizira.
Njokazi siziopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala, ndipo nthawi zina zimakwawa ndikulowera kuzipinda zapansi panyumba kapena m'minda yamasamba.
Amakonda kudya njoka za amphibiya, makoswe onga mbewa ndi mbalame zazing'ono, amadyanso tizilombo tambiri.
Njoka izi zimaswana kumapeto kwa nthawi, kenako njokayo imayikira mazira 8 mpaka 30. Pambuyo pa miyezi 1-2, ana amatuluka kuchokera kwa iwo, omwe thupi lawo limakhala masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Iwo ali okonzeka kubereka pofika zaka 3-5 za moyo, ndipo chonsecho, njoka zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 20.
Njoka izi zimachitira anthu mwamtendere ndipo sizimayambanso kuwukira. Koma ngati akukwiyitsidwa kapena kuyesera kuwavulaza, kuti adziteteze, amatha kuthira munthu madzi akuda onunkhira omwe amapangidwa ndimatenda apadera pamunthu. Simaluma kawirikawiri, ndipo mabala omwe amatchulidwa ndi dzinali nthawi zambiri amatenga kachilombo chifukwa chakuti mano a njoka amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso zinyalala zovunda zomwe zimawunjikira.
Madzi kale
Njoka, yomwe kukula kwake sikupitilira mita 1.6, ndipo akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Mutu wake ndiwowulungika, wogundana pang'ono pang'ono kumutu, mwana wake ndi wozungulira.
Masikelo kumtunda kwa thupi ndi azitona zamtundu, maolivi-imvi kapena bulauni wobiriwira, okhala ndi mawanga obalalika kapena mikwingwirima yamdima wakuda. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso njoka za azitona zoyera kapena madzi akuda.
Njoka zamadzi zilibe zolemba zachikaso kapena lalanje pamitu yawo; m'malo mwake, njoka izi zili ndi mawanga akuda ngati V.
Njira ya moyo wa njoka yamadzi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi matupi amchere kapena amadzi, pomwe imasaka. Komanso, theka la chakudya chake ndi nsomba, ndipo zina zonse zomwe amakhala ndizakudya ndizomwe zili m'madzi.
Njoka izi zimatha kuwonedwa pamalo opumira ku Crimea, komwe amakonda kusaka nsomba kuchokera kubanja la goby.
Madzi am'madzi kale sanachite zachiwawa ndipo amayesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi munthu. Ngati akuyenera kudziteteza, amatero mothandizidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi fungo lonunkhira, lomwe limapangidwa m'matope omwe ali pafupi ndi mchira wake.
Khalidwe la njoka
Anthu ambiri amawopa njoka motero safuna kukumana nawo konse. Koma ngakhale chokwawa chomwecho, kugundana ndi munthu sikungatchedwe kosangalatsa, chifukwa chake, ambiri aiwo, kupatula zochepa kwambiri, amayesa kukwawa posachedwa, osamva kuyandikira kwa anthu.
Kuti msonkhano wangozi ndi njoka uchite popanda zovuta, tikulimbikitsidwa kutsatira malamulo ena:
- Mukamapita kunkhalango kapena kukakwera mapiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kuvala mathalauza ataliatali, olimba kapena ovololo, miyendo yake iyenera kulowetsedwa mu nsapato za jombo. Izi zithandizira kuteteza mano a njokayo pakagwa ngozi nayo. Kupatula apo, mano a zokwawa zambiri ndi ochepa, chifukwa chake, sangaboole nsapato kapena zovala.
- Mukasunthira komwe njoka zimayenera kukhala, muyenera kuyenda kuti phokoso la masitepe limveke bwino. Njoka, podziwa kugwedezeka kwa nthaka, iwonso amathamangira kuti abisalire anthu.
- Popeza mwakumana ndi njoka mwangozi m'munda, m'nkhalango, m'munda wamasamba kapena m'mapiri, palibe chifukwa choti muyenera kuyandikira. Ndikwabwino kuyima patali ndikudikirira modekha mpaka chokwawa chikukwawa chokha.
- Ngati njokayo ikuwonetsa kupsa mtima, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda poyizoni, koma ikuluma njoka zamiyala yachikasu, zimayenderana ndi zomwe muyenera kupewa, ndiye kuti muyenera kuyesa kuchoka pa reptile, kwinaku mukuyang'ana.
- Mulimonsemo simuyenera kuyandikira njoka ikuwotha moto pamwala kapena pa thunthu lakugwa, osayesa konse kuyithamangitsa kapena kuipha. Inde, pankhaniyi, zokwawa zija zidzamenyera nkhondo moyo wawo.
- Musanakhale pansi m'nkhalango kapena pamapiri pa mwala kapena chitsa, muyenera kuyang'ana mozungulira kuti muwonetsetse kuti mulibe njoka pamenepo.
- Njoka yomwe ikukwawa mu hema la alendo kapena thumba lakugona sayenera kuchita mantha ndikupsa mtima. Muyenera modekha, popanda kupanga kayendedwe mwadzidzidzi, dikirani mpaka chokwawa chomwe chimakwawa kutali ndi anthu.
- Simuyenera kupha njoka, ngakhale mawonekedwe ake akuwoneka onyansa kapena owopsa.
Ku Crimea, kulibe njoka imodzi yomwe ingakhale yoopsa kwa anthu. Ngakhale poizoni wa mphiriyu amafooka kwambiri kuposa poizoni wamtundu wake. Ponena za kambuku wosavulaza ndi njoka ya milozo inayi, kukumana nawo ndizokayikitsa, chifukwa njoka zamtunduwu ndizosowa ndipo, komanso, zimatetezedwa. Chifukwa chake, munthu sayenera, akakumana nawo, kuyesa kuwapeza kapena kuwavulaza. Mitundu yokhayo ya njoka za Crimea zomwe zitha kukhala zankhanza kwa anthu ndi njoka yamiyala yachikaso, yomwe muyenera kungokhala kutali osayesa kumukhumudwitsa. Ndipo, ndithudi, wina sayenera kuopseza njokayo kapena kuyambitsa chiwembu, chifukwa pokhapokha msonkhano ndi chokwawa ichi sichingakhale chopweteka kumbali zonse ziwiri.
