Dongosolo la odutsa limaphatikizapo mtundu wowala modabwitsa mbalame ya oriole - woyimba wokonda ufulu. Ndizosatheka kumuwona ali m'chilengedwe chifukwa chokhala moyo wawokha, kusamala komanso kubisa. Panali chikwangwani mu nthano zachisilavo. Ngati mbalame imawoneka mu chovala chowala bwino, ndiye kuti mvula yamabingu ipeza posachedwa, mvula igwa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwa mitundu 30 yomwe ilipo, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri ndi wamba oriolekukhala ku Europe gawo la Russia. Anthu amtunduwu ndi ovuta kusokoneza ndi ena chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Makamaka pakati pa zisoti zachifumu zamitengo, kumbuyo kwa "golide", mimba yamphongo yokhala ndi mchira wakuda wosiyana, mapiko ndi mlomo wolunjika, wopentedwa ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana, zimawoneka bwino.
Mzere wakuda umadutsa pakona yakunja, yamkati yamaso ofiira owoneka bwino, kufikira mlomo wolimba, wowongoka. Mapazi opyapyala amavala zala zinayi ndi zikhadabo zolimba. Thupi lolumikizidwa - mpaka 25 cm kutalika, kulemera - 0,1 kg. Oriole pachithunzichi imawoneka yokongola chifukwa cha nthenga zomwe zimagwirizana bwino pakhungu. Kupunduka kwamtundu kumawonekera m'mitundu. Akazi samawoneka kwambiri.
Belly, chifuwa - choyera kapena chachikasu chokhala ndi mabala akuda, ngati ma thrushes. Mitundu yobiriwira, yonyezimira kukongola kwakumbuyo kwa msana, mchira wofiira wa azitona ndi mapiko - chobisalira bwino mukamaswa clutch. Mtundu womwewo mwa achinyamata omwe sanakhwime.
Ngati "fi-tiu-liu" amveka m'nkhalango, zikutanthauza kuti wamwamuna akuyesera kukopa bwenzi kuti apange awiri. Kuimba Oriole ofanana ndi mamvekedwe opangidwa ndi chitoliro. Mluzu womwe umakondweretsa khutu umasinthidwa ndikumalira kapena kulira.
Panthawi yomwe ngozi ikuyandikira, mukamayankhulana pakati pa omwe akuyimira zamoyozo kapena madzulo a mvula, mutha kumva kulira kwamphamvu, kukumbukira kukuwa kwa mphaka. Akazi alibe chidziwitso cha mawu, amangolira.
Kuwona malo oimba akukhala panthambi yachifumu ndichabwino kwambiri. Ndiosavuta kuziwona pakuyenda koyenda, komwe kuthamanga kwake kumawonjezeka mpaka 40-60 km / h.
Oriole Ntchentche zimauluka poyera zikafunafuna chakudya chatsopano kapena zikusamukira kumayiko ofunda. Nthawi yonseyi imayenda, kuwuluka mafunde kuchokera pamtengo umodzi kupita pamtengo wina.
Mitundu
Kuphatikiza pa malo omwe amapezeka ku Eurasia, nkhalango ya Baltimore oriole ku North America, mitundu ina 28 imakonda nyengo yotentha ya Africa, Asia ndi Australia.
Mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri, tilingalira wamba:
1. African Black-mutu Oriole... Anthu amakhala m'mapiri aku Africa. Mbalame zing'onozing'ono zimakhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 25-30. Mitundu ya nthenga imakhala yobiriwira wachikaso kumbuyo, golide pamimba. Mapiko, mutu, khosi, utoto wakuda, zimapanga kusiyanasiyana ndi kumbuyo kowala, mimba, mchira wagolide wokhala ndi kulocha kobiriwira.
Chiyambi cha nyengo yakumasirana, kuchuluka kwa mazira mu clutch kumasiyana kutengera komwe amakhala. M'nkhalango za equator, banjali lakonzeka kuswana mu February-Marichi ndipo limangoyikira mazira awiri okha. Ku Tanzania, komwe kumatha kufikira Nyanja ya Indian, mbalame zimakwerana mu Novembala-Disembala, zomwe zimabweretsa anapiye anayi.
Menyu yamitundu yakuda yakuda yaku Africa makamaka imakhala ndi mbewu, maluwa, zipatso. Tizilombo timapanga gawo lochepa la zakudya. Mbalameyi imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumunda wamaluwa, wokonda masewera.
2. Chinese chamutu chakumaso... Mitunduyi imakhala m'chigawo cha Asia - Korea Peninsula, China, Philippines. Ku Russia, amapezeka ku Far East. Amakhala nyengo yozizira ku Malaysia, Myanmar. Ngakhale anali amanyazi komanso osagwirizana, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimakonda kukhala m'mapaki am'mizinda, kunja kwa nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi midzi.
Mtundu wa nthenga zamphongo umakhala wachikaso ndi wakuda. Mwa akazi, malankhulidwe agolide amasungunuka ndi masamba obiriwira. Mlomo wa mitu yakuda yaku China yakuda ndi yofiira, yopingasa ngati kondomu. Mosiyana ndi wamutu wakuda waku Africa, waku India, mutu waku China sudima kwathunthu.
Mzere wokhawo womwe ukuyenda kuchokera ku occiput kudzera m'maso ofiira ofiira mpaka mulomo ndi wakuda. Pofundira pali mazira ofiira ofiira mpaka asanu okhala ndi timadontho tofiirira. Mitunduyi ikuopsezedwa ndi kuchepa kwa kuchuluka chifukwa chakuchepa kwa madera oyenera moyo wa anthu, poaching mitengo.
3. Wakuda waku Indian Oriole... Malo okhala mitunduyu ndi opyapyala, mapiri, osapitilira 1000 mita pamwamba pamadzi, nkhalango zaku India, Thailand, Pakistan, Burma. Mutu wakuda waku India umapezeka nthawi zambiri pakati pa mainland, koma ku Sumatra, Borneo, kuzilumba zoyandikana nayo, yasankha gombe.
Kukula kwa mbalame ndizoyenera kwa mamembala ambiri am'banja la oriole. Kutalika - osapitirira masentimita 25. Msana, chifuwa, mimba ya amuna ndi golide. Mapiko ndi mchira wakuda ndikuthwa kwachikasu. Akazi ndi owala pang'ono, mtundu wachikasu umaikira maolivi.
Anapiye othawirako ali ndi mutu osati onse akuda, monga mwa anthu okhwima mwa kugonana, koma ndi malo achikaso agolide pamphumi, khosi lakuda ndi phulusa lowala lamapiri. Pinki, yokhala ndi mazira ofiira osiyanasiyana atanyamula Indian wamutu wakuda mpaka zidutswa zinayi.
4. Oriole wamakalata akulu... Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka makamaka kumadera apakati ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Sao Tome, chomwe chili pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mapiri a gawolo amafotokozera malo okhala mbalame m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri za m'mapiri. Kukula kwa anthu mpaka anthu 1.5 zikwi.
Mbalame za 20 sentimita za amuna ndi akazi onse zili ndi milomo yotakata, yofiira komanso yapinki. Kupunduka kwakugonana kwama orioles akuluakulu amawonetsedwa ndi utoto. Mosiyana ndi nthenga zakuda za mutu wamwamuna, mwa akazi mutuwo ndi wopepuka, sumasiyana ndi mtundu wakumbuyo, zikwapu zazitali zimafotokozedwa pachifuwa. Awiriwa amaberekana komanso kudyetsa anapiye osaposa atatu pachaka.
Nthenga za mitundu yambiri ya oriole zimaphatikizapo zachikaso, zakuda, ndi zobiriwira. Koma palinso zosiyana. Mtundu wa oriole wakuda umafanana ndi dzinalo, wamagaziwo amalamulidwa ndi malankhulidwe ofiira ndi akuda, ndipo siliva ndi yoyera komanso yakuda. Mutu wobiriwira umasiyana ndi mitundu ina yonse pamutu wake wa azitona, pachifuwa, kumbuyo ndi miyendo yabuluu.
Mbalame zachilendo ku Oriolengati ndi za Isabella. Anthu ochepa amakhala ku Philippines kokha, atsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo akutetezedwa ndi boma.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Orioles amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zotentha, m'mapaki, posankha kuyandikira kwa matupi amadzi. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalame "zimasamba" kangapo masana. Amuna nthawi zambiri amasamba. Mitundu yambiri imagawidwa ku East Africa, Australia yotentha, ndi South Asia. Nkhalango za Coniferous zimapezeka mobwerezabwereza kuposa mitengo yayitali.
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa oriole osamukira kapena ayi, tchulani mitundu. Mbalame zambiri zimakhala zisa ndi malo obisalamo m'malo amodzi. Kupatula kwake ndi maoleole wamba ndi Baltimore Oriole, omwe amasamuka m'malo awo kukakhala nyengo yachisanu, osaganizira kuyendayenda kwa mitundu ina pamitunda yayifupi nthawi yogona.
Oyamba amapita kumayiko aku Africa, Asia, kotentha kwachiwiri m'chigawo chapakati, kumwera kwa America. Anthu a ku Oriole amakhala masana ambiri kumtunda kwa korona wa misondodzi yayitali, birches, thundu, ndi aspens. Mitundu ya ku Africa imakonda kupezeka m'nkhalango zotentha, nthawi zambiri mumabaotope owuma.
Mbalame zimapewa zomera zowirira, nkhalango zakuda, madera okwera mapiri. M'nyengo yachilala, zimawulukira m'nkhalango zamadzi osefukira. Kawirikawiri, komabe pali mbalame muudzu ndi shrub kukula kwa nkhalango za paini. Orioles amatenga zokongola kumadera oyandikana ndi nyumba za anthu - m'mapaki am'mizinda, m'minda, ndi m'minda yazipululu zankhalango.
Orioles samakumana ndi mitundu ina, samapanga ziweto, magulu. Amakhala okha kapena awiriawiri. Amatsikira pansi mwapadera, amayesa kuti asakumane ndi munthu. Izi zimalumikizidwa ndi kuberekana kwakung'ono.Amuna ndi akazi nthawi yodyetsa anapiye amafuna chakudya chochuluka - mpaka mahekitala 25.
Kuwonongeka kwa tiziromboti, makamaka mbozi zaubweya wonyezimira, kumachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo m'nkhalango, m'mapaki, m'minda, komanso kumakulitsa kutalika kwa moyo wa mitengo.
Kupezeka kwa zisa, kubisa kwabwino sikukutsimikizira kuti kulibe adani pakati pa odyetsa nthenga. Wodziwika ndi kulimba mtima komanso kuthamanga, ma orioles achikulire nthawi zambiri sagwidwa ndi mbalame za peregrine, kestrels, kites, ziwombankhanga za golidi ndi akabawi. Anapiye nthawi zambiri amapambana. Osadandaula kudya mazira a akhwangwala, jackdaws, magpies, koma makolo amateteza ana amtsogolo mozama, kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa zisa.
Mbalame sizimasinthidwa kuti zikhale m'ndende. Mwachilengedwe, amakhala osamala komanso osakhulupirira, osalola munthu kuyandikira kwa iwo. Atayandikira, amachita manyazi, amamenya ndodo za khola, kutaya nthenga. Ngakhale atayamba kudyetsa, amafa posachedwa, popeza chakudya chomwe chimaperekedwa m'masitolo ogulitsa ziweto sichikwaniritsa zosowa za ku oriole.
Okonda mbalame amaweta anapiye omwe atengedwa pachisa. Koma malinga ndi kuwunika kwawo, oriole amayimba mokweza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amalira ndikusewerera mosasangalatsa nyengo isanachitike. Pambuyo pa kusungunuka, nthenga zowala sizibwezeretsedwanso.
Mbalameyi imakhala yamanyazi komanso yosakongola m'maonekedwe. Kuti timve anthu aku Oriole akuyimba, ndikosavuta kupita kunkhalango. Mbalameyi sioyenera kukhala chiweto, chifukwa ngati singafe, imavutika moyo wake wonse ikakhala m'ndende.
Zakudya zabwino
Chifukwa oriole amakhala kumtunda kwa korona wamitengo yodula ndipo pazitsamba zaudzu sizitsika, chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo tizilombo tomwe timawononga ndikukhala pamitengo, zipatso za mitengo yazipatso ndi tchire la mabulosi. Zakudya za nkhuku zimakhala ndi:
• agulugufe, mbozi, mphutsi;
• udzudzu;
• agulugufe;
• ziwala, cicadas;
• nsikidzi, akangaude;
• Ntchentche;
• kachilomboka - katsabola kakang'ono, kafadala, tsamba, kachilomboka, kafadala.
Oriole amatha kuwononga zisa za mbalame posaka mazira ndikusaka abuluzi ang'onoang'ono. Pamene zipatso zipsa m'malo obisalira, nyengo yozizira, maziko a menyu amapangidwa ndi yamatcheri, ma currants, mbalame yamatcheri, nkhuyu, mphesa, mapeyala, apricots. Asanabereke zipatso, mbalame zimadya masamba ndi mitengo modzipereka.
Ndi oriole ndi nkhaka zokha zomwe zingadye mbozi zonunkhira zonunkhira; gulu lonse la mbalamezo limanyalanyaza tizilomboti chifukwa chakupha kwawo. Chakudya cha nyama chimapanga maziko azakudya pafupifupi mitundu yonse, kupatula Baltimore, ma fig ndi ma orioles aku Africa akuda, omwe amakonda chakudya chomera. Mbalame zimadya makamaka mwakhama kuyambira m'mawa mpaka masana.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Achinyamata a ku Orioles omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amafika m'malo awo okhala ndi zisa pakati pa Meyi. Amuna amabwerera koyamba, akazi amawuluka patadutsa masiku ochepa. Kukopa atsikana, mbalame sizimangotulutsa mluzu, komanso zimalumpha panthambi, zikutulutsa nthenga kumchira. Mkazi amayankha mwakugwedeza mchira wake ndi mapiko.
Ngati amuna angapo amadzinenera, ndiye kuti ndewu zowopsa zimachitika pakati pawo, pomwe amapambana kwambiri. Pambuyo pa sabata, a Orioles amatsimikiza ndi kusankha awiri omwe angakhale moyo wawo wonse.
Serenades si chinthu chongokhala pachibwenzi, komanso kutchulidwa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto, omwe azikhala opitilira muyimbidwe kwambiri komanso nyimboyo ndi yayitali. Orioles amakonda kukwirira chisa pamwamba pamiyala yamitengo yotambalala pamtunda wa 6 mpaka 15 mita kuchokera pansi, koma amatha kupanga chisa m'mitengo ya msondodzi kapena pamtengo wa paini. Onse makolo amatenga nawo mbali pamwambowu. Udindo mkati mwa banjali umasankhidwa. Tate wamtsogolo amabweretsa zomangira, mkaziyo amachita nawo zomangamanga.
Malowa amasankhidwa patali ndi thunthu lamafoloko munthambi. Popanga chisa, chomwe chimatenga sabata ndi theka, amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wothira, zimayambira za udzu, makungwa a birch, masamba. Ming'alu imatsekedwa ndi ndodo zamatabwa, tow. Pansi pake pamakhala ndi moss wofewa komanso wonyezimira. Pofuna kubisala, makoma akunja amakhala ndi khungwa la birch kuchokera ku thunthu.
Chisa cha ku Oriole ili ndi mawonekedwe a dengu lopanda masika, ndipo m'mitundu yotentha imawoneka ngati thumba lotalika. Kapangidwe kamalumikizidwa ndi nthambi kuti ziwoneke ngati zayimitsidwa pakati pa nthambi ziwiri.
Zomera zodziwika bwino zimakhala ndi masentimita 9 kwa anapiye ndipo m'mimba mwake zimakhala masentimita 16. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anazindikira kuti chisa chimapendekeka kunkhokhoyo chitangomangidwa. Udindowu udalemera kulemera kwa anapiye. Pansi paunyinji wawo, nyumbayi idakulitsidwa. Ngati poyamba palibe mpukutu, anapiyewo adzagwa pansi pa chisa.
Nthawi zambiri, oriole imayikira mazira 4 apinki okhala ndi tinsalu tofiirira tolemera 0,4-0.5 g, osachepera - 3 kapena 5. Kawirikawiri mkazi amawotchera zowalamulira, zomwe nthawi zina zimasinthidwa ndi kholo lachiwiri mukamadyetsa komanso nthawi yotentha kwambiri. Tate wamtsogolo amateteza chachikazi ndi mazira kwa alendo omwe sanaitanidwe. Amayendetsa akhwangwala, ntchentche, zosokoneza pakuwonongeka kwa chisa.
Patatha milungu iwiri, anapiye akhungu, ataphimbidwa ndi khungu lofewa lachikasu, adaswa chipolopolocho. Kwa masiku asanu oyamba, mkazi samachoka pachisa, kutenthetsa matupi opanda nthenga. Abambo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zakudya.
Pambuyo pake, makolo onse awiri amadyetsa ana awo. Asayansi apeza kuti nthunzi imabwera ndi nyama zosachepera 200 patsiku. Chakudya chochuluka cha nyama, ndi zipatso zamtsogolo, zimawonekera pakukula msanga kwa anapiye. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mbalame zimaphedwa koyamba ndi tizirombo tambiri pomenya nthambi kapena thunthu la mitengo kangapo.
Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri ndi iwiri, mbalame zazing'ono sizikwanira pachisa, zimasamukira kumaofesi apafupi. Pansi pamalowedwa m'malo ndi nthenga, koma anapiye sangathe kuuluka, amangoyesa koyamba. Pakadali pano, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa amakhala nyama yosavuta ya nthenga, amatha kugwa pansi, kufa ndi njala.
Mukapeza mwana wankhuku pansi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale panthambi yapansi. Akuyenda pamtengo ndikupanga ndege zazifupi, azitha kubwerera ku chisa. Achinyamata amafunika kuthandizidwa ndi makolo masiku ena 14, kenako amayamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zokhwima pogonana pofika Meyi wotsatira.
Akuluakulu komanso kukula kwachinyamata komwe kwapeza mphamvu zatha nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Zolemba zodziwika bwino zimafika ku Africa pofika Okutobala. Ndi chakudya chochuluka, nyengo yabwino, mbalame zimakhala zaka 15. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 8. M'makola, orioles amakhala mpaka zaka 3-4 ndipo amamwalira osasiya ana.
