Ngati ma dinosaurs awa akadakhalapo mpaka pano, ma spinosaurs amakhala nyama zazikulu kwambiri komanso zowopsa padziko lapansi. Komabe, adafalanso ku Cretaceous, pamodzi ndi abale awo akulu akulu, kuphatikiza Tyrannosaurus ndi Albertosaurus. Nyamayo inali ya m'kalasi la Saurischia ndipo anali kale dinosaur wamkulu pa nthawiyo. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kunafika mamita 18, ndipo kulemera kwake kunali kokwanira matani 20. Mwachitsanzo, misa iyi imapezeka mukamawonjezera njovu zitatu zazikulu pamodzi.
Kufotokozera kwa spinosaurus
Spinosaurus adayendayenda padziko lapansi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, pafupifupi zaka 98-95 miliyoni zapitazo... Dzinalo la nyamayo limamasuliridwa kwenikweni ngati "buluzi wopota". Zidapezeka chifukwa chakupezeka kwa "seyera" yayikulu kumbuyo ngati mawonekedwe amfupa. Spinosaurus poyamba amalingaliridwa ngati bipedal dinosaur yomwe idasunthira mofanana ndi Tyrannosaurus Rex. Izi zikuwonetseredwa ndi kupezeka kwa miyendo yolimba komanso mikono yaying'ono. Ngakhale anali kale panthawiyi, akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale amaganiza kuti nyama yomwe ili ndi mafupa otere imayenera kuyenda ndi miyendo inayi, monga ma tetrapod ena.
Ndizosangalatsa!Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mikono yayikulu yokulirapo kuposa ya abale ena a theopod, omwe Spinosaurus amatchulidwa. Palibe zokwanira zokwanira zakale zomwe zimapezeka kuti zidziwitse kutalika ndi mtundu wa miyendo yakumbuyo ya spinosaurus. Kufukula kwaposachedwa mu 2014 kwapereka mpata wowona chiwonetsero chathunthu cha thupi lanyama. The femur ndi tibia zinamangidwanso pamodzi ndi zala zazing'ono ndi mafupa ena.
Zotsatira zakufukula zidayang'aniridwa mosamala pomwe zimawonetsa kuti miyendo yakumbuyo inali yayifupi. Ndipo izi zitha kuwonetsa chinthu chimodzi - dinosaur sakanakhoza kuyenda pamtunda, ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo inali ngati njira yosambira. Koma izi ndizokayikitsa, popeza malingaliro amagawanika. Popeza kuti fanizoli liyenera kuti linali lakale kwambiri, sizingatsimikizidwe kuti miyendo siyikulanso gawo lina, lachikulire, momwe zimatheka kuti miyendo yakumbuyo idalitalika. Chifukwa chake, mpaka zotsalira zakale "zidzakhala" pamapeto pake zongopeka chabe.
Maonekedwe
Dinosaur uyu anali ndi "seyala" yodabwitsa yomwe inali pakatikati mwa nsana. Amakhala ndi mafupa aminga olumikizana pamodzi ndi khungu. Akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti panali chopindika cha mafuta, popeza momwe zamoyozi zimakhalira sizotheka kukhala opanda mphamvu ngati mafuta. Koma asayansi sanatsimikize 100% chifukwa chake hump yotere inali yofunikira. Mwina idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi... Potembenuza matanga kupita padzuwa, amatha kutentha magazi ake mwachangu kuposa ziwombankhanga zina zozizira.
Komabe, sitima yayikulu kwambiri, yamiyala yamtunduwu mwina inali chinthu chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha nyama yolusa iyi ya Cretaceous ndipo idapangitsa kuti ikhale yowonjezeranso banja la dinosaur. Sizinkawoneka ngati sitima ya Dimetrodon yomwe idakhala Padziko Lapansi zaka 280-265 miliyoni zapitazo. Mosiyana ndi zolengedwa monga stegosaurus, omwe mbale zawo zimachotsedwa pakhungu, sitima ya spinosaurus idamangiriridwa ndi kukulitsa kwa ma vertebrae kumbuyo kwa thupi lake, kumamangiriza kwathunthu ku mafupa. Zowonjezera izi zamtundu wam'mbuyo wam'mbuyo, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, zidakula mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka. Mapangidwe omwe adalumikizana anali ngati khungu lolimba. Mwakuwoneka, mwina, malumikizowo amawoneka ngati nembanemba pakati pa zala za amphibiya ena.
Chidziwitso chomwe misana yam'mimba idalumikizidwa molunjika ku vertebrae sichikaikiro, komabe, malingaliro a asayansi amasiyana pamapangidwe omwewo, ndikuwalumikiza m'mbali imodzi. Ngakhale akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti sitima ya spinosaurus inali yofanana ndi sitima ya Dimetrodon, palinso ena monga Jack Boman Bailey, omwe amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chakulimba kwa mitengoyi, mwina inali yolimba kuposa khungu labwinobwino ndipo imafanana ndi nembanemba yapadera. ...
Bailey amaganiza kuti chishango cha Spinosaurus chimakhalanso ndi mafuta osanjikiza, komabe, mawonekedwe ake enieni sakudziwikabe molondola chifukwa chosowa kwathunthu zitsanzo.
Ponena za mawonekedwe amthupi ngati seyule kumbuyo kwa spinosaurus, malingaliro nawonso amasiyanasiyana. Malingaliro ambiri amaperekedwa pamalopo, omwe ambiri mwa iwo ndi ntchito ya thermoregulation. Lingaliro la njira yowonjezera yozizira ndi kutentha thupi ndilofala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokozera mafupa ambiri apadera pa ma dinosaurs osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus, ndi Parasaurolophus.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amaganiza kuti mitsempha ya m'mphepete mwa phirili inali pafupi kwambiri ndi khungu moti imatha kutentha kutentha kuti isazizire nthawi yozizira kwambiri usiku. Asayansi ena amaganiza kuti msana wa spinosaurus udagwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira magazi kudzera mumitsempha yamagazi yomwe ili pafupi ndi khungu kuti iziziziritsa mwachangu m'malo otentha. Mulimonsemo, "maluso" onsewa atha kukhala othandiza ku Africa. Thermoregulation ikuwoneka ngati tanthauzo lomveka bwino lapaulendo wa sipinosaurus, komabe, pali malingaliro ena omwe ali ndi chidwi chofanana pagulu.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ngakhale kuti cholinga cha spinosaurus seweroli chikadakayikirabe, kapangidwe ka chigaza - chachikulu, chotalikirapo, ndichodziwikiratu kwa akatswiri onse. Mwachifaniziro, chigaza cha ng'ona chamakono chimamangidwa, chomwe chimatambasula nsagwada zomwe zimakhala mu chigaza chachikulu. Chigaza cha spinosaurus, ngakhale pakadali pano, chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chachitali kwambiri pakati pa ma dinosaurs onse omwe adalipo padziko lathuli.
Akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti zombo zouluka zam'madzi zotchedwa spinosaurus zimagwiranso ntchito ngati nthenga za mbalame zazikulu masiku ano. Momwemonso, zidafunikira kuti akope mnzake kuti abereke ndikudziwitsa kuyambika kwa unamwali wa anthu. Ngakhale mtundu wa wokonda izi sudziwikabe, pali malingaliro akuti anali owala, malankhulidwe okopa omwe adakopa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi anzawo kuchokera kutali.
Mtundu wodzitchinjiriza ukuganiziridwanso. Mwinanso adachigwiritsa ntchito kuti chiwoneke chokulirapo pamaso pa wotsutsana naye. Pakukula kwa bwato lakuthwa, sipinosaurus idawoneka yayikulu kwambiri komanso yowopsa m'maso mwa iwo omwe amaiona ngati "yoluma mwachangu." Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuti mdani, posafuna kuchita nawo nkhondo yovuta, adathawa, kufunafuna nyama yosavuta.
Kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi masentimita 152 ndi theka. Nsagwada zazikulu, zomwe zimakhala m'derali, zinali ndi mano, makamaka mawonekedwe ozungulira, omwe anali oyenera kugwira nsomba ndi kudya. Amakhulupirira kuti Spinosaurus anali ndi mano pafupifupi khumi ndi anayi, onse pachibwano chapamwamba komanso chakumunsi, komanso mayini akulu akulu mbali zonse ziwiri. Nsagwada ya spinosaurus sindiwo umboni wokha wokhudzana ndi kudya kwake. Inalinso ndi maso omwe anali pachibwenzi chapamwamba kumbuyo kwa chigaza, kuwapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati ng'ona amakono. Izi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a akatswiri ena olemba mbiri yakale kuti mwina anali gawo limodzi la nthawi yake yonse m'madzi. Popeza malingaliro okhudza ngati anali mamm au nyama yam'madzi, amasiyana kwambiri.
Miyeso ya Spinosaurus
Maonekedwe a mutu wa dontho la spinosaurus sindiwo mndandanda wazinthu zotsutsana za akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale. Pali zokambirana zambiri pakati pa asayansi pakukula kwenikweni kwa dinosaur wamkuluyu.
Ma data apano akuwonetsa kuti amayeza pafupifupi 7,000-20,900 kilogalamu (7 mpaka 20.9 matani) ndipo amatha kukula kuchokera 12.6 mpaka 18 mita kutalika.... Chigaza chimodzi chokha chomwe chinapezeka pazofukula chinali mita 1.75. Spinosaurus, yomwe inali yake, amakhulupirira kuti akatswiri ambiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amatha pafupifupi mamita 46 m'litali ndipo amalemera pafupifupi matani 7.4. Kuti apitilize kuyerekezera pakati pa Spinosaurus ndi Tyrannosaurus Rex, yachiwiri inali pafupifupi 13 mita kutalika ndikulemera matani 7.5. Kutalika, spinosaurus imakhulupirira kuti ili pafupifupi mamita 4.2 kutalika; komabe, kuphatikiza sitima yayikulu, yaming'oma kumbuyo kwake, kutalika kwathunthu kudafika 6 mita. Mwachitsanzo, tyrannosaurus rex idafika kutalika kwa 4.5 mpaka 6 mita.
Moyo, machitidwe
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Romain Amiot ndi anzawo, omwe adaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za mano a spinosaurus, adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa oxygen isotope m'mano ndi mafupa a spinosaurus kunali pafupi kwambiri ndi ng'ona kuposa nyama zina. Ndiye kuti, mafupa ake anali oyenera zamoyo zam'madzi.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza kuti spinosaurus anali nyama yopatsa mwayi yomwe imatha kusintha pakati pa zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi. Mwachidule, mano ake ndi abwino kusodza komanso osayenera makamaka kusaka malo chifukwa chosowa serration. Kupezeka kwa mamba a nsomba okhala ndi asidi m'mimba pa nthiti ya Spinosaurus specimen akuwonetsanso kuti dinosaur uyu amadya nsomba.
Akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale amayerekezera Spinosaurus ndi nyama yofananira, Baronix, yomwe imadya nsomba ndi ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono kapena nyama zina zapadziko lapansi. Mabaibulo oterewa adayikidwa pambuyo poti mtundu wina wa pterosaur wapezeka pafupi ndi dzino la spinosaurus lojambulidwa m'mafupa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti Spinosaurus anali wodyerapo mwayi ndipo amadyetsedwa pazomwe zimatha kugwira ndikumeza. Komabe, mtunduwu ndiwokayika chifukwa nsagwada zake sizinasinthidwe kuti zigwire ndikupha nyama yayikulu.
Utali wamoyo
Zaka za moyo wa munthu sizinakhazikitsidwe.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Zambiri zomwe zimadziwika za Spinosaurus, mwatsoka, ndizomwe zimachokera pakulingalira, popeza kusowa kwa zitsanzo zathunthu sikupereka mwayi wina wofufuzira. Zotsalira zoyambirira za spinosaurus zidapezeka ku Bahariya Valley ku Egypt mu 1912, ngakhale sanapatsidwe mtundu uwu. Zaka zitatu zokha pambuyo pake, katswiri wazakale waku Germany a Ernst Stromer adawagwirizanitsa ndi Spinosaurus. Mafupa ena a dinosaur awa anali ku Bahariya ndipo amadziwika ngati mtundu wachiwiri mu 1934. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa chakutuluka kwa nthawi, zina mwa izo zinawonongeka zitabwezedwa ku Munich, ndipo enawo adawonongedwa pa bomba lomwe linaphulitsidwa mu 1944. Mpaka pano, zitsanzo zisanu ndi chimodzi za spinosaurus zapezeka, ndipo palibe mtundu wathunthu kapena pafupifupi wathunthu womwe wapezeka.
Choyimira china cha Spinosaurus, chomwe chidapezeka mu 1996 ku Morocco, chinali ndi khola lachiberekero lapakati, chingwe chakumbuyo chamitsempha yam'mbali, ndi mano apakati ndi apakati. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsanzo zina ziwiri, zomwe zinali ku 1998 ku Algeria ndi 2002 ku Tunisia, zinali ndi malo amano a nsagwada. Choyimira china, chomwe chinali ku Morocco mu 2005, chinali ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira zinthu zambiri.... Malinga ndi zomwe apeza pazomwe apezazi, chigaza cha nyama yomwe idapezeka, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa Museum of Civil Natural History ku Milan, chinali pafupifupi masentimita 183 m'litali, ndikupangitsa kuti chiwonetserochi chikhale chachikulu kwambiri mpaka pano.
Tsoka ilo, onse a spinosaurus omwe komanso a paleontologists, sizinapezeke mafupa a nyama iyi, kapena ngakhale pafupi kwambiri ndi ziwalo zathupi lathunthu. Kusowa kwaumboni kumeneku kumabweretsa chisokonezo m'malingaliro amomwe thupi la dinosaur limayambira. Mafupa a malekezero a Spinosaurus sanapezeke kamodzi, zomwe zitha kupatsa akatswiri olemba mbiri lingaliro la kapangidwe kake ka thupi ndi malo mlengalenga. Mwamaganizidwe, kupeza mafupa amiyendo ya spinosaurus sikungomupangitsa kuti akhale ndi thupi lathunthu, komanso kumathandizanso akatswiri odziwa zakuthambo kuphatikiza lingaliro lamomwe cholembedwacho chidasunthira. Mwina zinali chifukwa chakusowa kwa mafupa amiyendo komwe kudabuka mkangano wosatha wokhudza ngati Spinosaurus anali cholengedwa chamiyendo iwiri kapena chamiyendo iwiri komanso chamiyendo inayi.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nanga bwanji Spinosaurus wathunthu ndi ovuta kupeza? Zonsezi ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kupeza zinthu zoyambira - iyi ndi nthawi ndi mchenga. Kupatula apo, Spinosaurus adakhala nthawi yayitali ku Africa ndi Egypt, akutsogolera moyo wamadzi wamba. Sizingatheke kuti tidzadziwe zitsanzo zomwe zili pansi pa mchenga wandiweyani wa Sahara posachedwa.
Mpaka pano, mitundu yonse yopezeka ya Spinosaurus inali ndi zinthu zochokera msana ndi chigaza. Monga nthawi zambiri, pakalibe zitsanzo zokwanira, akatswiri ofufuza zakale amakakamizidwa kufananiza mitundu ya dinosaur ndi nyama zofananira kwambiri. Komabe, pankhani ya spinosaurus, iyi ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa ngakhale ma dinosaurs omwe akatswiri ofufuza zakale amakhulupirira kuti anali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi a spinosaurus, palibe amodzi mwa iwo omwe ali ofanana ndendende ndi nyama yolusa nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, asayansi nthawi zambiri amati spinosaurus nthawi zambiri imakhala ya bipedal, monga zilombo zina zazikulu, monga Tyrannosaurus Rex. Komabe, izi sizingadziwike motsimikizika, mpaka zotsalira zonse, kapena zosowa, zitapezeka.
Malo ena onse anyani zazikuluzikuluzi amawerengedwanso kuti ndi ovuta kufufuzira pakadali pano. Chipululu cha Shuga chakhala chinthu chodziwika kwambiri potengera zitsanzo za Spinosaurus. Koma malowa amatikakamiza kuti tigwiritse ntchito titanic chifukwa cha nyengo, komanso kusakwanira kwa nthaka kuti tisunge zotsalira. Zikuwoneka kuti zitsanzo zilizonse zomwe zimapezeka mwangozi mkuntho zamchenga zimakhala zodetsedwa chifukwa cha nyengo ndi kayendedwe ka mchenga zomwe zangokhala zazing'ono kuti zizindikire ndikuzizindikira. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhala okhutira ndi zochepa zomwe zapezeka kale ndikuyembekeza kuti tsiku lina adzakhumudwa ndi zitsanzo zathunthu zomwe zitha kuyankha mafunso onse osangalatsa ndikuwulula zinsinsi za spinosaurus.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mafupa amapezeka ku North Africa ndi Egypt. Ndicho chifukwa chake, mwachiphamaso, tingaganize kuti nyamayo inkakhala m'madera amenewa.
Zakudya za Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus anali ndi nsagwada zazitali, zamphamvu ndi mano owongoka. Ma dinosaurs ena ambiri omwe amadya nyama anali ndi mano opindika kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti dinosaur wamtunduwu amayenera kugwedeza mwamphamvu nyama yake kuti adulemo ndikupha.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Stegosaurus (Chilatini Stegosaurus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Pterodactyl (Chilatini Pterodactylus)
- Megalodon (lat. Cararodon megalodon)
Ngakhale panali pakamwa, malingaliro ofala kwambiri ndikuti ma spinosaurs anali odyera nyama, amakonda makamaka chakudya cha nsomba, popeza amakhala pamtunda komanso m'madzi (mwachitsanzo, ngati ng'ona za masiku ano). Komanso, anali ma dinosaurs okhawo am'madzi.
Adani achilengedwe
Popeza kukula kwa nyama ndi malo okhala madzi ambiri, ndizovuta kuganiza kuti inali ndi adani ena achilengedwe.
