Giant sauropod diplodocus, yomwe idakhala kumpoto kwa America zaka 154-152 miliyoni zapitazo, imadziwika, ngakhale ili yayikulu, dinosaur yopepuka kwambiri potengera kutalika kwa kutalika kwake mpaka kulemera kwake.
Kufotokozera kwa diplodocus
Diplodocus (diplodocus, kapena dioeses) ndi gawo la infraorder sauropod, yoyimira imodzi mwamagawo a dinosaur dinosaurs, otchedwa paleontologist Otniel C. Marsh (USA). Dzinalo limaphatikiza mawu awiri achi Greek - διπλόος "iwiri" ndi δοκός "beam / beam" - kuwonetsa mawonekedwe osangalatsa a mchira, omwe mafupa awo apakati adathera m'mizere yopingasa.
Maonekedwe
Jurassic Diplodocus ili ndi mayina angapo osadziwika... Imeneyi (yokhala ndi miyendo yamphamvu, khosi lolimba ndi mchira wochepa thupi) imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwama dinosaurs odziwika bwino kwambiri, mwina omwe ndi omwe atalikirapo kwambiri, komanso dinosaur wamkulu yemwe adapezeka m'mafupa athunthu.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Diplodocus inali ndi chinthu chodabwitsa - mafupa opanda pake a mchira ndi khosi, omwe adathandizira kuchepetsa katundu pamakina amitsempha. Khosolo linali ndi mafupa 15 (amitundumitundu iwiri), omwe, malinga ndi akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale, adadzazidwa ndi matumba ampweya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mchira wopatukana mopambanitsa unaphatikizira ma vertebrae 80 opanda pake: pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa ma sauropods ena. Mchira sunangokhala wopikisana ndi khosi lalitali, komanso umagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza.
Njira ziwiri zopota, zomwe zimapatsa diplodocus dzina lake, nthawi yomweyo amathandizira mchira ndikuteteza mitsempha yake kuti isakakamizike. Mu 1990, zikopa za diplodocus zidapezeka, pomwe pamutu pa mchira, akatswiri ofufuza zakale adawona minga (yofanana ndi kukula kwa iguana), mwina amathamangira kumbuyo / khosi ndikufika masentimita 18. Diplodocus inali ndi miyendo isanu (yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo) yokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zazifupi zokhala ndi zala zamkati.
Mutu kapangidwe kake
Mofanana ndi ma dinosaurs ambiri, mutu wa diplodocus unali wawung'ono kwambiri ndipo unali ndi ubongo wokwanira kuti upulumuke. Kutsegula kokha kwammphuno kunali (mosiyana ndi ziwirizo) osati kumapeto kwa mphuno, monga nyama zina, koma kumtunda kwa chigaza kutsogolo kwa maso. Mano onga zikhomo zopapatiza anali makamaka m'dera lakunja kwa mkamwa.
Zofunika! Zaka zingapo zapitazo, chidziwitso chodziwikiratu chidapezeka pamasamba a Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology kuti mutu wa diplodocus udasintha momwe umakulira.
Maziko omaliza anali kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ndi chigaza cha diplodocus wachichepere (wochokera ku Carnegie Museum of Natural History), wopezeka mu 1921. Malinga ndi m'modzi mwa ofufuzawo, D. Whitlock (Yunivesite ya Michigan), maso a wachinyamatayo anali okulirapo ndipo mphuno inali yocheperako kuposa ya diplodocus wamkulu, yemwe, ngakhale zili choncho, pafupifupi nyama zonse.
Asayansi adadabwitsidwa ndi chinthu china - mawonekedwe osayembekezereka a mutu, omwe adakhala owongoka, osati ozungulira, ngati diplodocus yolimba. Monga a Jeffrey Wilson, m'modzi mwa omwe adalemba zomwe zidalembedwa mu Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, adati, "Mpaka pano, timaganiza kuti diplodocus wachinyamata anali ndi zigaza zofanana ndendende ndi abale awo achikulire."
Miyeso ya Diplodocus
Chifukwa cha kuwerengera kwa David Gillette, kopangidwa mu 1991, diplodocus poyamba inali pakati pa colossi yowona ya malemu Jurassic... Gillette adati nyama zazikulu kwambiri zimakula mpaka mamita 54, ndikupeza matani 113. Tsoka, manambalawo adasokonekera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma vertebrae.
Ndizosangalatsa! Miyeso yeniyeni ya diplodocus, yochokera ku zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono, imawoneka yocheperako - kuyambira 27 mpaka 35 m kutalika (komwe gawo lalikulu limayesedwa ndi mchira ndi khosi), komanso matani 10-20 kapena 20-80 a misa, kutengera momwe amafikira tanthauzo.
Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu womwe ulipo komanso wotetezedwa bwino wa Diplodocus carnegii umalemera matani 10-16 ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa mita 25.
Moyo, machitidwe
Mu 1970, asayansi adavomereza kuti ma sauropods onse, kuphatikiza Diplodocus, anali nyama zakutchire: zidaganiziridwa kale kuti diplodocus (chifukwa chotsegula kwammphuno kumtunda) idakhala m'malo amadzi. Mu 1951, lingaliro ili lidatsutsidwa ndi katswiri wazakale waku Britain a Kenneth A. Kermak, yemwe adatsimikiza kuti sauropod satha kupuma akamadumphira chifukwa chakuzindikira kwamadzi pachifuwa.
Komanso, malingaliro oyambilira okhudzana ndi kukhazikika kwa diplodocus, omwe akuwonetsedwa pomangidwanso kwa Oliver Hay ndi zotambasula (ngati buluzi), asinthanso. Ena amakhulupirira kuti diplodocus imafunikira ngalande pansi pamimba yake yayikulu kuti isunthire bwino ndikukoka mchira wake pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Diplodocus nthawi zambiri ankakoka mitu yawo ndi makosi awo atakwezedwa m'mwamba, zomwe zidakhala zabodza - izi zidapezeka pakompyuta, zomwe zimawonetsa kuti malo omwe khosi limakhala osakhazikika, koma osakhazikika.
Zidapezeka kuti diplodocus idagawika ma vertebrae, mothandizidwa ndi timitsempha tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timayendetsa mutu wake kumanzere ndi kumanja, osakwera ndi kutsika, ngati dinosaur yokhala ndi ma vertebrae osasunthika. Kafukufukuyu adatsimikizira zomwe zanenedwa kale ndi wolemba mbiri yakale Kent Stevens (University of Oregon), yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a digito kukonzanso / kuwona mafupa a diplodocus. Ankaonetsetsanso kuti khosi la Diplodocus linali loyenera kuyenda kwake kumanzere / kumanzere, koma osakwera.
Diplodocus yayikulu komanso yolemera, yoimirira pamiyendo inayi yazipilala, inali yochedwa kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo imatha kukweza mwendo umodzi pansi (atatu otsalawo adathandizira thunthu lamphamvu). Akatswiri a paleontologist ananenanso kuti zala zakuthambo zimakwezedwa pang'ono pansi kuti muchepetse kukanika kwa minofu poyenda. Thupi la diplodocus, mwachiwonekere, linali lopendekera patsogolo, lomwe limafotokozedwa ndi kutalika kwakutali kwa miyendo yake yakumbuyo.
Kutengera zotsalira zamaguluwo, asayansiwo adaganiza kuti diplodocus imatsata moyo wawo woweta.
Utali wamoyo
Kuchokera kwa akatswiri ena olemba mbiri yakale, nthawi yamoyo ya diplodocus inali pafupi zaka 200-250.
Mitundu ya Diplodocus
Tsopano pali mitundu ingapo yodziwika ya mtundu wa Diplodocus, yonse yomwe ndi yodyetsa nyama:
- Diplodocus longus ndiye mtundu woyamba wopezeka;
- Diplodocus carnegii - Yofotokozedwa mu 1901 ndi John Hetcher, yemwe adatcha mtunduwo pambuyo pa Andrew Carnegie. Mitunduyi ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha mafupa ake pafupifupi onse, omwe amakopedwa ndimamyuziyamu ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi;
- Diplodocus hayi - mafupa pang'ono omwe adapezeka mu 1902 ku Wyoming, koma adangofotokozedwa mu 1924;
- Diplodocus hallorum - Poyamba adalongosola molakwika mu 1991 ndi David Gillette wotchedwa "seismosaurus".
Mitundu yonse yamtundu wa Diplodocus (kupatula yotsiriza) idasankhidwa kuyambira 1878 mpaka 1924.
Mbiri yakupezeka
Zakale zakale za diplodocus zidayamba mu 1877, chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za a Benjamin Mogge ndi a Samuel Williston, omwe adapeza vertebrae pafupi ndi Canon City (Colorado, USA). Chaka chotsatira, nyama yosadziwika inafotokozedwa ndi pulofesa wa Yale University a Othniel Charles Marsh, ndikupatsa mtunduwo dzina la Diplodocus longus. Chidutswa chapakati cha mchira chidasiyanitsidwa ndi vertebra ya mawonekedwe achilendo, chifukwa chomwe diplodocus idalandira dzina lilipoli "kawiri kawiri".
Pambuyo pake, mafupa apakati (opanda chigaza) omwe adapezeka mu 1899, komanso chigaza chomwe chidapezeka mu 1883, adatchulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wa Diplodocus longus. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale akhala akupeza zakale za diplodocus, kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yotchuka kwambiri (chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa mafupa) inali Diplodocus carnegii, yopezeka mu 1899 ndi a Jacob Wortman. Chithunzichi, chotalika mamita 25 komanso cholemera matani 15, adalandira dzina loti Dippy.
Ndizosangalatsa! A Dippy adasindikizidwa padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha makope 10 omwe amakhala m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zazikulu, kuphatikizapo Zoological Museum ku St. Petersburg. Andrew Kornegie adapereka mu 1910 kopi ya "Russian" ya Diplodocus kwa Tsar Nicholas II.
Zotsalira zoyambirira za Diplodocus hallorum zidapezeka mu 1979 ku New Mexico ndipo adalakwitsa ndi David Gillett chifukwa cha mafupa a seismosaur. Chitsanzocho, chopangidwa ndi mafupa okhala ndi zidutswa za mafupa, nthiti ndi mafupa a chiuno, adatchulidwa molakwika mu 1991 ngati Seismosaurus Halli. Ndipo kokha mu 2004, pamsonkhano wapachaka wa Geological Society of America, seismosaur iyi idadziwika kuti diplodocus. Mu 2006, D. longus adafanizidwa ndi D. hallorum.
Mafupa "abwino kwambiri" adapezeka mu 2009 pafupi ndi mzinda wa Ten Slip (Wyoming) ndi ana a katswiri wazakale a Raymond Albersdorfer. Kufukula kwa diplodocus, yotchedwa Misty (mwachidule Chodabwitsa kuti "chodabwitsa"), idatsogozedwa ndi Dinosauria International, LLC.
Zinatengera milungu 9 kuti zichotse zotsalazo, pambuyo pake zidatumizidwa ku labotale yapakati kukakonza zakale, ku Netherlands. Mafupawa, omwe adasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku 40% mwa mafupa achichepere oyambira mita 17, adatumizidwa ku England kuti adzagulitsidwe ku Summers Place (West Sussex). Pa Novembala 27, 2013, Misty adagulidwa $ 488,000 ndi Natural History Museum of Denmark ku University of Copenhagen.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Diplodocus idakhala kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic komwe North America kwamakono ili, makamaka kumadzulo... Amakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha ndi zomera zambiri.
Zakudya za Diplodocus
Lingaliro loti diplodocus adadula masamba kuchokera pamwamba pamitengo adalowererapo m'mbuyomu: ndikukula mpaka 10 mita ndi khosi lalitali, sanathe kufikira kumtunda (pamwamba pa 10 mita) wazomera, kumadzichepetsera pakati ndi otsika.
Zowona, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti nyamazo zimadula masamba ataliatali osati chifukwa cha khosi, koma ndimphamvu zamphamvu zam'mbuyo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kukweze miyendo yakutsogolo pansi, kutsamira miyendo yakumbuyo. Diplodocus idadya mosiyana ndi ma sauropods ena: izi zikuwonekera pakapangidwe kofanana ndi chisa cha mano opangidwa ngati msomali, oyang'ana koyambirira kwa nsagwada, ndi mavalidwe ake enieni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nsagwada zofooka ndi mano okhomerera sanali oyenera kutafuna mokwanira. Akatswiri ofufuza zakale amatsimikiza kuti zinali zovuta kuti diplodocus idule masamba, koma ndizosavuta kupesa mbewu zomwe sizingafanane ndi zina.
Komanso, chakudya cha diplodocus chidaphatikizapo:
- masamba a fern / mphukira;
- singano / cones wa mitengo ya coniferous;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- ma molluscs ang'onoang'ono (omwetsedwa ndi algae).
Miyala ya Gastrolith inathandiza kugaya ndi kugaya zomera zosalala.
Oyimira achichepere ndi achikulire amtunduwu sanapikisane akamasankha chakudya, popeza amadya magawo osiyanasiyana azomera.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake achichepere anali ndi zipsinjo zopapatiza, pomwe anzawo achikulire anali ammbali. Wachichepere Diplodocus, chifukwa chakuwona kwakukulu, nthawi zonse amapeza ma tidbits.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mwachidziwikire, diplodocus wamkazi adayika mazira (lililonse lili ndi mpira) m'mabowo osaya omwe adakumba kunja kwa nkhalango yamvula. Atapanga zowalamulira, adaponya mazirawo ndi mchenga / nthaka ndikuchoka mwamtendere, ndiye kuti anali ngati kamba wamba wanyanja.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi ana akamba, diplodocus yemwe wangobadwa kumene adathamangira osati kumadzi opulumutsa, koma kumadera otentha kuti azibisalira adani m'nkhalango zowirira. Powona mdani yemwe angakhale mdani, anawo adazizira ndipo adalumikizana ndi tchire.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchokera pakuwunika kwa mafupa, zidawonekeratu kuti diplodocus, monga ma sauropods ena, idakula mwachangu, ndikupeza 1 toni pachaka ndikubala chonde patatha zaka 10.
Adani achilengedwe
Kukula kolimba kwa Diplodocus kudapangitsa kuti anthu ena amadya, Allosaurus ndi Ceratosaurus, omwe mabwinja awo adapezeka m'magawo omwewo ndi mafupa a Diplodocus. Komabe, ma dinosaurs odyerawa, omwe ma ornitholestes mwina amalumikizana nawo, amasaka ana a diplodocus mosalekeza. Achichepere anali otetezeka m'gulu la wamkulu Diplodocus.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Spinosaurus (lat. Spinosaurus)
- Velociraptor (lat. Velociraptor)
- Stegosaurus (Chilatini Stegosaurus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
Pamene chinyama chimakula, kuchuluka kwa adani ake akunja kumachepa.... N'zosadabwitsa kuti kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic, diplodocus idakhala yotchuka pakati pa ma dinosaurs odyetsa. Diplodocus, monga ma dinosaurs ambiri, adatayika dzuwa litalowa Jurassic, pafupifupi zaka 150 miliyoni zapitazo. n. Zifukwa zakutha kwa mtunduwo zitha kukhala kusintha kwachilengedwe m'malo awo okhala, kuchepa kwa chakudya, kapena mawonekedwe amitundu yatsopano yodya nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zazing'ono.
