Nsomba ya coelacanth ndiye chilumikizano chapafupi kwambiri pakati pa nsomba ndi zolengedwa zoyambilira zomwe zidasintha kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda munthawi ya Devonia pafupifupi zaka 408-362 miliyoni zapitazo. Poyamba zidaganiziridwa kuti mitundu yonseyo idatha kwazaka zambiri, mpaka m'modzi mwa oimira ake adagwidwa ndi asodzi aku South Africa ku 1938. Kuyambira pamenepo, akhala akuphunzira mwakhama, ngakhale mpaka pano pali zinsinsi zambiri zokhudzana ndi mbiri yakale ya coelacanth ya nsomba.
Kufotokozera kwa coelacanth
Coelacanths adawoneka pafupifupi zaka 350 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi ochuluka padziko lonse lapansi.... Kwa nthawi yayitali, amakhulupirira kuti adazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 80 miliyoni zapitazo, koma mu 1938 nthumwi ya zamoyozo adagwidwa wamoyo m'nyanja ya Indian pafupi ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Africa.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, ma coelacanth anali odziwika kale kuchokera pazakale zakale, gulu lawo linali lalikulu komanso losiyanasiyana munthawi ya Permian ndi Triassic (zaka 290-208 miliyoni zapitazo). Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito zotsatirazi kuzilumba za Comoro (zomwe zili pakati pa kontinenti ya Africa ndi kumpoto chakumapeto kwa Madagascar) zidaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa mitundu ingapo yazowonjezera zingapo zomwe zidakodwa ndi asodzi akumaloko. Koma, monga mukudziwa, sanawonetsedwe ngakhale m'misika, popeza analibe zakudya zopatsa thanzi (nyama ya coelacanth siyabwino kudya anthu).
Kwa zaka makumi angapo chiyambire kupezeka kwapadera kumeneku, kafukufuku wam'madzi waphunzitsa dziko lapansi zowonjezereka za nsomba izi. Chifukwa chake, zidadziwika kuti ndi zolephera, zolengedwa usiku zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali kupumula m'mapanga m'magulu a anthu 2 mpaka 16. Malo okhala amakhala ngati malo otsetsereka opanda miyala, omwe amakhala m'mapanga akuya pansi pa 100 mpaka 300. Nthawi yakusaka usiku, amatha kusambira pafupifupi 8 km kufunafuna chakudya asanabwerere kuphanga kachiwiri kumapeto kwa usiku. Nsombazi zimakhala moyo wosangalala. Kungofika pangozi mwadzidzidzi kumangomukakamiza kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya mchira wake kudumpha kuchokera pamalo.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, zitsanzo zina zinasonkhanitsidwa ku gombe lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Madagascar komanso pachilumba cha Sulawesi ku Indonesia, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mitundu ya Indonesia izindikiridwe ngati mitundu ina. Pambuyo pake, coelacanth adagwidwa pagombe la Kenya, ndipo anthu osiyana adapezeka ku Sodwana Bay kufupi ndi gombe la South Africa.
Mpaka pano, zambiri sizikudziwika za nsomba yodabwitsa iyi. Koma tetrapods, colacanths, ndi nsomba zam'mapapo zimadziwika kuti ndi abale apafupi wina ndi mnzake, ngakhale malingaliro a ubale wapakati pa magulu atatuwa ndi ovuta kwambiri. Nkhani yosangalatsa komanso yatsatanetsatane yopezeka kwa "zamoyo zakale" izi zimaperekedwa mu Fish Caught in Time: The Search for Coelacanths.
Maonekedwe
Coelacanths ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba zamoyo zambiri zomwe zikudziwika pano. Amakhala ndi phala lowonjezera pamchira, zipsepse zolumikizidwa zolumikizana komanso gawo loyenda lomwe silinakule bwino. Coelacanths ndizo nyama zokha zomwe zilipo pano zomwe zimakhala ndi mgwirizano wolumikizana bwino. Imayimira mzere womwe umalekanitsa khutu ndi ubongo ndi maso a mphuno. Kulumikizana kwapakati kumalola sikungosunthira nsagwada yakumunsi pansi, komanso kukweza nsagwada zakusaka pakusaka, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri kuyamwa kwa chakudya. Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za coelacanth ndikuti ili ndi zipsepse, mapangidwe ndi mayendedwe ake omwe amafanana ndi mawonekedwe amanja.
Coelacanth ili ndi mitsempha inayi, maloko a gill amalowetsedwa ndi mbale zonyezimira, zomwe zimafanana ndi minofu ya dzino la munthu. Mutu uli wamaliseche, operculum imakulitsidwa pambuyo pake, nsagwada zakumunsi zili ndi mbale ziwiri zolumikizana, mano ake ndi ozungulira, amakhala pamapaleti am'mafupa omwe amamangiriridwa m'kamwa.
Mambawo ndi akulu komanso olimba, ofanana ndi kapangidwe ka dzino la munthu. Chikhodzodzo chimasungunuka ndikudzazidwa ndi mafuta. Matumbo a coelacanth amakhala ndi valavu yampweya. Mwa nsomba zazikulu, ubongo ndi wocheperako, umakhala pafupifupi 1% yamatumba onse; enawo amadzazidwa ndi mafuta ngati gel osakaniza. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mwa anthu osakhwima ubongo umagwira pafupifupi 100% yamalo omwe apatsidwa.
Pamaso pa moyo, nsombayo imakhala ndi thupi - mdima wabuluu wachitsulo, mutu ndi thupi zimakutidwa ndi mawanga osasamba oyera kapena otuwa. Dongosolo lomwe limawoneka ndiloyimira aliyense woyimira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kusiyanitsa pakati pawo powerengera. Pambuyo paimfa, mtundu wabuluu wamthupi umazimiririka, nsomba imakhala yakuda kapena yakuda. Zoyipa zakugonana zimatchulidwa pakati pa ma coelacanths. Mkazi ndi wokulirapo kuposa wamwamuna.
Moyo, machitidwe
Masana, coelacanth "amakhala" m'mapanga m'magulu a nsomba 12-13... Ndi nyama zoyenda usiku. Ma Celacanths amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika, womwe umathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochulukirapo pachuma (amakhulupirira kuti kagayidwe kake kamthupi kamatsika pang'ono), ndipo ndizotheka kukumana ndi adani ochepa. Dzuwa litalowa, nsombazi zimachoka m'mapanga awo ndipo zimangoyenda pang'onopang'ono, mwina kukafunafuna chakudya mkati mwa 1-3 mita pansi. Pakati paziwombankhanga usiku, coelacanth imatha kusambira pafupifupi 8 km, kenako, m'mawa, amathawira kuphanga lapafupi.
Ndizosangalatsa!Pofunafuna wovulalayo kapena kusuntha kuchokera kuphanga lina kupita kwina, coelacanth imayenda pang'onopang'ono, kapena imangoyenda pang'ono kutsika, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zake zam'mimba ndi m'chiuno kuwongolera malo amthupi mlengalenga.
Coelacanth, chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake azipsepse, imatha kupachika mlengalenga, m'mimba, pansi kapena mozondoka. Poyamba, ankakhulupirira molakwika kuti akhoza kuyenda pansi. Koma coelacanth sagwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zake zokhala ndimalo oyenda pansi, ndipo ngakhale atapuma kuphanga, sikumakhudza gawo lapansi. Monga nsomba zambiri zomwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, coelacanth imatha kutuluka mwadzidzidzi kapena kusambira mwachangu mothandizidwa ndi kayendedwe kake kakang'ono kwambiri.
Kodi coelacanth amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Malinga ndi malipoti osatsimikizika, zaka zokulirapo za nsomba za coelacanth ndi pafupifupi zaka 80. Izi ndi nsomba zowona zakale. Ndizotheka kuti moyo wozama, wowerengeka udawathandiza kuti akhalebe otheka kwa nthawi yayitali ndikupulumuka zaka masauzande ambiri, zomwe zimawalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo mwachuma momwe angathere, kuthawa adani ndi kukhala m'malo otentha.
Mitundu ya Coelacanth
Coelacanths ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la mitundu iwiri, Komelan ndi Indonesia coelacanths, omwe ndi mitundu yokhayo yamoyo womwe kale unali banja lalikulu lomwe lili ndi mitundu yoposa 120 yotsalira m'mabuku azakale.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mitunduyi, yomwe imadziwika kuti "zamoyo zakale", imapezeka ku Indo-Western Pacific Ocean mozungulira Greater Comoro ndi zilumba za Anjouan, gombe la South Africa, Madagascar ndi Mozambique.
Kafukufuku wa anthu adatenga zaka zambiri... Choyimira cha Coelacanth, chomwe chidagwidwa mu 1938, pamapeto pake chidapangitsa kuti anthu oyamba kulembedwa, omwe ali ku Comoros, pakati pa Africa ndi Madagascar. Komabe, kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi anali kuwerengedwa kuti ndiye yekhayo wokhala mu coelacanth.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mu 2003, IMS idalumikizana ndi projekiti ya Africa Coelacanth kuti ipanganso kusaka kwina. Pa Seputembara 6, 2003, kupezeka koyamba kudagwidwa kumwera kwa Tanzania ku Songo Mnar, ndikupangitsa Tanzania kukhala dziko lachisanu ndi chimodzi kujambula ma coelacanths.
Pa 14 Julayi 2007, anthu ena angapo adagwidwa ndi asodzi ochokera ku Nungwi, North Zanzibar. Ofufuza ku Zanzibar Institute of Marine Science (IMS), motsogozedwa ndi Dr.Nariman Jiddawi, nthawi yomweyo anafika pamalowo kuti adziwe kuti nsombazi ndi Latimeria chalumnae.
Zakudya za coelacanth
Deta yoonerera ikuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti nsombayi ikungoluma ndi kuluma mwadzidzidzi patali pang’ono, kugwiritsira ntchito nsagwada zake zamphamvu pamene wovulalayo ali pafupi. Kutengera ndi m'mimba mwa omwe agwidwawo, zimapezeka kuti coelacanth imadyetsa pang'ono oimira nyama kuchokera pansi panyanja. Zowunikiranso zimatsimikiziranso mtunduwo zakupezeka kwa ziwalo zamagetsi mu nsomba. Izi zimawathandiza kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi ndi magetsi awo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Chifukwa chakuya kwakunyanja kwa nsombazi, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazachilengedwe zachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, zikuwonekeratu kuti ma coelacanths ndi nsomba za viviparous. Ngakhale kale ankakhulupirira kuti nsombayo imapanga mazira omwe apangidwa kale ndi abambo. Izi zinatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mazira mwa mkazi wogwidwa. Kukula kwa dzira limodzi kunali kukula kwa mpira wa tenisi.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mkazi m'modzi nthawi zambiri amabala 8 mpaka 26 amoyo mwachangu nthawi imodzi. Kukula kwa mwana m'modzi mwa ana a coelacanth kumayambira masentimita 36 mpaka 38. Pa nthawi yobadwa, amakhala ndi mano, zipsepse ndi mamba otukuka kale.
Mwana akabadwa, mwana aliyense amakhala ndi chikwama chachikulu cholimba chomwe chimaphatikizidwa pachifuwa, chomwe chimapatsa michere nthawi yobereka. M'magawo amtsogolo a chitukuko, pomwe yolk imatha, chikopa chakunja chimakhala chothinikizidwa ndikutulutsidwa m'thupi.
Nthawi yoti bere latenga miyezi 13. Chifukwa chake titha kuganiza kuti azimayi amangobereka chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu chilichonse.
Adani achilengedwe
Shark amatengedwa ngati adani achilengedwe a coelacanth.
Mtengo wamalonda
Nsomba za Coelacanth sizoyenera kudyedwa ndi anthu... Komabe, nsomba zake zakhala vuto lenileni kwa akatswiri a zachthyologists. Asodzi, pofuna kukopa ogula ndi alendo, adachigwira kuti apange nyama zapamwamba zotolera ndalama zawo. Izi zidabweretsa kuwonongeka kosatheka kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano, coelacanth sachotsedwa pamalonda azamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndipo adatchulidwa mu Red Book.
Asodzi aku Greater Comoro Island akhazikitsanso lamulo loletsa mwaufulu usodzi m'malo omwe pali ma coelacanths (kapena "gombessa" momwe amadziwika), ofunikira kupulumutsa nyama zapadera mdzikolo. Ntchito yopulumutsa ma coelacanth imakhudzanso kugawa zida zausodzi pakati pa asodzi m'malo omwe sioyenera kukhala a coelacanth, komanso kukulolani kuti mubweretse nsomba zomwe mwangozi mwadzidzidzi. Pakhala zizindikiro zolimbikitsa posachedwapa kuti anthu
Ma Comoros amayang'anira mwatsatanetsatane nsomba zonse zomwe zilipo zamtunduwu. Latimeria ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri mdziko lamakono la sayansi, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wokonzanso molondola chithunzi cha dziko lapansi chomwe chidalipo zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo. Chifukwa cha izi, ma coelacanth amawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yofunikira kwambiri pophunzira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nsombazo zalembedwa kuti zatha pangozi. Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN wapereka coelacanth nsomba ku Critical Threat. Latimeria chalumnae adatchulidwa kuti Ali Pangozi (Gulu I Supplement) pansi pa CITES.
Pakadali pano palibe kuyerekezera kwenikweni kwa anthu a coelacanth... Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuyerekezera kutengera komwe mitundu ya zachilengedwe ili. Pali zambiri zomwe sizinalembedwe zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu aku Comoros mzaka za m'ma 1990. Kutsika kwatsoka uku kudachitika chifukwa chakubweretsa nsomba m'malo ophera nsomba ndi asodzi am'deralo omwe amasaka mitundu ina yam'madzi akuya kwambiri. Kukoka (ngakhale mwangozi) kwa akazi panthawi yomwe amabala ana kumakhala koopsa kwambiri.
