Poizoni wopanda mchira ndi gawo laling'ono lazambiri za amphibiya, potengera momwe mawu osalondola akuti "achule akupha" amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zipangizo zapoizoni
Tailless akuyimiridwa ndi mitundu 6,000 yamasiku ano, pomwe kusiyana kwa achule ndi achule kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Zoyambazo nthawi zambiri zimamveka kuti ndizosalala, ndipo omalizawa ndi amphibiyani opanda mchira, zomwe sizowona. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amaumirira kuti zitsamba zina zimayandikira achule kuposa zisonga zina. Ma amphibiya onse opanda mchira omwe amatulutsa poizoni amawerengedwa kuti ndi oyambira komanso owopsa, chifukwa amapatsidwa njira zodzitetezera kuyambira pakubadwa, koma alibe zida zowukira (mano / minga).
M'ma toads, timagulu tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi zotsekemera (zomwe zonse zimakhala ndi 30-35 alveolar lobes) zili pambali pamutu, pamwamba pamaso. Alveoli amatha kumapeto kwa khungu, koma amatsekedwa ndi mapulagi mukakhala bata.
Zosangalatsa. Zotupitsa za parotid zimakhala ndi 70 mg ya bufotoxin, yomwe (pomwe mafinya amafinyidwa ndi mano) imakankhira mapulagi ake kunja, ikulowa mkamwa mwa wotsutsayo kenako ndikupita kupharynx, ndikupangitsa kuledzera kwakukulu.
Mlandu wodziwika bwino ndi pomwe mphamba wanjala atakhala mchikwere adabzalidwa ndi tozi yapoizoni. Mbalameyo inagwira ndipo inayamba kukanda, koma mofulumira kwambiri inasiya chikhocho ndikubisala pakona. Kumeneko adakhala, wolusa, ndipo adamwalira mphindi zochepa pambuyo pake.
Achule oopsa samapanga poizoni pawokha, koma nthawi zambiri amatenga iwo ku arthropods, nyerere, kapena kafadala. Thupi, poizoni amasintha kapena amakhala osasinthika (kutengera kagayidwe kake), koma chule amataya kawopsedwe akangosiya kudya tizilomboto.
Kodi poyizoni ndi chiyani achule
Anthu opanda mchira amadziwitsa za poyizoni ndi utoto wodziwika mwadala, womwe, ndikuyembekeza kupulumutsa kwa adani, umatulanso ndi mitundu yopanda poizoni. Komabe, pali zolusa (Mwachitsanzo, salamander chachikulu ndi njoka) kuti modekha amwe amphibians popanda kuwononga thanzi lawo.
Poizoniyo amawopseza cholengedwa chilichonse chomwe sichinasinthidwe nawo, kuphatikiza anthu, omwe amatha kupha poyizoni, ndipo imfa - yoyipa kwambiri. Ambiri mwa amphibiya opanda mchira amapanga poizoni wosakhala ndi mapuloteni (bufotoxin), omwe amakhala owopsa pamlingo winawake.
Mankhwala a poizoni, monga lamulo, zimadalira mtundu wa amphibian ndipo umaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana:
- hallucinogens;
- othandizira mitsempha;
- zotupa pakhungu;
- vasoconstrictors;
- mapuloteni omwe amawononga maselo ofiira amwazi;
- cardiotoxins ndi ena.
Komanso, kupangidwaku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mitundu ndi miyoyo ya achule owopsa: iwo omwe amakhala kwambiri pamtunda ali ndi poizoni motsutsana ndi omwe amadya malo. Moyo wapadziko lapansi udakhudza kutulutsa kwa poizoni kwa zisoti - zimayang'aniridwa ndi ma cardiotoxin omwe amasokoneza zochitika zamtima.
Zoona. M'maseva azisamba, bombesin amapezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi awonongeke. Mafinya oyera amakhumudwitsa mamina am'mimba amunthu, ndikupangitsa kupweteka mutu komanso kuzizira. Makoswe amafa atameza bombesin pamlingo wa 400 mg / kg.
Ngakhale ali ndi kawopsedwe, zitsamba (ndi zina zopanda poizoni zopanda mchira) nthawi zambiri zimathera patebulo la achule ena, njoka, mbalame zina ndi nyama. Khwangwala waku Australia wagoneka aga toad kumbuyo kwake, amapha ndi mlomo wake ndipo amadya, akutaya mutu wake ndimafinya owopsa.
The poison of the Colorado toad imakhala ndi 5-MeO-DMT (mankhwala amphamvu a psychotropic) ndi alkaloid bufotenine. Ziphuphu zambiri sizivulazidwa ndi poyizoni wawo, zomwe sizinganenedwe za achule: wokwera tsamba pang'ono amatha kugwa ndi poizoni wake ngati walowa mthupi kudzera pakanda.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ochokera ku California Academy of Sciences adapeza kachilombo ku New Guinea komwe "kamapatsa" achule ndi batrachotoxin. Pogwirizana ndi kachilomboka (achiaborigine amatcha Choresine), kumenyedwa komanso kufooka kwakanthawi kwa khungu kumawoneka. Atasanthula pafupifupi 400 kafadala, anthu aku America adapeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya BTXs (batrachotoxins) mwa iwo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu poizoni
M'mbuyomu, matope owopsa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zake - kusaka nyama ndi kuwononga adani. Khungu la chule laku America lomwe lili ndi poizoni lili ndi poyizoni wambiri (BTXs + homobatrachotoxin) kuti ndikwanira mivi yambiri yomwe imatha kupha kapena kufooketsa nyama zazikulu. Alenjewo adapaka miviyo kumbuyo kwa amphibiya ndikudyetsa mivi ija mfuti. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo apeza kuti ululu wa chule mmodziyu ndi wokwanira kupha mbewa 22,000.
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, poyizoni wa tog-aga anali ngati mankhwala achikale: amangonyambita khungu kapena kusuta, atayanika. Masiku ano, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo afika pozindikira kuti poyizoni wa Bufo alvarius (Colorado toad) ndi hallucinogen wamphamvu kwambiri - tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupumula.
Epibatidine ndi dzina la chinthu chomwe chimapezeka mu batrachotoxin. Wothandizira ululuwu ndi wamphamvu nthawi 200 kuposa morphine ndipo samangokhala osokoneza bongo. Zowona, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a epibatidine kuli pafupi kupha.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo apanganso peptide pakhungu la amphibiya opanda mchira omwe amaletsa kuchulukitsa kwa kachilombo ka HIV (koma kafukufukuyu sanamalizidwe).
Mankhwala a poyizoni achule
M'nthawi yathu ino, asayansi aphunzira kupanga batrachotoxin, yomwe siyotsika pang'ono pamakhalidwe ake, koma sanathe kupeza mankhwala ake. Chifukwa chosowa android yogwira mtima, zonse zomwe zili ndi achule achule, makamaka, wokhala ndi tsamba lowopsa, ayenera kusamala kwambiri. Poizoniyo amakhudza mtima, mantha komanso kuzungulira kwa magazi, kudutsa kudzera pakucheka / mabala pakhungu, kotero chule wakupha wakuthengo sayenera kumugwira ndi manja.
Madera okhala ndi achule akupha
Kuloza achule (mitundu ingapo yomwe imatulutsa batrachotoxins) amawerengedwa kuti amapezeka ku Central ndi South America. Achule owopsawa amakhala m'nkhalango zam'mayiko monga:
- Bolivia ndi Brazil;
- Venezuela ndi Guyana;
- Costa Rica ndi Colombia;
- Nicaragua ndi Suriname;
- Panama ndi Peru;
- French Guiana;
- Ecuador.
The aga toad imapezekanso mdera lomweli, yomwe idayambitsidwanso ku Australia, kumwera kwa Florida (USA), Philippines, Caribbean ndi Pacific Islands. Chophimba cha Colorado chakhazikika kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States ndi kumpoto kwa Mexico. Kontinenti yaku Europe, kuphatikiza Russia, kumakhala anthu ochepa opanda poizoni wopanda mchira - adyo wamba, tozi wobiriwira wofiyira, ubweya wobiriwira ndi imvi.
Achule akupha 8 padziko lapansi
Pafupifupi achule onse owopsa ndi amodzi mwa achule amitengo pafupifupi 120. Chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wowala, amakonda kukhala m'madzi, makamaka chifukwa chakupha kwa amphibiya kumatha pakapita nthawi, chifukwa amasiya kudya tizilombo ta poizoni.
Oopsa kwambiri m'banja la achule achule amphaka, omwe amagwirizanitsa magulu 9, amatchedwa achule ang'onoang'ono (2-4 cm) ochokera kumtunda wa okwera masamba omwe amakhala ku Colombian Andes.
Wokwera masamba wowopsa (Latin Phyllobates terribilis)
Kukhudza pang'ono chule kakang'ono aka ka 1 g kumakhala ndi poyizoni wakupha, zomwe sizosadabwitsa - tsamba limodzi lokha limatulutsa 500 μg wa batrachotoxin. Kokoe (monga Aborigine amamutchulira), ngakhale ali ndi utoto wowoneka bwino wa mandimu, amadziwika bwino pakati pa malo obiriwira.
Atakoka chule, Amwenye amatsanzira kulira kwake kenako nkuigwira, kuyang'ana kulira kobwerera. Amadzola nsonga za mivi yawo ndi poyizoni wa masamba - nyama yomwe idakhudzidwa imamwalira chifukwa chakumapuma chifukwa chofulumira kwa ma BTX, omwe amalemetsa minofu ya kupuma. Asanatenge wokwera masamba woopsa uja, osaka nyamawo amawakuta ndi masamba.
Bicolor tsamba lokwera (Latin Phyllobates bicolor)
Amakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, makamaka kumadzulo kwa Colombia, ndipo ndiye wonyamula poyizoni wachiwiri (pambuyo pa tsamba lowopsa). Mulinso batrachotoxin, ndipo pamlingo wa 150 mg, zikopa za poizoni zamtundu wa masamba awiri zimayambitsa kufooka kwa minofu ya kupuma kenako kufa.
Zosangalatsa. Awa ndiwo nthumwi zazikulu kwambiri za banja la achule: akazi amakula mpaka masentimita 5-5.5, amuna - kuyambira 4.5 mpaka masentimita 5. Mtundu wa thupi umasiyanasiyana chikasu mpaka lalanje, ndikusintha mithunzi yabuluu / yakuda pamiyendo.
Chule wa Zimmerman's dart (lat. Ranitomeya variabilis)
Mwina chule wokongola kwambiri wa mtundu wa Ranitomeya, koma wopanda poizoni kuposa abale ake apamtima. Chimawoneka ngati chidole cha mwana, thupi lake lomwe lakutidwa ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira ndipo miyendo ndiyabuluu. Kukhudza kwake ndi mawanga akuda owala obalalika m'malo obiriwira komanso amtambo.
Malo okongola awa amapezeka ku Basin Amazon (kumadzulo kwa Colombia), komanso kumapiri akum'mawa kwa Andes ku Ecuador ndi Peru. Amakhulupirira kuti achule onse okhala ndi poizoni ali ndi mdani m'modzi yekha - yemwe samachita chilichonse ndi poyizoni wawo.
Frog yaying'ono (lat. Oophaga pumilio)
Chule wofiyira wowala mpaka 1.7-2.4 masentimita kutalika ndi ma paw wakuda kapena wabuluu wakuda. Mimbayo ndi yofiira, yofiirira, yofiira buluu kapena yoyera. Akuluakulu amphibiya amadya akangaude ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kuphatikizapo nyerere, zomwe zimapereka poizoni m'matumba akhungu la achulewo.
Mtundu wokongola umagwira ntchito zingapo:
- zizindikiro za kawopsedwe;
- Amapereka udindo kwa amuna (owala kwambiri, apamwamba kwambiri);
- amalola akazi kusankha zibwenzi za alpha.
Achule ang'onoang'ono amakhala m'nkhalango kuyambira ku Nicaragua kupita ku Panama, m'mphepete mwa nyanja yonse ya Caribbean ku Central America, osaposa 0.96 km pamwamba pa nyanja.
Chule wakuda wakupha diso (Latin Dendrobates azureus)
Chule wokongola (mpaka masentimita asanu) sakhala ndi poizoni kuposa wowononga masamba wowopsa, koma poyizoni wake, wophatikizika ndi utoto wambiri, amawopseza adani onse omwe angakhale adani. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchofu zapoizoni zimateteza amphibian ku bowa ndi bakiteriya.
Zoona. Okopipi (monga Amwenye amatchulira chule) ali ndi thupi labuluu lomwe lili ndi mawanga akuda komanso miyendo yabuluu. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, komwe dera lake likuchepa nkhalango zikadulidwa, nkhanu yamtundu wa buluu ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha.
Tsopano mitunduyi imakhala m'dera laling'ono pafupi ndi Brazil, Guyana ndi French Guiana. Kum'mwera kwa Suriname, achule achule obiriwira amapezeka ku dera limodzi lalikulu, Sipalivini, komwe amakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha.
Bicolor phyllomedusa (Chilatini Phyllomedusa bicolor)
Chule wamkulu wobiriwirayo kuchokera kugombe la Amazon silokhudzana ndi achule achule, koma amaperekedwa ndi banja la Phyllomedusidae. Amuna (masentimita 9-10.5) pachikhalidwe chawo amakhala ocheperako achikazi, amakula mpaka masentimita 11-12. Amuna ndi akazi amitundu imodzimodzi - wobiriwira wobiriwira kumbuyo, kirimu kapena mimba yoyera, zala zoyera.
Bicolor phyllomedusa siowopsa ngati omwe amafufuza masamba, koma zotsekemera zake zowopsa zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira za hallucinogenic ndipo zimayambitsa matenda am'mimba. Ochiritsa ochokera kumafuko aku India amagwiritsa ntchito ntchofu zowuma kuti athetse matenda osiyanasiyana. Komanso, poyizoni wa mitundu iwiri ya phyllomedusa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa achinyamata ochokera m'mafuko am'deralo.
Golden Mantella (lat. Mantella aurantiaca)
Cholengedwa chokongolachi chokongola chimapezeka pamalo amodzi (okhala ndi pafupifupi 10 km²) kum'mawa kwa Madagascar. Mitunduyi ndi membala wa mtundu wa Mantella wabanja la Mantella ndipo, malinga ndi IUCN, awopsezedwa kuti atheratu, chifukwa cha kudula nkhalango yayikulu m'nkhalango zotentha.
Zoona. Chule wokhwima, nthawi zambiri wamkazi, amakula mpaka 2.5 cm, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala mpaka masentimita 3.1 Amphibiya amakhala ndi utoto wokongola wa lalanje, pomwe pamakhala utoto wofiira kapena wachikaso wa lalanje. Mawanga ofiira nthawi zina amawoneka m'mbali ndi ntchafu. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yopepuka kuposa kumbuyo.
Ziwombankhanga zimakhala zofiirira ndipo sizowopsa kwa ena. Golden Mantellae amatenga poizoni akamakula, amamwa nyerere zosiyanasiyana ndi chiswe. Kapangidwe kake ndi mphamvu zake zimadalira chakudya / malo okhala, koma zimaphatikizapo mankhwala awa:
- allopumiliotoxin;
- pyrrolizidine;
- pumiliotoxin;
- quinolizidine;
- homopumiliotoxin;
- indolizidine, ndi zina.
Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi kumapangidwa kuti ziteteze amphibian ku bowa ndi mabakiteriya, komanso kuwopseza nyama zolusa.
Chophimba chofiira (lat. Bombina bombina)
Poizoni wake sangayerekezeredwe ndi mamina am'madzi achule amphaka. Kutalika komwe kumawopseza munthu ndikumayetsemula, misozi ndi zowawa mukamatuluka pakhungu. Koma mbali inayi, anzathu ali ndi mwayi wokumana ndi chule chofiyira kuposa mwayi woponda dudu, popeza idakhazikika ku Europe, kuyambira ku Denmark ndi kumwera kwa Sweden ndikugwidwa kwa Hungary, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria ndi Russia.
