Llama ndi nyama yonyamula katundu yaku South America yolemetsa yomwe ndi ya ngamila. Llamas amakhala ndi khosi ndi miyendo yaitali; mutu ndi wochepa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi lonse, uli ndi makutu akulu, owoneka ngati nthochi. Nyamazi zimadziwika ndi ulusi wawo wautali waubweya, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zingwe ndi nsalu.
Kufotokozera kwa llama
Llamas ndi nyama zoweta zochokera ku South America, za banja limodzi ndi ngamila. Komabe, ma lamala alibe ma humps awiri. Llama ili ndi makutu ataliatali, ozungulira pang'ono mkati, amadziwikanso kuti mawonekedwe a nthochi. Mapazi ndi opapatiza, zala zawo ndizogawika kwambiri kuposa ngamila, chilichonse chimakhala ndi phala losalala. Llamas ali ndi michira yayifupi kwambiri, ndipo tsitsi lawo ndi lalitali, lofewa komanso loyera modabwitsa. Nyama zambiri zimakhala zofiirira, koma mthunzi wa malayawo umasiyanasiyana mumitambo yambiri kuyambira mdima mpaka wopepuka kwambiri, woyera, kutengera malo okhala.
M'mbuyomu, kuthengo, ma llamas amapezeka m'mapiri a Andes ku South America, komwe adakwezedwa ndikuwukitsidwa kwazaka mazana ambiri kuti apeze nyama, mkaka, ubweya wabwino kwambiri, ubweya wosagwira ozizira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zonyamula. Pakali pano amakula m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Ubweya wa Llama umadziwika chifukwa chofewa, pomwe pamwamba pake (chotchedwa tsitsi loteteza) chimakhala cholimba pang'ono ndipo chimateteza khungu ndi thupi kuti zisawonongeke pamakina ndi zovuta zina (mvula, kuzizira ndi zinyalala). Magawo onse awiriwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ubweya.
Llamas imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kunyamula katundu ndi anzawo okhala ndi ziboda. Pazinthu izi, amuna olimba mtima adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Llamas ali ndi magazi apadera omwe amawathandiza kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kumapiri. Lili ndi hemoglobin yochuluka kwambiri, yomwe imathandizira kunyamula mpweya kudzera m'magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azitha kulolerana bwino kwambiri, komwe mpweya umakhala wocheperako.
Llamas amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati alonda oweta ng'ombe. Kuwona kwapadera, kumva ndi kununkhiza kwa nyamayo kumathandizira kuwerengera anthu osazindikira. Pomva chilombo chapafupi, a llamawo amalira mokweza, potero amawopseza ndikuchenjeza m'busayo ndi gulu lake. Monga mwalamulo, yamwamuna yokwanira imagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza gulu la nkhuku.
Llamas ndi nyama zokonda kucheza kwambiri, zokoma mtima. Komabe, m'mikangano yokhudza kulamulira m'gulu la ziweto, amalavulirana, kutulutsa zonse zomwe zili mmimba. Pali zochitika zodziwika za "zoipa" zomwe zimathamangira munthu.
Llamas amapezeka kumapiri ozizira komanso owuma a Andes, komwe amakhala makamaka pamapiri ataliatali. Komabe, masiku ano amatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza malo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo olimapo.
Maonekedwe
Llamas ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa ngamila, koma alibe ma humps a ngamila za Bactrian ndi dromedary. Ali ndi khosi lalitali, miyendo yopyapyala ndi zotumphukira zozungulira. Zilonda zam'munsi ndizotchuka (mano akumaso) ndipo mlomo wapamwamba umagawanika. Chifukwa cha gawo lina loti anali owetedwa, mtundu wa llama umatha kusiyanasiyana mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zina mwazotchuka kwambiri ndi zoyera, zofiirira, zotuwa, zakuda kapena za piebald. Imodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi kuphatikiza ubweya wofiirira wofiirira wokhala ndi mawanga achikasu kapena oyera.
Miyeso ya Llama
Kutalika kwa llama pofota ndi pafupifupi masentimita 183. Amuna akulu kwambiri amatha kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 204. Mtundu wa malayawo umayera mpaka utoto wakuda ndikusintha pakati. Llamas imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zolemetsa ndipo ndi yayikulu kwambiri mwa ma lamoid anayi (alpaca, vicuña, ndi guanaco ndi ena atatuwo).
Moyo, machitidwe
Llamas ndi azikhalidwe, zoweta, nyama zosintha zomwe zimakhala m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 20. Gululi limaphatikizapo azimayi 6 obereketsa omwe ali ndi ana azaka zapano. Gululi limatsogozedwa ndi wamwamuna m'modzi, yemwe amateteza mwamphamvu udindo wake wa alpha, kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yolamulira. Magulu amathanso kukhala amuna. Poterepa, amuna nthawi zonse amatsutsana pomenyera ufulu wawo, amalimbana pogwiritsa ntchito makosi ndi mano.
Nyama izi ndizoyera kwambiri, chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito madera osiyana, osasunthika bwino kutulutsa zimbudzi. Llama sadzasiya ndowe pomwe amagona kapena kudyera. Izi mwina ndichifukwa cha chikhumbo chachilengedwe chobisa kupezeka kwawo kwa adani.
Llamas imakhala ndi mawu osiyanasiyana. Mwa kufuula, amachenjeza za zoopsa, ndikung'ung'udza chete akuwonetsa kukhutira. Llamas amachita nkhanza pamaso pa adani, amalimba mtima, kuluma ndi kulavulira aliyense amene angawawopseze.
Ngakhale pali mikangano yamphongo yamphongo, ma llamas ndi nyama zoweta. Chifukwa chake, amayesa kulumikizana ndi nyama zina zamtundu wawo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mgwirizano wamtendere ndi ziweto zina monga nkhosa ndi mbuzi. Mwambiri, ma llamas amawerengedwa kuti ndiabwino, ochezeka komanso anzeru.
Pafamuyi, awa ndianthu ofatsa, osawumiriza omwe amakhala mosavuta kumunda. Amagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano ngati gwero la ndalama zokopa alendo. Ana amawakwera, ma llamas amapita nawo pamagalimoto ang'onoang'ono paphiri. Mphamvu yonyamula yamphongo yamphongo siyodutsa ma kilogalamu 55.
Mukasungidwa m'minda, ma llamas samayambitsa mavuto ambiri. Amalekerera kutentha kwambiri ndipo amatha kudyetsedwa chakudya chofanana ndi nkhosa ndi mbuzi ndikusamaliridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira. Phazi lolimba la llama limakhala ndi msomali wolimba kumapeto womwe ungafune kudula nthawi zonse. Ngati cholinga chosunga sikutulutsa ubweya, sikofunikira kudula.
Llamas ali ndi mtima wofatsa komanso wofunitsitsa kudziwa zinthu, kuwapangitsa kukhala bwenzi labwino kapena nyama yothandizira. Llamas amadziwika kuti ndiosavuta kuphunzira. Amatha kuphunzira zidule pambuyo pobwereza chabe. Nyama izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osungira anthu odwala, malo osungira anthu okalamba ndi zipatala kuti zimveke bwino kwa iwo omwe akusowa thandizo, popeza kuchezera kwa lama ndikulimbitsa thupi. Mankhwalawa amatha kuthandiza kuchiritsa kapena kungopereka zosangalatsa.
Kodi lama amakhala moyo wautali bwanji
Pafupifupi, ma llamas amakhala zaka 15 mpaka 20. Nthawi zina posamalira, nyama imatha kukhala zaka 30.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amayi amayamba msinkhu msinkhu kwambiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Llamas poyamba amakhala m'mapiri a Andesan ku South America, koma pakadali pano atha kuthengo ndipo amangokhala ngati nyama zoweta. Amagawidwa kwambiri ndikukula ku North America, Europe ndi Australia, komwe adayambitsidwa ngati nyama zoweta komanso zoweta. Malo awo okhala ndi mapiri a Andes, makamaka Altiplano kumadzulo kwa Bolivia ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Peru. Awa ndi dera lomwe limakutidwa ndi masamba ochepa, kuphatikiza mitengo yosiyanasiyana, zitsamba ndi udzu, zomwe ndizakudya zazikulu za llamas. Kudera la Altiplano, akumpoto kuli mapiri ochulukirapo, ndipo kumwera kuli kopanda mpumulo, kowuma komanso kopanda anthu. Nyama izi zimatha kukhala kupitirira 4000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja.
Llamas amapezeka m'mapiri a mayiko angapo ku South America: Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Chile, ndi Argentina. Akatswiri a zoo amakhulupirira kuti adasamukira kumwera kuchokera ku North America zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo, ndipo pamapeto pake adazimiririka komwe adachokera. Ainka ankagwiritsa ntchito llamas ngati nyama zolemetsa zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo; anthu amakono akupitirizabe kuchita izi lero.
Zakudya za Llama
Llamas ndi herbivores okha. Amadya udzu, tchire laling'ono komanso masamba ena akumapiri. Nyama izi zimapeza madzi ena kuchokera pachakudya, koma nthawi zonse amafunikira gwero la madzi oyera.
Ma Lamas samasankha makamaka pankhani yazakudya. Amatha kudyetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zaulimi ndi zosakaniza, zomwe zimaphatikizapo silage ya chimanga, nyemba ndi bromgrass. Komanso, sataya zipatso zamasamba, zipatso ndi mizu. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe zikukula zimafuna chakudya chopatsa thanzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Llamas ndi nyama zomwe zilibe kayendedwe ka estrus. Dzira limamasulidwa osati patadutsa nthawi, koma pambuyo pa maola 24 mpaka 36 mutakwatirana.
Llamas ndi polygynous pankhani yosankha zibwenzi. Ngati zingagwire ntchito kwa anthu, lingaliro ili limatanthauza mitala, ndiko kuti, kupezeka kwa akazi angapo mwa mwamuna m'modzi. Amasonkhanitsa azimayi azimayi 5-6 kudera lake, kenako ndikuwathamangitsa amuna ena onse azaka zoberekera. Llamas nthawi zambiri amakwatirana kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambirira kugwa. Kulumikizana kumachitika m'malo atypical - kugona pansi. Mimba imakhala masiku 350-360, ndipo pafupifupi chaka chilichonse, mayi aliyense amabereka mwana mmodzi. Pakadali ola limodzi mwana atabadwa, mwanayo amatha kuyimirira payekhapayekha ndikutenga magawo oyamba. Ana obadwa kumene amalemera pafupifupi 10 kg, ndipo pakatha miyezi 5-6 amatha kukhala pawokha. Koma nthawi yomweyo, mayiyo amakhala ndi udindo wake kwa chaka china, kuteteza ndi kuteteza nyama zakutchire ku mavuto. Chaka chotsatira, champhongo chimathamangitsa ana amphongowo mdera lake.
Zambiri zodandaula zimagwera pamapewa achikazi. Amuna amapereka chisamaliro chosawonekera poteteza malo omwe amapereka msipu wokwanira kwa ana ndi akazi a gululo. Mkazi amafika pamsinkhu wogonana ali ndi miyezi 18-24, pomwe wamwamuna amakhala ndi zaka 2-2.5 zokha.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a llamas ndi adani omwe amagawana nawo malo awo okhala. Izi zitha kukhala akambuku a chipale chofewa, mimbulu yamamuna ndi makochi. Anawo amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri - amakhala opanda mphamvu komanso akulu, motero amatetezedwa.
Pachifukwa ichi, vuto lalikulu limayambitsidwa ndi munthu. Kupatula apo, ma llamas amayamikiridwa osati luso lawo komanso mawonekedwe awo, komanso nyama yodyera komanso ubweya wamtengo wapatali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, anthu aku South America ndi oposa 7 miliyoni, ndipo pali ma llamas pafupifupi 158,000 ku Canada ndi United States.
Kuweta nyamazi kunayamba pafupifupi zaka 3000-5000 zapitazo, zomwe zidawapangitsa kukhala amodzi mwa apainiya pankhaniyi. Amwenye a Inca amazigwiritsa ntchito ngati nyama zolemetsa, komanso gwero la chakudya, zovala ndi mafuta.
Llamas imakhazikika pamikhalidwe iliyonse. Sachita mantha ndi nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumasintha. Sangolekerera nyengo yotentha komanso kusowa kwa chakudya chomera m'chipululu.
M'malo onse okhala, kupatula Chile ndi Peru, ma llamas ali kunja kwa malo owopsezedwa. Kuwombera nyama zakutchire ndikoletsedwa m'malo awa.
