Hoopoe (Upupa epops) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yonyezimira yokhala ndi milomo yayitali yayitali komanso kakhosi, nthawi zina yotseguka ngati mawonekedwe a fan. Mbalame zamtundu uwu ndizomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Hornbill ndi banja la Hoopoe (Upupidae).
Kufotokozera kwa hoopoe
Kambalame kakang'ono kakang'ono ndi kotalika masentimita 25-29 ndi mapiko otalika a 44-48 cm... Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake achilendo, nyamazi zimakhala m'gulu la mbalame zodziwika bwino kwambiri.
Maonekedwe
Oimira dongosolo la Hornbill ndi banja la a Hoopoe amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa nthenga zamizeremizere zakuda ndi zoyera zamapiko ndi mchira, mlomo wautali komanso wowonda, komanso tuft yayitali yomwe ili kudera lamutu. Mtundu wa khosi, mutu, ndi chifuwa, kutengera mtundu wa subspecies, umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi utoto wa pinki mpaka utoto wofiirira.
Oimira mitundu iyi amadziwika ndi mapiko otambalala komanso ozungulira, owoneka bwino kwambiri okhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera-yachikaso ndi yakuda. Mchira ndi wamtali, wakuda, ndi gulu loyera pakati. Malo am'mimba mthupi ndi ofiira ofiira, komanso kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yakuda kwakumbali kumbali.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'masiku achikunja, pakati pa a Chechens ndi Ingush, ma hoopoes ("tushol-kotam") amawerengedwa kuti ndi mbalame zopatulika, zomwe zimaimira mulungu wamkazi wobereka, masika ndi kubala Tusholi.
Crest m'chigawo cham'mutu ili ndi utoto wofiyira lalanje, wokhala ndi nthenga zakuda. Kawirikawiri, kakhola ka mbalame kamakhala kovuta ndipo kamakhala ndi masentimita 5 mpaka 10. Komabe, pakufika, oimira bungwe la Hornbill ndi banja la a Hoopoe amafalitsa kumtunda ndikukonda. Mlomo wa mbalame yayikulu ndi wa 4-5 cm kutalika, kupindika pang'ono kutsika.
Chilankhulo, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mbalame, chimachepa kwambiri. Malo amiyendo ndi otuwa. Miyendo ya mbalameyo ndi yolimba mokwanira, yokhala ndi zida zazifupi komanso zikhadabo zosalongosoka.
Moyo, machitidwe
Pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, ziphuphu zimayenda mwachangu komanso mopepuka, kuposa momwe zimafanana ndi nyenyezi wamba.... Pazizindikiro zoyambirira zamantha mwadzidzidzi, komanso mbalame zikalephera kuthawa, mbalame yotere imatha kubisala, ikubisalira kumtunda, kutambasula mchira wake ndi mapiko ake, komanso kukweza dera la mulomo.
Patsiku lokufungatira ana awo ndikudyetsa anapiye, mbalame zazikulu ndi makanda zimatulutsa madzi amafuta omwe amatuluka ndi coccygeal gland ndikukhala ndi fungo lonunkhira, losasangalatsa. Kutulutsidwa kwa madzi amtunduwu limodzi ndi ndowe ndi mtundu wina wa chitetezo cha hoopoe kuchokera ku nyama zolusa zapakati.
Chinali chikhalidwe cha mbalamechi chomwe chidamulola pamaso pa munthu kuti akhale cholengedwa "chodetsedwa" kwambiri. Pouluka, mbira zake sizichedwa kutuluka, zimapendekera ngati agulugufe. Komabe, nthumwi yotero ya Rhinoceros ndi banja la Hoopoe ndiyotheka kuthawa, chifukwa chomwe nthenga zolusa nthenga sizimatha kuzitenga mlengalenga.
Kodi a hoopoe amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Nthawi yayitali ya hoopoe, nthawi zambiri, siyidutsa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna a hoopoe ndi akazi a mtundu uwu alibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakuwonekera wina ndi mnzake. Mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zili mu dongosolo la Hornbill ndi banja la a Hoopoe, ambiri, ali ndi utoto wamitundu yocheperako, mosiyana ndi mulomo wofupikitsa, komanso pachimake.
Mitundu ya hoopoe
Pali magulu ang'onoang'ono a oimira Hornbill ndi banja la Hoopoe (Upupidae):
- Upupa epops epops, kapena Common Hoopoe, omwe ndi omwe amasankhidwa ndi subspecies. Amakhala ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Atlantic komanso kumadzulo mpaka ku Peninsula ya Scandinavia, kum'mwera ndi pakati pa Russia, ku Middle East, ku Iran ndi Afghanistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India komanso kudera la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, komanso ku Canary Islands ndi ku kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa;
- subspecies Upupa epops miyoyo yayikulu ku Egypt, kumpoto kwa Sudan ndi kum'mawa kwa Chad. Pakadali pano ndi subspecies yayikulu kwambiri, imakhala ndi milomo yayitali, utoto wofiirira kumtunda kwa thupi ndi bandeji yopapatiza m'miyendo;
- Upupa epops senegalensis, kapena Senegalse hoopoe, amakhala m'chigawo cha Algeria, malamba ouma aku Africa kuchokera ku Senegal mpaka Somalia ndi Ethiopia. Subpecies uyu ndi mawonekedwe ang'ono kwambiri okhala ndi mapiko ofupikirapo komanso kupezeka kwa zoyera zazikulu pa nthenga zoyambirira;
- Subpecies Upupa epops waibeli ndimomwe amakhala ku Equatorial Africa ochokera ku Cameroon ndi kumpoto kwa Zaire komanso kumadzulo kupita ku Uganda. Oimira subspecies ndiofala kwambiri kum'mawa kwa Kenya. Maonekedwe akufanana ndi U. e. senegalensis, koma imasiyana mitundu yakuda;
- Upupa epops africana, kapena African hoopoe, amakhala ku Equatorial ndi South Africa kuchokera pakati pa Zaire mpaka pakati pa Kenya. Oimira ma subspecies awa ali ndi nthenga zofiira, popanda kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yoyera kunja kwa mapiko. Mwa amuna, mapiko a mapiko achiwiri amadziwika ndi maziko oyera;
- Upupa epops marginata, kapena Madagascar hoopoe, ndi nthumwi ya mbalame zakumpoto, kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Madagascar. Kukula kwake, mbalame yotere imakhala yayikulupo kuposa ma subspecies am'mbuyomu, komanso imasiyana pamitengo yolimba ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yopapatiza kwambiri yomwe ili pamapiko;
- Subpecies Upupa epops saturata amakhala ku Eurasia kuchokera kumadera akumwera ndi pakati pa Russia mpaka kum'mawa kwa zilumba za Japan, kumwera ndi pakati pa China. Kukula kwa ma subspecies osankhidwawa siokulirapo. Oimira subspecies amasiyana ndi nthenga zakuda kumbuyo, komanso kukhalapo kwa utoto wochepa kwambiri wamimba m'mimba;
- subspecies Upupa epops ceylonensis amakhala ku Central Asia kumwera kwa Pakistan ndi kumpoto kwa India, ku Sri Lanka. Oimira maspecies awa ndi ocheperako, amakhala ndi mtundu wofiira kwambiri, ndipo utoto woyera pamwamba pamtengowo mulibe;
- Subpecies Upupa epops longirostris amakhala mchigawo cha India cha Asom, Indochina ndi Bangladesh, kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa China, ndi Malacca Peninsula. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kukula kuposa ma subspecies osankhidwa. Poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe, U. ceylonensis ali ndi utoto wopepuka komanso mikwingwirima yoyera pamapiko.
Ndizosangalatsa! Gulu lakale kwambiri la mbalame, lofanana ndi hoopoes amakono, limawerengedwa kuti ndi banja lalitali lomwe latha Messelirrisoridae.
Ngakhale ma hoopoes akuluakulu amtundu wina aliyense amatha kuzolowera msanga munthu ndipo samathawa kuchoka kwa iye, koma anapiye athunthu amakhala ndi mizu yabwino kunyumba.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Hoopoe ndi mbalame ya M'dziko Lakale. M'dera la Eurasia, mbalameyi yafalikira kutalika kwake, koma kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwake sikumakhala m'dera la British Isles, Scandinavia, mayiko a Benelux, komanso kumapiri a Alps. Ku Baltic States ndi Germany, ziphuphu zimagawidwa mwa apo ndi apo. Ku gawo la Europe, nthumwi za genus chiswe kumwera kwa Gulf of Finland, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Yaroslavl, komanso mayiko a Bashkortostan ndi Tatarstan.
Kumadzulo kwa Siberia, mbalame zimakwera kufika 56 ° N. sh., kufika ku Achinsk ndi Tomsk, ndi kum'mawa, malire a nkhotoyi amayang'ana mozungulira Nyanja ya Baikal, chigawo chakumwera kwa Muisky cha Transbaikalia ndi mtsinje wa Amur. Kudera la Asia, hoopoes amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, koma amapewa malo am'chipululu komanso nkhalango mosalekeza. Komanso, oimira banja la a Hoopoe amapezeka ku Taiwan, zilumba zaku Japan ndi Sri Lanka. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa, amakhala ku Malacca Peninsula. Pali zochitika zandege zosawerengeka zopita ku Sumatra ndi gawo lakutali la Kalimantan. Ku Africa, madera akuluakulu amapezeka kumwera kwa dera la Sahara, ndipo ku Madagascar, hoopoes amakhala mdera lakumadzulo lowuma.
Monga lamulo, ziphuphu zimakhazikika m'chigwa kapena m'malo amapiri, komwe kumakonda kupezeka malo osatseguka pakalibe udzu wamtali kuphatikiza kupezeka kwa mitengo kapena mitengo ing'onoing'ono. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chachikulu kwambiri m'madera ouma ndi ofunda. Oimira banjali amakhala mwamphamvu m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, amakhala pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwake kapena m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, amakhala m'madambo am'mitsinje ndi m'munsi mwa mapiri, m'zitsamba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nthawi zambiri Hoopoes amapezeka m'malo omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikiza malo odyetserako ziweto, minda yamphesa kapena minda yazipatso... Nthawi zina mbalame zimakhazikika, komwe zimadya zinyalala kuchokera kumalo otayira zinyalala. Mbalame zimakonda kupewa malo achinyezi ndi otsetsereka, ndikupanga malo okhala zisa amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yakale yopanda pake, ming'alu pakati pamiyala, maenje m'mapiri amiyala, milu ya chiswe, komanso malo okhala miyala. Hoopoe imagwira ntchito masana nthawi zonse, ndipo imapita usiku kumalo ena alionse oyenera kutero.
Zakudya za Hoopoe
Chakudya chachikulu cha hoopoe chimayimiriridwa makamaka ndi mitundu ingapo yazing'onozing'ono zopanda mafupa:
- mbozi ndi tizilombo;
- Mulole kafadala;
- kafadala;
- odyera akufa;
- ziwala;
- agulugufe;
- zojambulazo;
- ntchentche;
- nyerere;
- chiswe;
- akangaude;
- nsabwe zamatabwa;
- zokonda;
- ma molluscs ang'onoang'ono.
Nthawi zina ma hoopo akuluakulu amatha kugwira achule ang'onoang'ono, komanso abuluzi komanso njoka. Mbalameyi imangodya padziko lapansi pokha, kufunafuna nyama yomwe ikudya pakati paudzu kapena panthaka yopanda zomera. Mwiniwake wa milomo yayitali nthawi zambiri amayandama ndowe ndi milu yazinyalala, amafunafuna chakudya mumtengo wowola, kapena amapanga mabowo osaya pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri nyundo pansi ndi hoopoe, zimagwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kenako zimadyedwa.
Nthawi zambiri, oimira dongosolo la Hornbill ndi banja la a Hoopoe amapita limodzi ndi ziweto. Lilime la hoopoe ndi lalifupi, motero nthawi zina mbalame zotere sizimameza nyama kuchokera pansi. Pachifukwa ichi, mbalamezi zimaponyera chakudya mlengalenga, pambuyo pake amazigwira ndikuzimeza.
Kubereka ndi ana
Hoopoes amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka chimodzi. Oimira madera onse ndi amodzi. Kudera la Russia, mbalame zoterezi zimafika msanga m'malo awo obisalira, pomwe zigamba zoyambirira zosungunuka zimawonekera, pafupifupi mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Atangofika, amuna amakhala m'malo oswana. Amuna okhwima ogonana amakhala otakataka ndipo amafuula mokweza, kuyitana akazi. Liwu la subspecies la Madagascar limafanana ndi purr yoyenda kwambiri.
Pakukondana, amuna ndi akazi amawuluka pang'onopang'ono wina ndi mnzake, ndikulemba malo okhala chisa chawo chamtsogolo... Nthawi zambiri, gawo lomwe lasankhidwa lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ziphuphu kwazaka zingapo. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimaswana padera pawiri, ndipo mbalame zina zikakhala pafupi, kumamenyana pakati pa amuna omwe amafanana ndi tambala.
Kuti akonze chisa, malo obisika amasankhidwa ngati dzenje la mtengo, komanso phompho lamiyala kapena kukhumudwa m'malo otsetsereka. Popanda malo abwino, mazira amatha kuikidwa mwachindunji. Kukula kwa chisa kulibe kwathunthu kapena kumangokhala ndi nthenga zochepa, udzu kapena zidutswa za ndowe za ng'ombe.
Nthawi zina fumbi la nkhuni lowola limabweretsedwera m dzenje ndi zibowo. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zambiri, hoopoes samachotsa ndowe pachisa. Mwa zina, panthawi yomwe amakakamira komanso kudyetsa anapiye, mbalame zotere zimatulutsa mtundu wamafuta amafuta. Imabisidwa ndi coccygeal gland ndipo imakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa, lomwe limakhala chitetezo chabwino kwa adani m'chilengedwe.
Kuswana kumachitika, monga lamulo, kamodzi pachaka, ndipo kukula kwa clutch kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo. Mazirawo ndi obululu, 26x18 mm kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake pafupifupi magalamu 4.3-4.4. Mtunduwo umasiyanasiyana pakatikati, mwina utoto wabuluu kapena wobiriwira. Dzira limodzi limayikidwa patsiku, ndipo makulitsidwe amayamba ndi dzira loyamba ndipo amakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yayitali yopitilira makulitsidwe siyidutsa masiku khumi ndi asanu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chowotcheracho chimasakanizidwa ndi chachikazi chokha, ndipo chachimuna chimamudyetsa nthawi imeneyi. Anapiye aswedwawo ndi akhungu komanso okutidwa ndi kufiira kosowa.
Pakatha masiku angapo, mtundu wonyezimira wonyezimira umayambiranso kukula. Kudyetsa anapiye ndi udindo wa makolo awiri, omwe mosiyanasiyana amabweretsa mphutsi ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ku chisa. Atakwanitsa milungu itatu, anapiyewo amachoka pachisa ndipo amayamba kuuluka pang'onopang'ono, kutsala milungu ingapo pafupi ndi makolo awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama zotchedwa hoopoe zimaopseza adani, ndipo mwamsanga zimakhazikika ndi mapiko otambasula pamwamba pa dziko lapansi ndikukweza mulomo wake. Poterepa, amakhala ngati chinthu china chosamvetsetseka komanso chosaganizirika, chifukwa choopsa komanso chosamveka.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Parrot kea
- Oatmeal wamaluwa
- Kupunduka
- Zojambula zagolide
Hoopoe alibe adani ambiri m'chilengedwe - nyama yosowa imatha kudya nyama yonyansa komanso yosasangalatsa. Ngakhale kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ku Germany, nyama ya hoopoe wamkulu ndi anapiye adadyedwa ndipo amapezeka "okoma".
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mu International Red Data Book, ziphuphu zimakhala ndi taxon yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chochepa (gulu LC). Ngakhale kuti mbalame zonse zatsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, mphamvu zake masiku ano sizilola kuti mitundu iyi ikhale pachiwopsezo.
