Wolemekezeka wokhala m'madzi ozizira, chinsomba chotchedwa bowhead whale, amadziwika kuti ndi wocheperako (pafupifupi anthu 200) komanso mitundu yovuta kwambiri yazinyama zaku Russia.
Kufotokozera kwa whale mutu
Balaena mysticetus (yemwenso amatchedwa polar whale), membala wa baleen whale suborder, ndiye mtundu wokhawo wa mtundu wa Balaena. Namgumi wa epithet "bowhead" kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 17. adapatsa mphotho yoyamba kuwombedwa ndi nyanjayi yomwe idagwira pagombe la Spitsbergen, yomwe panthawiyo imadziwika kuti ndi gawo la East Greenland.
Maonekedwe
Dzinalo dzina loti Bowhead whale linaperekedwa kwa namgumiyu chifukwa cha chigaza chachikulu, chokhotakhota: chifukwa chake, mutuwo ndi wofanana ndi 1/3 la thupi (kapena pang'ono pang'ono). Mwa akazi, nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kuposa yamphongo. Amuna ndi akazi, khungu limakhala losalala komanso lopanda ziphuphu / zophukira, ndipo pakamwa pamawoneka ngati phompho (kupitirira 90 °) ndi nsagwada yapansi ngati ndowa. Milomo yakumunsi, yomwe kutalika kwake kumawonjezeka kwambiri pamphako, ndikuphimba nsagwada zakumtunda.
Zosangalatsa. Pakamwa pake pali ndevu zazitali kwambiri muufumu wa nangumi, zomwe zimakula mpaka mamita 4.5. Masharubu amdima a whale whale ndi zotanuka, zopapatiza, zazitali komanso zokongoletsedwa ndi mphonje ngati ulusi. Mizere yakumanja ndi kumanzere, yogawidwa kutsogolo, imakhala ndi mbale 320-400.
Kumbuyo kwa kutseguka kwa kupuma kuli vuto linalake, mphuno zake ndizotakata, zotseguka zamakutu zili kumbuyo ndi pansi pamaso ang'onoang'ono. Zotsalazo ndizotsika kwambiri, pafupifupi pamakona amlomo.
Thupi la whale wamutu wambiri limakhala lolimba, lokhala ndi nsana wozungulira komanso wolimba khosi. Zipsepse za pectoral ndizofupikitsa ndipo zimafanana ndi mafosholo okhala ndi malekezero ozungulira. Kutalika kwa fin ya caudal yokhala ndi notch yakuya pakati imayandikira 1 / 3-2 / 3 kutalika kwa thupi. Mchira nthawi zina umakongoletsedwa ndi malire oyera oyera.
Whale wotchedwa polar, monga membala wa anamgumi osalala, alibe mikwingwirima yam'mimba ndipo amaoneka wakuda mdima, nthawi zina amakhala wosakanikirana ndi zoyera kunsagwada / pakhosi. Tsitsi lowala lachikaso limamera m'mizere ingapo pamutu. Maalubino athunthu kapena osankhika si achilendo pakati pa anamgumi amutu. Mafuta ochepa, omwe amakula mpaka 0.7 m makulidwe, amathandizira kusunthira kuzizira kwa polar.
Makulidwe a nangumi wa Bowhead
Mwini wa ndevu zazitali kwambiri amakhala ndi mphindikati yolimba (pambuyo pa chinsombacho) pakati pa nyama potengera misa. Ankhandwe okhwima amapindula ndi matani 75 mpaka 150 okhala ndi kutalika kwa 21 m, ndi amuna, monga lamulo, 0.5-1 m wotsika poyerekeza ndi akazi, nthawi zambiri amafikira 22 m.
Zofunika. Ngakhale utali wokulira motere, nangumi wam'madzi amawoneka wokulirapo komanso wosasunthika, chifukwa cha gawo lalikulu la mtanda wa thupi lake.
Osati kale kwambiri, akatswiri a ketologists adazindikira kuti pansi pa dzina "bowhead whale" pakhoza kukhala mitundu iwiri yomwe imakhala m'madzi omwewo. Lingaliro ili (lomwe limafuna umboni wowonjezera) limakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kusiyana komwe kumawoneka mu utoto wa thupi, utoto wa ndevu ndi kutalika, ndi mafupa.
Moyo, machitidwe
Anangumi a Bowhead amakhala m'malo ovuta a Arctic, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala zovuta kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti nthawi yotentha amasambira okha kapena m'magulu a anthu asanu pagombe, osapita pansi. M'magulu akulu, anamgumi amasochera pokhapokha ngati pali chakudya chochuluka kapena asanasamuke.
Nthawi yakusunthira nyengo imakhudzidwa ndimalo komanso nthawi yomwe kusuntha kwa madzi oundana aku Arctic kumasunthika. Anangumi am'madzi amasunthira kumwera kugwa ndi kumpoto mu nthawi yophukira, kuyesera kuti asayandikire mphepete mwa ayezi. Mwanjira yachilendo, anamgumi amaphatikiza kukonda malo akutali komanso kusamala za ayezi.
Komabe, zimphona zimayendetsa bwino kwambiri pakati pamaulendo oundana, kufunafuna mabowo opulumutsa ndi ming'alu, ndipo pakalibe izi, zimangophwanya ayezi mpaka masentimita 22. Pamene kusamuka kwakukulu, anamgumi akum'mwera, kumachepetsa chakudya chawo, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamizere ya V.
Zoona. Whale whale amakula msanga pafupifupi 20 km / h, amathamangira ku 0.2 km ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, amakhalabe akuya mpaka mphindi 40 (munthu wovulala amatenga nthawi yayitali kawiri).
Ndikusangalala, namgumiyo amalumpha m'madzi (kusiya chakumbuyo kwake), akumenyetsa zipsepse zake, kukweza mchira wake, kenako kugwera mbali imodzi. Nangumi amakhalabe pamtunda kwa mphindi zitatu, ali ndi nthawi yoyambitsa akasupe 4 - 2 a jet mpaka 5 mita kutalika (mpweya umodzi) ndikutsikira kwa mphindi 5-10. Zolumpha zambiri, nthawi zina zakuzindikira, zimagwera nthawi yosamuka. Achinyamata amadzisangalatsa mwa kuponya zinthu zomwe zimapezeka munyanja.
Kodi nsombayi imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Mu 2009, dziko lapansi lidamva kuti anamgumi wam'madzi "adavekedwa korona" mwalamulo kukhala mutu waomwe ali ndi mbiri yotalikirapo pakati pa omwe ali ndi zamoyo padziko lapansi. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku England omwe adalemba nkhokwe ya AnAge pa intaneti, yomwe imangolemba zolembedwa zodalirika zokhazokha zazitali zazamoyo 3650 zam'mimba.
AnAge yakhazikika pamagulu asayansi yopitilira 800 (yolumikizidwa ndi maulalo). Kuphatikizanso apo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anafufuza mosamala zonse zomwe zinalembedwa, kupatula zina zokayikitsa. Database yosinthidwa pachaka imaphatikizira zidziwitso osati za kutalika kwa moyo, komanso pamlingo wa kutha msinkhu / kukula, kubereka, kulemera ndi magawo ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza.
Zofunika. Chamoyo chamoyo chachitali kwambiri padziko lapansi chinali nsomba yamutu. Mapeto ake adachitika atasanthula chithunzi chomwe zaka zake zinali pafupifupi zaka 211.
Anangumi enanso atatu akum'mwera, omwe anagwidwa ali ndi zaka zosachepera 100, amafotokozedwanso, ngakhale kutalika kwa moyo wamtunduwu (ngakhale kulingalira za kuchuluka kwakukhala ndi moyo) sikuyenera kupitirira zaka 40. Komanso, anamgumiwo amakula pang'onopang'ono, komabe, akazi amakhala othamanga kuposa amuna. Pa zaka 40-50, kukula kumachedwetsa kwambiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Whale whale amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Arctic, ndikuyenda limodzi ndi ayezi woyandama. Pakati pa anamgumi a baleen, ndiye yekhayo amene amakhala moyo wake m'madzi a polar. Chingwe choyambirira chidakuta Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, mafunde aku Canada Archipelago, Hudson Bay, komanso nyanja:
- Chi Greenland;
- Barents;
- Karskoe;
- M. Laptev ndi M. Beaufort;
- Siberia Wakummawa;
- Chukotka;
- Beringovo;
- Okhotsk.
Malo ozungulira circumpolar amakhala m'mbuyomu ndi ziweto 5 zodzipatula (m'malo mwake, osati misonkho), atatu mwa iwo (Bering-Chukchi, Svalbard ndi Okhotsk) adasamukira m'malire a nyanja za Russia.
Whale whale tsopano akupezeka m'madzi ozizira a Kumpoto kwa Dziko Lapansi, ndipo gulu lakum'mwera kwambiri lakhala likupezeka m'nyanja ya Okhotsk (madigiri 54 kumpoto. M'nyanja zathu, namgumi akusowa pang'onopang'ono, akuwonetsa kuchuluka pang'ono kwa anthu pafupi ndi Chukchi Peninsula, komanso malo ochepa pakati pa Barents ndi East Siberia nyanja.
Zakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi
Nyama zimasaka chakudya m'mphepete mwa ayezi komanso pakati pa madzi oundana osayenda, nthawi zina zimapanga magulu. Amadyetsa pang'ono pang'ono pansi kapena mozama, amatsegula pakamwa ndikulola madzi kupyola mbale zomwe zili m'nkhalangoyi.
Ndevu za anangumi aang'ono ndizochepa kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kukola nyama zakutchire zomwe zimadutsa pakamwa pa anamgumi ena. Namgumi amakanda nyama zakutchire zomwe zakhazikika pamapuleti a masharubu ndi lilime lake ndikuzitumiza kummero.
Zakudya zam'mutu mwa whale zimakhala ndi plankton:
- calanus (Calanus finmarchicus Gunn);
- Zilonda zam'mimba (Limacina helicina);
- chinthaka.
Chofunikira kwambiri pazakudya chimagwera pazing'ono zazing'ono / zapakatikati (makamaka ma copepods), zomwe zimadya matani 1.8 tsiku lililonse.
Kubereka ndi ana
Anangumi a m'nyanja ya Arctic amakwatirana kumapeto kwa nyengo yachilimwe. Kunyamula, komwe kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi 13, kumatha ndikuwoneka kwa ana mu Epulo - Juni chaka chamawa. Mwana wakhanda amalemera 3.5-4.5 m ndipo amapatsidwa mafuta owonjezera kuti athe kuwonjezeranso mphamvu.
Mu wakhanda, mbale za imvi za whalebone (masentimita 10-11 kutalika) zimawoneka, mu sucker zakula kale - kuyambira 30 mpaka 95 cm.
Mayi amasiya kuyamwitsa mwana mkaka pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, atangofika kukula mpaka 7-8.5 m Nthawi yomweyo ndikusintha kwa chakudya chodziyimira pawokha, anamgumi omwe akukula amalumpha pakukula kwa ndevu. Kalata wotsatira wamkazi samawoneka pasanathe zaka zitatu atabereka. Whale whale ali ndi ntchito zachonde pafupifupi zaka 20-25.
Adani achilengedwe
Whale whale alibe pafupifupi aliyense wa iwo, kupatula anamgumi opha omwe akuwaukira m'magulu ndipo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, akutuluka pankhondoyi ngati opambana. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake kwa chakudya, namgumi wa polar sapikisana ndi anangumi ena, koma amapikisana ndi nyama zomwe zimakonda plankton ndi benthos.
Awa si ma cetaceans okha (anamgumi a beluga) ndi ma pinniped (zisindikizo zokhala ndi zingwe ndipo, nthawi zambiri, ndi walrus), komanso nsomba ndi mbalame zina zaku Arctic. Amadziwika, mwachitsanzo, kuti, monga mutu wa whale, Arctic cod imawonetsanso chidwi chofuna kudya ma copepods, koma imawonekera pamitundu yawo yaying'ono (yomwe imakonda kugwera pakamwa pa nangumi).
Zosangalatsa. Whale wam'madzi amavutitsidwa ndi tiziromboti kunja monga Cyamus mysticetus. Izi ndi nsabwe za whale zomwe zimakhala pakhungu, nthawi zambiri pamutu, pafupi ndi maliseche ndi anus, komanso zipsepse zam'mimba.
Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba yamutu (komanso ma cetaceans ena angapo) ili ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya helminths, kuphatikiza:
- trematode Lecithodesmus goliath van Beneden, wopezeka m'chiwindi;
- trematode Ogmogaster plicatus Creplin, yemwe amakhala kummero ndi m'matumbo;
- cestode Phillobothrium delphini Bosc ndi Cysticercus sp., kuwononga khungu ndi minofu yocheperako;
- nematode Crassicauda crassicauda Creplin, yomwe yalowa mu gawo la urogenital;
- nyongolotsi yamutu wonyezimira Bolbosoma balaenae Gmelin, yemwe amakhala m'matumbo.
Kufa kwachilengedwe kwa anamgumi akum'mwera kwawerengedwa moyipa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zochitika zapadera zakufa kwawo zidalembedwa m'madzi oundana ku North Atlantic komanso kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
International Union for Conservation of Nature imalankhula zamagulu anayi amakono a Balaena mysticetus, awiri mwa iwo (East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Barents Sea ndi Nyanja ya Okhotsk) alandila mayeso apadera pa IUCN Red List.
Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe akuwona kuti kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi kungakwere chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu (opitilira 25,000) a Beaufort, Chukchi ndi Bering Seas. Mu 2011, kuchuluka kwa anamgumi m'derali kudali pafupifupi 16.9-19-19. Chiwerengero cha anangumi m'chigawo china, chotchedwa Eastern Canada - West Greenland, chikuyembekezeka kukhala 4.5-11,000.
Kutengera momwe kukula kwakukula m'nyanja za Bering, Chukchi ndi Beaufort, akatswiri akuwonetsera kuti kuchuluka kwa anamgumi am'mutu mosiyanasiyana, mwina, amapitilira anthu 25,000. Zinthu zoopsa kwambiri ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, yomwe ili yoposa 200 anamgumi, ndikulamulira East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Nyanja ya Barents imapezekanso mazana angapo.
Zofunika. Anangumi a Bowhead adatetezedwa koyamba ndi Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (1930) kenako ndi ICRW (International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling), yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1948.
Maiko onse omwe ankhondo a whale amapezeka atenga nawo mbali ku ICRW. Ndi Canada yokha yomwe siinasaine chikalatacho. Komabe, mdziko muno, komanso ku Russian Federation ndi USA, muli malamulo amitundu yokhudza mitundu ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zomwe zimateteza nangumi.
Lero, chiwombankhanga chololedwa mu Beaufort, Bering, Chukchi ndi kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Greenland. Whale wa polar akuphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera I za Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975) ndikuphatikizidwa mu Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Wild Animals.
