Archeopteryx ndi mtundu wamtambo wosakhalako kuyambira nthawi ya Late Jurassic. Malinga ndi maonekedwe a morphological, nyamayo imakhala pamalo otchedwa pakati pakati pa mbalame ndi zokwawa. Malinga ndi asayansi, Archeopteryx adakhalako zaka 150-147 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kufotokozera kwa Archeopteryx
Zonse zomwe zapezeka, mwanjira ina kapena zina zogwirizana ndi zomwe zatha Archeopteryx, zimatanthawuza madera omwe ali pafupi ndi Solnhofen kumwera kwa Germany... Kwa nthawi yayitali, asanatulukire zina, zomwe apeza posachedwa kwambiri, asayansi anali akukonzanso mawonekedwe a omwe amati ndi mbalame wamba.
Maonekedwe
Kapangidwe ka mafupa a Archeopteryx nthawi zambiri kumafanizidwa ndi gawo la mafupa a mbalame zamakono, komanso ma deinonychosaurs, omwe anali a theropod dinosaurs, omwe ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a mbalame potengera phylogenetic position. Chigoba cha nyama yomwe sinathenso kutayika chinali ndi mano opindika, morphologically ofanana kwambiri ndi mano a ng'ona wamba. Mafupa a premaxillary a Archeopteryx sanali odziwika ndi kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake, ndipo nsagwada zake zakumunsi ndi zakumtunda zinalibe ramfoteca kapena mchimake wam'mimba, motero nyamayo inalibe mlomo.
Zida zazikulu za occipital zidalumikiza chingwe cha cranial ndi ngalande ya vertebral, yomwe inali kuseli kwa chigaza. Matenda a khomo lachiberekero anali biconcave kumbuyo ndi kunja, komanso analibe malo okhalapo. Sacral vertebrae ya Archeopteryx sinalumikizane, ndipo gawo la sacral vertebral limayimilidwa ndi ma vertebrae asanu. Mfupa ndi mchira wautali zidapangidwa ndi ma vertebrae angapo osavomerezeka a Archeopteryx.
Nthiti za Archeopteryx zinalibe njira zooneka ngati mbedza, ndipo kupezeka kwa nthiti za ventral, zofananira ndi zokwawa, sikupezeka mu mbalame zamakono. Minyewa ya nyama idalumikizana ndikupanga mphanda. Panalibe kusakanikirana pa mafupa amtundu wa ilium, pubic, ndi sciatic. Mafupa a pubic anali atayang'ana kumbuyo pang'ono ndipo adatha ndikuwonjezera mawonekedwe a "boot". Distal imathera pamafupa a pubic olumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu waukulu wa pubic symphysis, womwe kulibe mu mbalame zamakono.
Mapiko akutali a Archeopteryx adatha ndi zala zitatu zopangidwa bwino zopangidwa ndi ma phalanges angapo. Zala zinali zokhota mwamphamvu komanso zazikulu zazikulu. Manja a Archeopteryx anali ndi fupa lotchedwa lunate, ndipo mafupa ena a metacarpus ndi dzanja sanalumikizane. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya nyama yomwe idatha idadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa tibia yopangidwa ndi tibia ndi tibia yotalika pafupifupi kofanana, koma tarsus kunalibe. Kafukufuku wa zitsanzo za Eissstadt ndi London adalola akatswiri kuti adziwe kuti chala chachikulu chimatsutsana ndi zala zina zakumbuyo.
Chojambula choyamba cha Berlin, chopangidwa ndi wojambula wosadziwika kale mu 1878-1879, chikuwonetseratu zojambula za nthenga, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Archeopteryx ikhale mbalame. Komabe, zotsalira zakale za mbalame zomwe zidapangidwa ndi nthenga ndizosowa kwambiri, ndipo zidasungidwa chifukwa chopezeka ndi miyala yamiyala yamafuta pamalo omwe apeza. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuteteza zolembedwa za nthenga ndi mafupa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zomwe zatsala sizofanana, ndipo zodziwika kwambiri ndi zitsanzo za Berlin ndi London. Nthenga za Archeopteryx potengera zinthu zazikuluzikulu zimagwirizana ndi nthenga za mbalame zomwe zatha komanso zamakono.
Archeopteryx anali ndi mchira, kuwuluka komanso kufotokoza nthenga zomwe zimaphimba thupi lanyama.... Mchira ndi nthenga zazikulu zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi nthenga za mbalame zamakono, kuphatikiza ndowa ya nthenga, komanso zigoba ndi ngowe zomwe zimachokera. Kwa nthenga zouluka za Archeopteryx, ma asymmetry a webs amapezeka, pomwe nthenga za mchira wa nyama sizimadziwika bwino. Panalibenso mtolo wosunthika wa nthenga zazikuluzikulu zomwe zinali patsogolo. Panalibe zisonyezo zakubala nthenga ndi kumtunda kwa khosi. Mwa zina, khosi, mutu ndi mchira zinali zopindika kutsika.
Mbali yapadera ya chigaza cha ma pterosaurs, mbalame zina ndi ma theropods zimayimiriridwa ndi zotsekemera zopyapyala ndi sinus zazing'ono zamatenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kuwunika molondola mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwaubongo komwe kunalibe oimira ma taxa amenewo. Asayansi ku Yunivesite ya Texas adakwanitsa kukonza bwino kwambiri ubongo wa nyama mpaka pano pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray tomography kubwerera ku 2004.
Vuto laubongo la Archeopteryx limakhala pafupifupi katatu katatu la zokwawa zofananira. Ma cerebral hemispheres ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso osazunguliridwa ndi timapepala tomwe timakopa. Mawonekedwe aubongo owoneka ngati mawonekedwe ndi ofanana ndi mbalame zonse zamakono, ndipo ma lobes owoneka amapezeka kutsogolo kwenikweni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kapangidwe ka ubongo wa Archeopteryx kamatsimikizira kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe a avian ndi reptile, komanso kukula kwa cerebellum ndi lobes wowoneka, mwina, anali mtundu wazomwe zidayenda bwino nyama zotere.
Cerebellum ya nyama yotayika yotereyi ndi yayikulupo poyerekeza ndi ma theropods aliwonse okhudzana nayo, koma yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zamakono. Ngalande zam'mbali ndi zam'mbali zam'mbali zimakhala pamalo ofanana ndi ma archosaurs aliwonse, koma ngalande yamkati yamkati imadziwika ndikutalika komanso kupindika kwina.
Miyeso ya Archeopteryx
Archeopteryx lithofraphica yochokera mbalame za m'kalasi, dongosolo la Archeopteryx ndi banja la Archeopteryx linali ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa masentimita 35 lokhala ndi pafupifupi 320-400 g.
Moyo, machitidwe
Archeopteryx anali eni ake a ma kolala osakanikirana ndi thupi lokutidwa ndi nthenga, motero ndizovomerezeka kuti nyama yoteroyo imatha kuwuluka, kapena kuyenda bwino kwambiri. Mwachidziwikire, pamiyendo yake yayitali, Archeopteryx idathamanga mwachangu padziko lapansi, mpaka pomwe mpweya wabwino udatenga thupi lake.
Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa nthenga, Archeopteryx inali yothandiza kwambiri pakusungitsa kutentha kwa thupi m'malo mouluka. Mapiko a nyama yotere amatha kugwira ntchito ngati maukonde ogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yonse ya tizilombo. Amati Archeopteryx akadatha kukwera mitengo yayitali kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo m'mapiko awo. Nyama yotereyi nthawi zambiri imakhala nthawi yayitali mumitengo.
Kutalika kwa moyo komanso mawonekedwe azakugonana
Ngakhale zotsalira za Archeopteryx zochepa, sizotheka kukhazikitsa molondola kupezeka kwa malingaliro azakugonana komanso kutalika kwa moyo wa nyama yotayika pakadali pano.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Pakadali pano, zitsanzo khumi ndi ziwiri zokha za Archeopteryx ndi zolemba nthenga zomwe zapezeka. Zotsatira izi zanyama zimakhala m'gulu la miyala yamiyala yopyapyala ya kumapeto kwa Jurassic.
Zotsatira Zofunikira Zokhudza Kutha kwa Archeopteryx:
- nthenga ya nyama inapezeka mu 1861 pafupi ndi Solnhofen. Zomwe anapezazi zidafotokozedwa mu 1861 ndi wasayansi Hermann von Mayer. Tsopano nthenga imeneyi yasungidwa mosamala kwambiri mu Berlin Museum of Natural History;
- chithunzi chopanda mutu ku London (holotype, BMNH 37001), chomwe chidapezeka ku 1861 pafupi ndi Langenaltime, chidafotokozedwa patatha zaka ziwiri ndi Richard Owen. Tsopano zomwe zapezazi zikuwonetsedwa ku London Museum of Natural History, ndipo mutu womwe ukusowa udabwezeretsedwanso ndi Richard Owen;
- choyimira cha Berlin cha nyama (HMN 1880) chidapezeka mu 1876-1877 ku Blumenberg, pafupi ndi Eichstät. Jacob Niemeyer adatha kusinthanitsa zotsalazo ndi ng'ombe, ndipo fanizo lomwelo lidafotokozedwa patatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi a Wilhelm Dames. Tsopano zotsalazo zimasungidwa ku Berlin Museum of Natural History;
- Thupi la mtundu wa Maxberg (S5) lidapezeka mu 1956-1958 pafupi ndi Langenaltime ndipo adafotokozedwa mu 1959 ndi wasayansi Florian Geller. Kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane ndi kwa John Ostrom. Kwa kanthawi kope ili lidawonetsedwa pofotokoza za Museum ya Maxberg, pambuyo pake idabwezedwa kwa eni ake. Wokhometsa atangomwalira mpamene zimatheka kuganiza kuti zotsalira za nyama zomwe zatsalako zidagulitsidwa mwachinsinsi ndi eni ake kapena kuba;
- Mtundu wa Harlem kapena Teyler (TM 6428) udapezeka pafupi ndi Rydenburg mu 1855, ndipo adafotokoza zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake ndi wasayansi Meyer ngati ma crassipes a Pterodactylus. Pafupifupi zaka zana pambuyo pake, kusankhidwaku kudapangidwa ndi John Ostrom. Tsopano zotsalazo zili ku Netherlands, ku Teyler Museum;
- The Eichstät animal specimen (JM 2257), yomwe idapezeka mozungulira 1951-1955 pafupi ndi Workerszell, adafotokozedwa ndi Peter Welnhofer mu 1974. Tsopano fanizoli lili mu Jurassic Museum of Eichshtet ndipo ndi mutu wawung'ono kwambiri, koma wosungidwa bwino;
- Mtundu wa Munich kapena Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein wokhala ndi sternum (S6) adapezeka mu 1991 pafupi ndi Langenalheim ndipo adafotokozedwa ndi Welnhofer ku 1993. Bukuli tsopano lili ku Munich Paleontological Museum;
- chithunzi cha ashhofen chinyama (BSP 1999) chidapezeka mzaka za m'ma 60s za mzaka zapitazi pafupi ndi Eichstät ndipo adafotokozedwa ndi Welnhofer mu 1988. Zomwe apezazi zimasungidwa ku Museum of Mayor Müller ndipo atha kukhala a Wellnhoferia grandis;
- Zidutswa za Müllerian, zomwe zidapezeka mu 1997, tsopano zili ku Müllerian Museum.
- Chitsanzo cha chinyama (WDC-CSG-100) chidapezeka ku Germany ndipo chimasungidwa kwakanthawi ndi wokhometsa payekha. Kupeza kumeneku kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu komanso mapazi osungidwa bwino kwambiri.
Mu 1997, Mauser adalandira uthenga wokhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa chidutswa kuchokera kwa wokhometsa payekha. Mpaka pano, bukuli silinafotokozeredwe, ndipo komwe anali ndi zomwe eni eni sanadziwebe.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Archeopteryx amakhulupirira kuti anali m'nkhalango zotentha.
Zakudya za Archeopteryx
Nsagwada zazikulu kwambiri za Archeopteryx zinali ndi mano ambiri komanso akuthwa kwambiri, omwe sanapangidwe kuti azigaya chakudya choyambira. Komabe, Archeopteryx sanali olusa, chifukwa zamoyo zambiri za nthawi imeneyo zinali zazikulu kwambiri ndipo sizimatha kugwira ngati nyama.
Malinga ndi asayansi, maziko a zakudya za Archeopteryx anali mitundu yonse ya tizilombo, kuchuluka kwake komanso mitundu yake inali yayikulu kwambiri munthawi ya Mesozoic. Mwachidziwikire, Archeopteryx adatha kuwombera nyama zawo ndi mapiko kapena mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo zazitali, pambuyo pake chakudyacho chimasonkhanitsidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timayang'ana padziko lapansi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Thupi la Archeopteryx linali ndi nthenga zambiri.... Palibe kukayika kuti Archeopteryx anali m'gulu la nyama zamagazi. Pachifukwa ichi ofufuza akuti, pamodzi ndi mbalame zina zamakono, nyama zomwe zatsala kale zikusamira mazira omwe amayikidwiratu mu zisa zomwe zidakonzedweratu.
Zisazo zinayikidwa pamiyala ndi mitengo yazitali zokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuteteza ana awo ku nyama zolusa. Ana omwe anabadwa sanathe kudzisamalira nthawi yomweyo ndipo anali ofanana mofanana ndi makolo awo, ndipo kusiyana kwake kunali m'mizere yaying'ono. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti anapiye a Archeopteryx, monga ana a mbalame zamakono, anabadwa opanda nthenga iliyonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuperewera kwa nthenga kunalepheretsa Archeopteryx kukhala wodziyimira pawokha m'milungu yoyambirira ya moyo wawo, kotero anawo amafunikira chisamaliro cha makolo omwe anali ndi chibadwa cha makolo.
Adani achilengedwe
Dziko lakale linali ndi mitundu yambiri yoopsa komanso yayikulu yokwanira ya ma dinosaurs odyetsa, chifukwa chake Archeopteryx inali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Komabe, chifukwa chokhoza kuyenda mwachangu, kukwera mitengo yayitali, ndikukonzekera kapena kuwuluka bwino, Archeopteryx sizinali zovuta kwenikweni.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Triceratops (Chilatini Triceratops)
- Diplodocus (Chilatini Diplodocus)
- Spinosaurus (lat. Spinosaurus)
- Velociraptor (lat. Velociraptor)
Asayansi amakonda kunena kuti pterosaurs okha ndi omwe adana ndi Archeopteryx amisinkhu iliyonse. Abuluzi oterowo okhala ndi mapiko akuthwa amatha kusaka nyama zilizonse zapakati.
