Ma Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae) ndi nthumwi zophunzira bwino za banja la abuluzi, lomwe limasinthidwa kukhala moyo waziphuphu, komanso limatha kusintha mtundu wa thupi lawo.
Kufotokozera kwamanyazi
Ma chameleon amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chokhoza kusintha utoto ndi matupi awo, omwe amafotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe a khungu... Kakhungu kakang'ono komanso kakang'ono kunja kwa khungu kamasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa maselo amitunduyu omwe ali ndi mitundu yakuda yakuda, yakuda, yachikaso komanso yofiira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu yobiriwira yamtundu wa chameleons imawonekeranso chifukwa chobwezeretsa kuwala konyentchera pakhungu lokhala ndi timibulu ta guanine.
Chifukwa cha kupindika kwa njira zama chromatophores, kugawananso kwa mbewu zamitundu ndikusintha mtundu wa khungu. Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa inki m'magawo onse awiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu imawoneka.
Maonekedwe
Mitundu yambiri ya zokwawa zokhala ndi minyewa imakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 30 cm, koma yayikulu kwambiri imafikira 50-60 masentimita kukula kwake. Thupi lanyama yaying'ono kwambiri silipitilira masentimita 3-5. Ena mwa nthumwi za banja la abuluzi amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zitunda zazing'ono, zotumphukira kapena nyanga zazitali, zosongoka. Nthawi zambiri mapangidwe otere amapangidwa mwa amuna okhaokha, ndipo mwa akazi amaimiridwa ndi mawonekedwe achizolowezi.
Miyendo ya chokwawa chokhala ndi mamba ndi yayitali, yosinthidwa bwino kuti ikwere. Zala za nyamazo zimakula pamodzi kukhala magulu otsutsana a awiri ndi atatu, chifukwa chake amawoneka ngati "mapiko" okhoza kugwira nthambi zamitengo mwamphamvu. Mchira ndiwothinana m'munsi, pang'onopang'ono kupita kumapeto, nthawi zina kumazungulira pansi ndikupotoza mozungulira nthambi. Kuthekera kwa mchira kotere kumachitika kwa mamembala ambiri am'banja, koma chameleon sadziwa momwe angabwezeretse mchira wotayika.
Ma chameleon ali ndi ziwalo zachilendo zamasomphenya. Zikope za chokwawa chokhala ndi mamba zimakhala zokhazikika ndikuphimba maso ake, koma ndikutsegula kwa mwana. Poterepa, maso akumanja ndi amanzere atha kuyenda mosagwirizana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malo omwe amatchedwa "osagwira" lilime limatsagana ndi kuligwira nsagwada zakumunsi mothandizidwa ndi fupa lapadera, ndipo nyama yolemera kwambiri kapena yayikulu kwambiri imagwidwa pakamwa.
Pakusaka, nyama zotere zimatha kukhala mopanda kuyenda panthambi zamitengo kwanthawi yayitali, ndikutsata nyama ndi maso okha. Nyamayo imagwira tizilombo ndi lilime lake lokhala ndi zida zosaka. Zamoyo zoterezi zilibe makutu akunja ndi apakatikati, koma kumva kumatha kunyamula mwamphamvu mafunde omveka mkati mwa phokoso la 250-650 Hz.
Moyo, machitidwe
Pafupifupi moyo wonse wa chameleon umachitika panthambi za nkhalango zowirira kapena panthambi zamitengo, ndipo chokwawa cham'mamba chimakonda kutsikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mutha kupeza nyama yoteroyo pansi, monga lamulo, nthawi yokomerana kapena ikasaka nyama yokoma kwambiri.
Pamwamba pa nthaka, abuluzi amayenda pamatumba omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ngati achilendo kwambiri. Kapangidwe kamiyendo kameneka, kothandizidwa ndi mchira woyeserera, womwe ndi woyenera kukhala mu zisoti za mitengo. Zokwawa zokwawa zomwe sizokulirapo msinkhu ndi zaulesi komanso zopatsa chidwi, zimakhazikika ndipo zimakonda kuyenda mozungulira momwe zingathere, nthawi zambiri zimangokhala m'malo osankhidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale kuti gawo lalikulu la mitunduyo limakhala pamitengo, ena amatha kukhala m'malo am'chipululu, kukumba zimbudzi kapena kuthawira m'masamba omwe agwa.
Komabe, ngati kuli kofunikira komanso mawonekedwe owopsa, nyamayo imatha kuthamanga mwachangu modumpha pamitengo.... Kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya bilimankhwe kumagwera nthawi yowala kwambiri masana, ndipo kuyamba kwa usiku, nyama imakonda kugona. Mukagona, chokwawa sichitha kuwongolera kusintha kwa mtundu wa thupi lake, chifukwa chake chimatha kukhala nyama yosavuta ya mitundu yonse ya adani.
Kodi bilimankhwe amakhala moyo wautali bwanji?
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa chameleon mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka zinayi, koma pakati pa mamembala am'banja mulinso omwe amatchedwa zaka zana. Mwachitsanzo, ziphalaphala zazikulu zimatha kukhala m'chilengedwe pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, ndipo mayendedwe amoyo a ena oimira mtundu wa Furcifer nthawi zambiri samatha miyezi isanu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kudziwa kugonana kwa buluzi wamkulu sikovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kwa anthu wamba. Ngati chowombankhangachi chikhoza kutenga mtundu wobisala, ndiye kuti ma tarsal process, omwe amapindika pafupi ndi miyendo ya nyama, ayenera kuyesedwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndizotheka kudziwa kugonana kwa nyamayo patsiku la 14 ndi mtundu wake, komanso ndi maziko olimba a caudal, kuyambira azaka ziwiri.
Amuna ali ndi zotupa zazing'ono kumbuyo kwamiyendo. Kupezeka kwa kutuluka kotereku kumangodziwika mwa akazi okha. Mwa zina, amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wowala komanso kukula kwamthupi.
Mitundu ya chameleon
Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya chameleon chimasintha chifukwa chakupezeka kwa subspecies zatsopano, komanso chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwamitengo yamasiku ano. Banja limaphatikizapo mibadwo 2-4 ndi mitundu 80 ya abuluzi omwe amawoneka mwapadera, pakati pa omwe ndi otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:
- Kameleon wa Yemeni (Chamaeleo calyptratus) - ndi m'modzi mwamabanja akulu kwambiri. Amuna amakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga achikasu ndi ofiira m'mbali. Mutu umakongoletsedwa ndi chitunda chachikulu cha chic, ndipo mchira wake wokutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yobiriwira wachikasu. Thupi limaphwanyidwa mozungulira, kumbuyo kwake kumakongoletsedwa ndi lokwera ndipo kumawoneka mozungulira;
- Panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) Ndi chokwawa chokongola modabwitsa, chomwe mtundu wake umakhudzidwa ndi nyengo ndi zina zanyumba yake. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Zakudya zamasamba sizigwiritsidwa ntchito. Akazi amakumba zisa ndi kuikira mazira;
- Pamphasa bondo - imodzi mwama chameleons omwe amapezeka pachilumba cha Madagascar komanso mdera lazilumba zoyandikana. Nyamayo imakhala yosangalatsa komanso yokongola pamitundu yambiri. Chitsanzo chosazolowereka pa thupi chimayimiridwa ndi mikwingwirima yotenga nthawi yayitali, komanso mawanga ofananira nawo;
- Mpheta zamphongo zinayi - Mwini nyanga zitatu kapena zinayi zodziwika bwino zomwe zili mdera lawo. Nyamayi ndimomwe amakhala m'dera lamapiri ku Cameroon, komwe imakonda kukhala m'malo ovuta kufikako. Kutalika kwa wamkulu kumasiyana pakati pa 25-37cm. Oimira amtunduwu amadziwika ndimimba yayitali yam'mimba komanso yayikulu;
- Chameleon jackson (Trioceros jacksonii) Ndi mitundu yosangalatsa, amuna omwe amayang'anira mwadongosolo malire awo, amadziwika ndi munthu wankhanza kwambiri, ndipo pomenya nkhondo kapena kumenya nkhondo amalumirana kwambiri. Amuna ali ndi nyanga zitatu ndi mchira wotsogola, pomwe akazi ali ndi nyanga imodzi yamphongo. Khungu lili ngati khungu la dinosaur, lolimba komanso lofanana ndi mtengo, koma lofewa komanso losangalatsa kukhudza. Mtundu umasiyana kuyambira kubiriwira wachikaso mpaka wakuda bii komanso wakuda;
- Chinyawa wamba (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) Ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino yomwe imakhala m'zipululu komanso m'nkhalango zomwe zili kumpoto kwa Africa, India, Syria, Sri Lanka ndi Arabia. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafikira masentimita 28-30, ndipo khungu limatha kuwoneka kapena kusasangalatsa;
- Onani Calumma tarzan - ali mgulu lachilendo. Inapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Madagascar pafupi ndi mudzi wa Tarzanville. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu, pamodzi ndi mchira, kumasiyana pakati pa 11.9-15.0 cm;
- Onani Furcifer labordi ndiyosiyana ndi mtundu wawo, ndipo ana obadwa kumene amatha kukula msanga kasanu m'miyezi ingapo, chifukwa chake ali mgulu la omwe ali ndi mbiri yokhudza kukula;
- Nyama zikuluzikulu (Furcifer oustaleti) - ndi amodzi mwamimbulu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 50-68. Pazithunzi zofiirira za thupi, pamakhala mawanga achikasu, obiriwira komanso ofiira.
Pamodzi ndi abuluzi ena, gawo lalikulu la mitundu yodziwika bwino ya buluzi imayikira mazira m'nyengo yoswana, koma palinso mitundu ina yaing'ono yomwe imabereka ana amoyo m'matumba ooneka ngati cocoko.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chaching'ono kwambiri ndi buluu wamasamba yemwe amatha kukwana pamutu wamasewera, popeza kukula kwa munthu wamkulu ngati uyu sikupitilira sentimita imodzi ndi theka.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo ogawa chameleon a Yemeni anali dziko la Yemen, mapiri ataliatali a Arabia Peninsula ndi madera otentha kum'mawa kwa Saudi Arabia. Panther chameleons ndi omwe amakhala ku Madagascar ndi zilumba zoyandikana nawo, komwe amakonda malo otentha komanso achinyezi, nyengo yotentha.
Bwanamkubwa wa Jackson amakhala m'chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Africa, amapezeka m'nkhalango za Nairobi pamtunda wa mamita 1600-2200 pamwamba pa nyanja. Chokwawa chokhazikika nthawi zambiri chimakhala pamwamba pamtunda, kumakhala korona wamitengo kapena zitsamba. Ma chameleon amatha kukhazikika m'malo amitengo, madera, madambo ndi zipululu. Anthu achilengedwe amapezeka ku Hawaii, Florida ndi California.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kwa mtundu wa bilimankhwe kumatha kukhala mtundu wa chiwonetsero chowopseza, chomwe cholinga chake ndi kuwopseza adani, komanso kusintha kwamitundu mwachangu kumawoneka mwa amuna okhwima ogonana panthawi yomwe amaswana.
Pachilumba cha Madagascar pali buluzi wamkulu yemwe amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zowirira, momwe zokwawa zoterezi zimakonda kudya nyama zazing'ono, mbalame zapakati, abuluzi ndi tizilombo. Kakang'ono kakang'ono ka Brookesia micra kapezeka pachilumba cha Nosu Hara mu 2007. Mimbulu ya m'chipululu imakhala ku Angola ndi Namibia.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Mwamtheradi ma chameleon onse omwe alipo masiku ano, kuphatikiza mbewa zazikulu kwambiri ndi Brookesia yaying'ono, yomwe imakhala yotetezedwa ndi masamba omwe agwa, ndizomwe zimadya, koma mitundu ina imatha kuyamwa chakudya choyambira. Makamaka zakudya zazomera zimayimilidwa ndi masamba osakhwima a zipatso, zipatso, zipatso, komanso khungwa la mitengo ina.
Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ta zouluka ndi tokwawa, komanso kam'bulu kakang'ono, amaonedwa kuti ndiwo chakudya chamankhwala onse.... Mwinanso, ma chameleon amatha kudya tizilombo tosakhala poizoni ngati akangaude, kafadala, agulugufe, ntchentche ndi agulugufe. Chiyambire kubadwa kwa zokwawa zokhala ndi mamba, zimatha kusiyanitsa tizilombo todyedwa ndi taizoni, chifukwa chake, milandu yakudya mavu kapena njuchi sizinalembedwe. Ngakhale chameleons wanjala amanyalanyaza "chakudya" chodyetsa chotere.
Mitundu yambiri yamitundu ikuluikulu nthawi zina imadya abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikizapo abale ang'onoang'ono, makoswe, ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono. M'malo mwake, chinthu chomwe amawaganizira chimayimilidwa ndi "chamoyo" chilichonse chomwe chingagwidwe ndi lilime lalitali kenako ndikumeza. Zakudya zam'mimba za Yemeni zimayenera kuthandizidwa ndi zakudya zamasamba. M'nyumba, zokwawa zitha kudyetsedwa:
- mphesa;
- tcheri;
- zojambulidwa;
- malalanje;
- kiwi;
- persimmon;
- nthochi;
- maapulo;
- letesi ndi mutu wa letesi;
- masamba a dandelion;
- osati masamba olimba kwambiri.
Zakudya zazomera zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi Panther Chameleon, Parsoni ndi Small, chifukwa chofunikira kudzaza chinyezi ndikupeza mavitamini oyenera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma chameleon nthawi zambiri amapereka chithunzi cha nyama zopyapyala komanso zanjala nthawi zonse, koma abuluzi oterewa sakhala olimba mwachilengedwe, motero, poyerekeza ndi zokwawa zina zambiri, chakudya chochepa chimatha kuyamwa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Mitundu yambiri ya chameleon yomwe ikukhala padziko lapansi pano ndi oviparous ndipo imayimilidwa ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino monga Yemen, Panther, Small ndi Parsoni. Monga lamulo, atakwatirana, yaikazi imaswa mazira kwa mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri. Masiku angapo asanagone, akazi amayamba kukana kudya, koma amamwa madzi pang'ono. Munthawi imeneyi, chokwawa cham'madzi chimakhala chankhanza kwambiri komanso chosakhazikika, chimatha kukhala ndi mtundu wowala wopatsa chidwi ndipo chimatha kuchita mwamantha ngakhale njira yosavuta yamwamuna wokhwima kugonana.
Pakutha pa bere, akazi ambiri amakhala ndi mazira omwe amatha kumva mosavuta m'mimba. Mu mitundu ina, kutenga mimba kumawoneka ndi maso. Nthawi yonyamula ikayandikira, nyamayo nthawi zambiri imatsikira pansi kuti ipeze malo oyenera kukonza dzenje. Akazi nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira achikopa khumi kapena makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kutengera mtunduwo. Kuchuluka kwathunthu kumafikira katatu pasanathe chaka chimodzi, koma kutenga mimba pafupipafupi kumafooketsa thanzi la mkazi, chifukwa chake, nyama zotere zimakhala theka la amuna.
Zazikazi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ngakhale mwamuna wamwamuna wosakhwima pakakhala mwamuna, zimayikira mazira omwe amatchedwa "mafuta" chaka chilichonse. Ana a mazira otere samawoneka, ndipo kusowa kwa umuna kumawapangitsa kuti awonongeke sabata limodzi ngakhale kale.
Mwazina, kutengera mtundu wa chameleon, kutalika kwa miluza mkati mwa dzira kumatha kusiyanasiyana, kuyambira miyezi isanu mpaka zaka zingapo. Ana omwe amabadwa amakula bwino, ndipo atamasulidwa ku chipolopolo cha dzira, nthawi yomweyo amathawa kupita kuzomera zowandikira, zomwe zimathandiza kubisala kuzilombo.
Nthawi zambiri, ana amphongo amakonda kudya patsiku lawo lobadwa kapena tsiku lotsatira lokha. Kuphatikiza pa zokwawa za oviparous, pali mitundu yochepa kwambiri yomwe imakhala viviparous chameleons. Makamaka m'gulu lawo muli mitundu yamapiri ya zokwawa zokwawa, kuphatikizapo ankhwere a nyanga za Jeson ndi Verneri. Komabe, mbalame zoterezi sizingatchulidwe kuti ndi viviparous. Mazira, monga kuberekana kwa mitundu ya oviparous, amakula mkati mwa dzira, koma bondo lachikazi silikwirira choyika pansi, koma mpaka nthawi yobadwa amakhala atavala mkati mwa chiberekero.
Pakubereka, akazi nthawi zambiri amataya ana obadwa kuchokera kutalika pang'ono kufika padziko lapansi. Kuphulika kopanda mphamvu, monga lamulo, kumakhala ngati chisonyezo chapadera kwa ana kuti apeze pogona ndi chakudya chodalirika. Nthawi zambiri, zokwawa "zovunda" zimabala ana khumi mpaka makumi awiri, ndipo osapitirira ana awiri amabadwa mchaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma chameleon ndi makolo oyipa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, atangobadwa, zokwawa zazing'ono zimasiyidwa mpaka kudzakhala ndi ana kapena kukhala nyama ya adani.
Mtundu wakuda wa chameleon umatha kuopseza adani ena, koma mtundu wolirawo umapezeka ndi amuna, okanidwa ndi akazi, komanso omwe agonjetsedwa kapena amakakamizidwa kupuma pantchito mwamanyazi.
Adani achilengedwe
Omwe angakhale adani a chameleons m'malo achilengedwe ndi njoka zazikulu, nyama zolusa ndi mbalame. Adani akawonekera, buluzi amayesa kuwopseza mdani wake, ndikunyamula, amasintha utoto ndikulira mokweza kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ma chameleon ndi oyenera kubisalira, koma kuthekera uku sikungathe kuwapulumutsa kutheretu. Kum'mwera kwa Spain, zokwawa zokwawa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati anthu wamba komanso osavulaza okhala m'nyumba, othandiza kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ziweto zapaderazi zimadya ntchentche, zomwe zimakwiyitsa kwambiri m'maiko ambiri otentha.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Zovuta
- Axolotl
- Chinese Trionix
- Zamatsenga
Chifukwa chachikulu chakutha chinali kufalikira kwa mitundu yonse ya malo olimapo, komanso kudula mitengo mwachangu kwambiri... Mpaka pano, mitundu khumi ya zokwawa zoterezi ili ndi chiopsezo "Chowopsa", pafupifupi mitundu makumi anayi yatsala pang'ono kupeza izi, ndipo makumi awiri atha kutha posachedwa.
