Ku Russia, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa ziwombankhanga zam'madzi, chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi magombe ndi mabeseni amadzi. Apa ndipamene chiwombankhanga choyera chimapeza nyama yake yayikulu, nsomba.
Kufotokozera kwa chiwombankhanga choyera
Haliaeetus albicilla (mphungu yoyera-yoyera) ndi yamtundu wa ziwombankhanga zam'nyanja, zophatikizidwa ndi banja la nkhamba. Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe a chiwombankhanga choyera (chomwe chimadziwika kuti imvi ku Ukraine) chimafanana kwambiri ndi wachibale wawo waku America Haliaeetus leucocephalus, mphungu ya dazi. Kwa akatswiri ena a mbalame, kufanana kwa mitundu iwiriyi kunakhala maziko ophatikizana kukhala gawo limodzi.
Maonekedwe
Mbalame yayikulu yodya yayikulu yokhala ndi miyendo yolimba, yomwe miyendo yake (mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, chomwe chiwombankhanga choyera chimayerekezeredwa nayo nthawi zonse) sichiphimbidwa ndi nthenga mpaka kumapazi. Manjawa ali ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zakuthwa kuti agwire ndikusewera nyama, zomwe mbalameyi imakhadzula mwankhanza ndi mlomo wolimba. Chiwombankhanga chachikulire chachikulire chimakula mpaka 0.7-1 m cholemera makilogalamu 5-7 ndi mapiko a mapiko a mamita 2-2.5. Ili ndi dzina kuchokera mchira woboola pakati wonyezimira, wopentedwa woyera komanso wosiyana ndi mawonekedwe abulu a thupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimakhala zakuda kuposa achikulire, zimakhala ndi milomo yakuda yakuda, irises yakuda ndi michira, mawanga akutali pamimba ndi mawonekedwe amiyala pamwamba pa mchira. Ndi mult iliyonse, achichepere amafanana kwambiri ndi achibale achikulire, kukhala ndi mawonekedwe achikulire atatha msinkhu, zomwe sizimachitika zaka zoposa 5, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale pambuyo pake.
Nthenga zofiirira zamapiko ndi thupi zimawala pang'ono kumutu, ndikupeza utoto wachikasu kapena woyera. Orlana nthawi zina amatchedwa wamaso agolide chifukwa cha maso ake achikaso choboola. Miyendo, monga mlomo wamphamvu, imakhalanso yachikasu mopepuka.
Moyo, machitidwe
Chiwombankhanga choyera chimazindikirika ngati chilombo chachinayi chachikulu kwambiri ku Europe, kusiya kokha chiwombankhanga cha griffon, chiwombankhanga cha ndevu ndi chiwombankhanga chakuda patsogolo. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi amuna okhaokha, ndipo zimapanga awiriawiri, kwazaka zambiri zimakhala m'dera limodzi lokhala ndi makilomita 25-80, pomwe zimamanga zisa zolimba, kusaka ndikuchotsa amitundu anzawo. Ziwombankhanga zoyera sizimayimanso pamwambo ndi anapiye awo, zimawatumiza kuchokera kunyumba kwa abambo awo akangodzuka pamapiko.
Zofunika! Malinga ndi zomwe Buturlin adawona, ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi ziwombankhanga ndipo zimafanana pang'ono ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide, koma zakunja osati zamkati: zizolowezi zawo ndi moyo wawo ndizosiyana. Chiwombankhanga chimagwirizana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide osati kokha ndi maliseche (ali ndi nthenga m'chiwombankhanga), komanso ndi kukhathamira kwapadera mkatikati mwa zala, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga nyama yoterera.
Poona pamwamba pamadzi, chiwombankhanga choyera chimayang'ana nsomba kuti chizitsamira msanga ndipo, ngati kuti chinyamula ndi mapazi ake. Ngati nsombayo ndi yakuya, nyamayo imayenda pansi pamadzi kwakanthawi, koma osakwanira kuti ithe kuigwira ndikufa.
Nkhani zomwe nsomba zazikulu zimatha kukoka chiwombankhanga m'madzi, mwa lingaliro la Buturlin, ndizongopeka chabe.... Pali asodzi omwe amati adawona zikhadabo za chiwombankhanga zomwe zakula kumbuyo kwa nkhono zomwe zinagwidwa.
Izi, zachidziwikire, ndizosatheka - mbalameyo ndi yaulere kumasula nsinga zake, kumasula mbalameyi ndi kunyamuka nthawi iliyonse. Kuuluka kwa chiwombankhanga si kochititsa chidwi komanso kofulumira ngati kwa chiwombankhanga kapena mphamba. Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwawo, chiwombankhanga chimawoneka cholemera kwambiri, chosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chowongoka komanso chopindika, pafupifupi osapindika, mapiko.
Chiwombankhanga choyera nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake otambalala, kufalikira mozungulira, populumutsa mphamvu, mothandizidwa ndi mafunde akumwamba. Pokhala pamitengo, chiwombankhanga chimakhala chofanana ndi chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mutu wake wopendekera komanso nthenga zouluka. Ngati mukukhulupirira wasayansi wotchuka waku Soviet Boris Veprintsev, yemwe watolera laibulale yolimba ya mawu a mbalame, chiwombankhanga choyera chimadziwika ndikulira kwakukulu "kli-kli-kli ..." kapena "kyak-kyak-kyak ...". Chiwombankhanga chomwe chimada nkhawa chimasintha kulira kwakanthawi kochepa ngati chitsulo, monga "kick-kick ..." kapena "kick-kick ...".
Kodi chiwombankhanga choyera chimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Mndende, mbalame zimakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kuposa kuthengo, zimakhala zaka 40 kapena kupitilira apo. Mphungu yoyera imakhala m'malo ake achilengedwe kwa zaka 25-27.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna ndi akazi samasiyana kwambiri pamtundu wa nthenga kukula kwake: akazi amawoneka okulirapo komanso olemera kuposa amuna. Ngati omaliza akulemera 5-5.5 makilogalamu, akale amapindula mpaka 7 kg yolemera.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ngati mungayang'ane kuchuluka kwa mphungu zoyera ku Eurasia, zimayambira ku Scandinavia ndi Denmark mpaka ku Elbe Valley, ndikulanda Czech Republic, Slovakia ndi Hungary, zimachokera ku Balkan Peninsula kupita ku basin ya Anadyr ndi Kamchatka, kufalikira pagombe la Pacific ku East Asia.
Kumpoto kwake, malowa amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Norway (mpaka 70th parallel), kumpoto kwa Kola Peninsula, kumwera kwa Kanin ndi Timan tundra, m'chigawo chakumwera kwa Yamal, kupita ku Gydan Peninsula mpaka ku 70th parallel, kenako kukamwa kwa Yenisei ndi Pyasina (pa Taimyr), kukwatirana pakati pa zigwa za Khatanga ndi Lena (mpaka 73rd parallel) ndikutha pafupi ndi kutsetsereka kwakumwera kwa phiri la Chukotka.
Kuphatikiza apo, chiwombankhanga choyera chimapezeka kumadera omwe ali kumwera:
- Asia Minor ndi Greece;
- kumpoto kwa Iraq ndi Iran;
- malo otsika a Amu Darya;
- malo otsika a Alakol, Ili ndi Zaisan;
- kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China;
- kumpoto kwa Mongolia;
- Chilumba cha Korea.
Chiwombankhanga choyera-chimakhalanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo kwa Greenland mpaka ku Disko Bay. Mbalame zisa zawo pazilumba monga Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Oland, Iceland ndi Hokkaido. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amati pachilumba cha Novaya Zemlya ndi Vaygach amakhala ndi ziwombankhanga zambiri. M'mbuyomu, chiwombankhanga chimakhazikika ku Faroe ndi Britain Isles, Sardinia ndi Corsica. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mphungu yoyera imasankha mayiko aku Europe, kum'mawa kwa China ndi South-West Asia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumpoto, chiwombankhanga chimakhala ngati mbalame yosamukasamuka, kumadera akumwera ndi apakati - ngati wongokhala kapena wosamukasamuka. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala mumsewu wapakatikati nthawi zambiri zimalowera chakumwera m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe achikulire sawopa kubisala m'madzi osazizira kwambiri.
M'dziko lathu, chiwombankhanga choyera chimapezeka paliponse, koma kuchuluka kwakachulukidwe kwa anthu kumadziwika m'zigawo za Azov, Caspian ndi Baikal, komwe kumawoneka mbalame nthawi zambiri. Ziwombankhanga zoyera kwambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi ambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja, zomwe zimapatsa mbalame chakudya chochuluka.
Zakudya zoyera za mphungu
Chakudya chimene chiwombankhanga chimakonda kwambiri ndi nsomba (zosalemera kuposa makilogalamu atatu), zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri pa chakudya chake. Koma chakudya cha chilombocho sichimangokhala ndi nsomba zokha: amakonda kudya nyama zamtchire (nthaka ndi mbalame), ndipo m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri amasintha kukhala nyama.
Zakudya za mphungu zoyera zimaphatikizapo:
- mbalame zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo abakha, anyani ndi atsekwe;
- hares;
- ziphuphu (bobaki);
- makoswe a mole;
- gophers.
Chiwombankhanga chimasintha njira zosakira kutengera mtundu ndi kukula kwa chinthu chomwe akufuna. Amagwira nyama ija pothawa kapena kuyenda pansi kuchokera pamwamba, ndikuyang'ana kuchokera kumwamba, komanso kuyang'anira, atakhala pa khola kapena amangotenga kuchokera kwa mdani wofooka.
M'dera lotsetsereka, ziwombankhanga zimadikirira ma bobaki, makoswe amphongo ndi agologolo agalu awo m'makola awo, ndipo amatenga nyama zowoneka ngati mahares akuthawa. Kwa mbalame zam'madzi (kuphatikiza zazikulu, zazing'ono, abakha) zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ina, kuwakakamiza kuti ayende mwamantha.
Zofunika! Nthawi zambiri nyama zodwala, zofooka kapena zakale zimakumana ndi ziwombankhanga. Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimamasula matupi amadzi kuchokera ku nsomba zomwe zakhala zowundana, zotayika ndikupatsirana ndi mphutsi. Zonsezi, kuphatikiza kudya nyama yakufa, zimatipangitsa kuti tiziona mbalame monga zachilengedwe.
Alonda a mbalame ali ndi chidaliro chakuti ziombankhanga za mchira woyera zimasungabe zamoyo zawo molongosoka.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mphungu yoyera ndiyomwe imathandizira mfundo zosamalitsa zosasinthasintha, chifukwa amasankha mnzake moyo wake wonse... Ziwombankhanga zingapo zimauluka pamodzi m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo zimapangidwanso chimodzimodzi, pafupifupi mu Marichi-Epulo, zimabwerera kwawo ku chisa chawo.
Chisa cha mphungu chimafanana ndi banja - mbalame zimakhala mmenemo kwazaka zambiri (ndi nthawi yopuma yozizira), zimamanga ndikubwezeretsa pakufunika. Zowononga zisawononga m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja zomwe zimadzaza ndi mitengo (mwachitsanzo, mitengo ya thundu, birches, mapaini kapena misondodzi) kapena molunjika pamiyala ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, pomwe mulibe zomera zoyenera kubisalapo.
Ziwombankhanga zimamanga chisa kuchokera ku nthambi zowirira, zimayala pansi ndi zidutswa za makungwa, nthambi, udzu, nthenga ndikuziika pa nthambi kapena foloko yayikulu. Chikhalidwe chachikulu ndikuti chisa chikhale chokwera kwambiri (15-25 m kuchokera pansi) kuchokera kuzilombo zolimbana nazo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chisa chatsopano sichiposa 1 mita m'mimba mwake, koma chaka chilichonse chimakulitsa kulemera, kutalika ndi mulifupi mpaka chimachulukirachulukira: nyumba zotere nthawi zambiri zimagwa, ndipo ziwombankhanga zimanganso zisa zawo.
Mkazi amaikira mazira oyera awiri (kawirikawiri 1 kapena 3), nthawi zina amakhala ndi timiyala tating'ono. Dzira lililonse limakhala lalikulu masentimita 7-7.8 * 5.7-6.2 cm. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi milungu isanu, ndipo anapiye amaswa mu Meyi, omwe amafunikira chisamaliro cha makolo pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, ana amawuluka, ndipo kuyambira theka lachiwiri la Seputembara ndi Okutobala, achichepere amasiya zisa za makolo.
Adani achilengedwe
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochititsa chidwi komanso mlomo wamphamvu, chiombankhanga choyera chimakhala chopanda adani. Zowona, izi zimangokhudza achikulire okha, ndipo mazira ndi anapiye a ziwombankhanga nthawi zonse amakhala pamavuto a nyama zolusa zomwe zimatha kukwera mitengo yodzadza. Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame atsimikizira kuti zisa zambiri zomangidwa ndi ziwombankhanga kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sakhalin zikuwonongedwa ndi ... zimbalangondo zofiirira, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zokopa zapakhungwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2005, zimbalangondo zazing'ono zinawononga pafupifupi theka la zisa zokhala ndi anapiye a mphungu zoyera pamitundumitundu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakati pa zaka zapitazi, mdani woipitsitsa wa ziwombankhanga adakhala munthu yemwe adaganiza kuti amadya nsomba zochulukirapo ndikugwira muskrats wosavomerezeka, womwe umamupatsa ubweya wamtengo wapatali.
Zotsatira zakupherako, pomwe sikuti mbalame zazikulu zokha zidawomberedwa, komanso kuwononga dandaulo ndi anapiye, inali imfa ya gawo lalikulu la ziweto. Masiku ano, ziwombankhanga zoyera zimadziwika kuti ndi abwenzi a anthu ndi zinyama, koma tsopano mbalame zili ndi zifukwa zatsopano zopanikizika, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa alenje ndi alendo, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha malo obisalirako.
Ziwombankhanga zambiri zimafera mumisampha yomwe yatchera nyama zakutchire: pafupifupi mbalame 35 zimafa chaka chilichonse pazifukwa izi.... Kuphatikiza apo, chiwombankhanga, chikamachezera munthu mosasamala, chimaponya chomenyera chake popanda kumva chisoni, koma sichimenyera anthu, ngakhale awononga chisa chake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Norway ndi Russia (komwe kumakhala chisa 7,000) zili ndi 55% ya ziwombankhanga zoyera ku Europe, ngakhale kufalikira kwa mitunduyo ku Europe kumakhala kosowa. Haliaeetus albicilla adalembedwa m'mabuku a Red Data of the Russian Federation ndi IUCN, ndipo chachiwiri adatchulidwa ngati "osasamala kwenikweni" chifukwa chokhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana.
Ku Europe, kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga choyera ndi 9-12.3 zikwi ziwiri zoswana, zomwe ndizofanana ndi mbalame zazikulu za 17.9-24.5. Anthu aku Europe, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN, ndi pafupifupi 50-74% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chiombankhanga chonse chapafupi ndi 24.2-49,000 mbalame zokhwima.
Ngakhale kuti anthu padziko lonse akucheperachepera, chiwombankhanga choyera chimakhala ndi mavuto ambiri:
- kunyoza ndi kusowa kwa madambo;
- kumanga makina amphepo;
- kuwononga chilengedwe;
- kupezeka kwa malo okhala ndi zisa (chifukwa cha njira zamakono zogwiritsa ntchito nkhalango);
- kuzunzidwa ndi munthu;
- chitukuko cha makampani mafuta;
- kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zolemera komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organochlorine.
Zofunika! Mbalame zimasiya malo awo achikhalidwe chifukwa chodula kwakukulu mitengo yakale yokhala ndi nduwira zopangidwa bwino, komanso chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chakudya komwe kumadza chifukwa cha kuwononga nyama ndi kuwombera nyama.
Ngakhale amakonda chakudya chochuluka, ziwombankhanga zimafuna malo amasewera / nsomba kuti zizidyetsa ana awo. M'madera ena, ziwombankhanga zikuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, koma, monga lamulo, awa ndi malo otetezedwa komwe kulibe anthu.
