Kutanthauzira kosavuta komwe kumatha kuperekedwa kwa abuluzi ndi kansalu kochokera kumtunda kwa zokwawa, kupatula njoka.
Kufotokozera kwa abuluzi
Pamodzi ndi njoka, abale awo apamtima komanso nthawi yomweyo mbadwa, abuluzi amapanga mzere wosiyana wa zokwawa... Buluzi ndi njoka ndi gawo limodzi lamasamba (Squamata) chifukwa cha masikelo (kuchokera ku Latin squama "sikelo"), kuphimba matupi awo kuyambira pakamwa mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira. Abuluzi omwewo, omwe adasintha dzina lakale lachi Latin kuti Sauria kukhala Lacertilia, akuyimira magulu angapo osinthika, ogwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika - kuchepa kapena kutayika kwathunthu kwamiyendo.
Pafupifupi abuluzi onse amakhala ndi zikope zosunthika, kutseguka kowoneka bwino kwa ngalande zakunja ndi ziwalo ziwiri zamiyendo, koma chifukwa chakuti zizindikirazi mwina kulibe, herpetologists amasankha kuyang'ana mawonekedwe amkati. Chifukwa chake, abuluzi onse (kuphatikiza opanda mwendo) amasunga zoyambira zazing'ono za sternum ndi lamba paphewa, zomwe zilibe njoka.
Maonekedwe
Kunja kwa buluzi kulibe kufanana, kupatula mtundu wakumbuyo wa thupi, wopangidwa kuti ubise nyamayi pakati pa mbadwa zake. Abuluzi ambiri amakhala obiriwira, otuwa, abulauni, azitona, mchenga kapena wakuda, omwe amakongoletsa ndi zokongoletsa zosiyanasiyana (mawanga, madontho, ma rhombus, mikwingwirima yayitali / yopingasa).
Palinso abuluzi odziwika kwambiri - mutu wozungulira wautali utali ndi mkamwa wofiyira wotseguka, chinjoka chazilevu, motley (wachikaso ndi lalanje) zimbalangondo. Kukula kwa masikelo kumasiyanasiyana (kuyambira ang'onoang'ono mpaka akulu), komanso momwe adayikidwira pathupi: kulumikizana, ngati denga lamata, kapena kubwerera kumbuyo, ngati matailosi. Nthawi zina masikelo amasandulika mikwingwirima kapena zitunda.
M'zokwawa zina, monga skinks, khungu limapeza mphamvu yapadera yomwe imapangidwa ndi ma osteoderms, mbale zamafupa zomwe zili mkati mwa mamba a nyanga. Nsagwada za abuluzi zili ndi mano, ndipo m'mitundu ina, mano amakula ngakhale m'mafupa a palatine.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njira zothetsera mano m'kamwa zimasiyana. Mano a Pleurodont amasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi motero amakhala mbali yamkati mwa fupa losalimba, mosiyana ndi acrodontic, yosasinthika ndikusakanikirana kwathunthu ndi fupa.
Mitundu itatu yokha ya abuluzi ili ndi mano a acrodont - awa ndi amphisbens (awiri-walkers), agamas ndi chameleons. Miyendo ya zokwawa imakonzedwanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha njira yawo yamoyo, yosinthidwa kukhala mtundu wina wapadziko lapansi. M'mitundu yambiri yokwera, ma geckos, ma anoles, ndi mbali zina za khungu, kumunsi kwa zala zawo kumasandulika kukhala phale lokhala ndi ma bristles (zotumphukira ngati tsitsi la khungu). Chifukwa cha iwo, chokwawa chimamatira paliponse paliponse ndipo chimakwawa mofulumira mozondoka.
Moyo, machitidwe
Buluzi amakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi kwambiri, amatha kudzikwilira mumchenga (mitu yozungulira), kukwawa pa tchire / mitengo ndipo amakhala komweko, nthawi ndi nthawi amayamba kuwuluka. Ma Geckos (osati onse) ndi agamas zimayenda mosavutikira kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'miyala.
Mitundu ina yokhala ndi matupi otalikirana komanso kusapezeka kwa maso adasinthidwa kuti akhale m'nthaka, ena, mwachitsanzo, buluzi wam'nyanja, amakonda madzi, chifukwa chake amakhala pagombe ndipo nthawi zambiri amadzitsitsimutsa munyanja.
Zokwawa zina zimagwira ntchito masana, pomwe zina (nthawi zambiri ndimwana wopunduka) - madzulo ndi usiku. Anthu ena amadziwa momwe angasinthire mtundu / kuwala kwawo chifukwa chobalalika kapena kuchuluka kwa mtundu wa utoto mu melanophores, khungu lapadera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Abuluzi ambiri asunga "diso lachitatu" lanyama lomwe adalandira kuchokera kwa makolo awo: silimatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe, koma limasiyanitsa pakati pa mdima ndi kuwala. Diso lakumutu kwa mutu limazindikira kuwala kwa ultraviolet, limayang'anira nthawi yowonekera padzuwa ndi machitidwe ena.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti abuluzi ambiri ali ndi poizoni, zokwawa ziwiri zokha zomwe zimayenderana kwambiri kuchokera ku banja lokhala ndi mano omwe ali ndi kuthekera kotere - escorpion (Heloderma horridum), yomwe imakhala ku Mexico, ndi malo okhala (Heloderma suspectum), omwe amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States. Abuluzi onse amakhetsa nthawi ndi nthawi, kukonzanso khungu lawo lakunja.
Ziwalo zanzeru
Maso a zokwawa, kutengera mtunduwo, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kapena kocheperako: abuluzi onse obwera nthawi yayitali amakhala ndi maso akulu, pomwe mitundu yoboola ndiyochepa, yotayika komanso yokutidwa ndi mamba. Ambiri ali ndi chikope chakuthwa chosunthika (chotsika), nthawi zina chimakhala ndi "zenera" loyera lomwe limakhala malo akulu azikope, lomwe limakula mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa diso (chifukwa cha zomwe amawona ngati kudzera mugalasi).
Ndizosangalatsa! Nalimata, ma skinks ndi abuluzi ena, omwe maso awo osatuluka amafanana ndi njoka, amakhala ndi "magalasi" otere. Zokwawa zokhala ndi chikope chosunthika chimakhala ndi chikope chachitatu, nembanemba yoyipa, yomwe imawoneka ngati kanema wowonekera womwe umayenda uku ndi uku.
Abuluzi omwe ali ndi mipata yotsegulira ngalande zakunja zokhala ndi nembanemba za tympanic imagwira mafunde akumveka pafupipafupi 400-1500 Hz... Ena, osagwira ntchito (masikelo otsekeka kapena osowa kwathunthu) mipata yamakutu imawoneka ngati yoyipa kuposa abale awo "opindika".
Ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa abuluzi imaseweredwa ndi chiwalo cha Jacobsonia chomwe chili kutsogolo kwa m'kamwa ndipo chimakhala ndi zipinda ziwiri zolumikizidwa pakamwa ndi mabowo awiri. Chiwalo cha Jacobson chimazindikiritsa kapangidwe ka chinthu chomwe chimalowa mkamwa kapena mlengalenga. Lilime loyandikira limakhala ngati mkhalapakati, yemwe nsonga yake imayenda ku chiwalo cha Jacobsonia, chopangidwa kuti chidziwitse kuyandikira kwa chakudya kapena ngozi. Zomwe buluzi amachita zimadalira kwathunthu chigamulo choperekedwa ndi chiwalo cha Jacobson.
Ndi abuluzi angati omwe amakhala
Chilengedwe chimachita nkhanza ndi mitundu ina ya zokwawa (nthawi zambiri zazing'ono), zimathetsa moyo wawo atangoyikira mazira. Abuluzi akuluakulu amakhala zaka 10 kapena kupitirira apo. Mbiri yakukhalitsa mu ukapolo idakhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi eni ake, ndi cholumikizira chosalimba (Anguis fragilis), buluzi wamiyendo yabodza yomwe idakhala zaka 54.
Koma izi, sizomwe zikuchitika - si malire - Sphenodon punctatus, woimira yekhayo wakale wakale wa beakheads, wotchedwa tuatara, kapena tuatara, amakhala zaka pafupifupi 60. Abuluziwa (mpaka 0.8 m kutalika ndi 1.3 kg kulemera) amakhala kuzilumba zingapo ku New Zealand ndipo, m'malo abwino, amakondwerera zaka zana limodzi. Akatswiri ena ofufuza za ziweto amakhulupirira kuti ma Tuatar amakhala ndi moyo kawiri kuposa zaka 200.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Mbali yayikulu yamphongo ndi hemipenis, ziwalo zolimbitsa thupi zophatikizika zomwe zimakhala pansi pamchira mbali zonse ziwiri za anus. Awa ndi mapangidwe a tubular omwe amatumizira umuna mkati mwa mkazi nthawi yokwatirana, yomwe imatha kutembenukira mkati nthawi yoyenera kapena kubwereranso mkati, ngati zala pama magolovesi.
Mitundu ya abuluzi
Zakale zakale kwambiri za zokwawa izi zimayambira kumapeto kwa Jurassic (pafupifupi zaka 160 miliyoni zapitazo)... Mitundu ina yomwe idazimiririka inali yayikulu kukula, mwachitsanzo, yayikulu kwambiri ya masesaurs, omwe ndi achibale a abuluzi amakono, anali kutalika kwa mamitala 11.5. Amasasaiti amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa dziko lathu zaka pafupifupi 85 miliyoni zapitazo. Chocheperako pang'ono kuposa Mosasaurus chinali Megalania, chomwe sichinafikepo ku Pleistocene, yomwe idakhala zaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni zapitazo ku Australia ndikukula mpaka 6 mita.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi The Reptile Database, nkhokwe yapadziko lonse yamtundu wa tax reptile taxonomic, pakadali pano pali mitundu 6,515 ya abuluzi (yomwe ilipo kuyambira Okutobala 2018).
Chaching'onoting'ono kwambiri ndi nalimata yozungulira (Sphaerodactylus elegans) wokhala ku West Indies, yemwe kutalika kwake ndi 3.3 cm masentimita 1 g. Komodos imayang'anira buluzi (Varanus komodoensis), amakhala ku Indonesia ndipo amakula mpaka 3 mita yolemera 135 kg.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Buluzi akhazikika padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula ku Antarctica. Amakhala m'makontinenti ena onse, ku Eurasia komwe kumafika ku Arctic Circle, m'chigawo chake momwe nyengo imachepetsedwa ndi mafunde ofunda am'nyanja.
Buluzi amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana - kutsika kwa nyanja, mwachitsanzo, ku Death Valley (California) komanso okwera kwambiri, pafupifupi 5.5 km pamwamba pa nyanja (Himalaya). Zokwawa zasintha kukhala malo ndi madera osiyanasiyana - zakuya za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zipululu zazing'ono, zipululu, madambo, nkhalango, mapiri, nkhalango, miyala ndi zigwa zonyowa.
Zakudya zazizimba
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyama ndi nyama. Abuluzi ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati amadya zopanda mafupa: tizilombo, molluscs, arachnids ndi nyongolotsi.
Zokwawa zazikulu, zowopsa (zowunika buluzi ndi tegu) zimadya mazira a mbalame ndi zokwawa, komanso zimasaka nyama zamoyo zina:
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono;
- abuluzi;
- mbalame;
- njoka;
- achule.
Komodo yowunika (Varanus komodoensis), yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi buluzi wamakono kwambiri, sazengereza kulanda nyama zochititsa chidwi monga nkhumba zakutchire, nswala ndi njati zaku Asia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ina yodyedwa imadziwika kuti stenophages chifukwa chazakudya zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, Moloch (Moloch horridus) imadya nyerere zokhazokha, pomwe khungu lokhala ndi pinki (Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii) limasaka nkhono zam'mlengalenga zokha.
Pakati pa abuluzi, palinso mitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri (ma agamas, ma skinks ndi iguana), omwe amakhala mosalekeza pachakudya chazomera cha mphukira zazing'ono, inflorescence, zipatso ndi masamba. Nthawi zina zakudya za zokwawa zimasintha akamakula: nyama zazing'ono zimadya tizilombo, komanso achikulire - zomera.
Abuluzi omnivorous (agamas ambiri ndi ma skink akulu) ali pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri, kudya nyama ndi mbewu... Mwachitsanzo, timadontho tomwe timadya tizilombo ta ku Madagascar timasangalala ndi zamkati ndi mungu / timadzi tokoma mosangalala. Ngakhale pakati pa odyetsa enieni, kuwunika abuluzi, pamakhala zigawenga (Grey Monitor lizard, emerald monitor lizard), nthawi ndi nthawi amasinthira zipatso.
Kubereka ndi ana
Buluzi ali ndi mitundu itatu yoberekera (oviposition, ovoviviparity ndi kubadwa kwamoyo), ngakhale poyambilira amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama za oviparous omwe ana awo amaswa kuchokera ku mazira okutidwa omwe akutuluka kunja kwa thupi la mayi. Mitundu yambiri yapanga ovoviviparity, pomwe mazira omwe "samakula" ndi zipolopolo amakhalabe mthupi (oviducts) azimayi mpaka kubadwa kwa achichepere.
Zofunika! Ndi zombo zaku South America zokhazokha za mtundu wa Mabuya zomwe zimakhala ndi viviparous, zomwe mazira ake ang'onoang'ono (opanda yolks) amatuluka m'mazira chifukwa cha michere yomwe imadutsa mu nsengwa. Mu abuluzi, chiwalo choterechi chimamangiriridwa kukhoma la oviduct kuti zotengera za mayi ndi mwana zisabwere, ndipo kamwana kameneka kakhoza kulandira kwaulere chakudya / mpweya kuchokera m'magazi a mayi.
Chiwerengero cha mazira / ana ang'ombe (kutengera mtundu wake) chimasiyana kuyambira 1 mpaka 40-50. Skinks ndi mitundu ingapo ya nyamalikiti yotentha yaku America "imabereka" mwana mmodzi, ngakhale kuti ana a nalimata ena amakhala ndi ana awiri.
Kusasitsa kwa abuluzi nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwake: mumitundu ing'onoing'ono, kubala kumachitika mpaka chaka chimodzi, mumitundu yayikulu - patatha zaka zingapo.
Adani achilengedwe
Buluzi, makamaka ang'ono ndi apakatikati, amayesetsa nthawi zonse kugwira nyama zikuluzikulu - nyama zolusa ndi nthenga, komanso njoka zambiri. Njira yodzitchinjiriza ya abuluzi ambiri imadziwika kwambiri, yomwe imawoneka ngati ikuponyera kumbuyo mchira wake, womwe umasokoneza chidwi cha adani.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chodabwitsachi, chotheka chifukwa cha gawo lapakati lopanda mphamvu la ma caudal vertebrae (kupatula omwe ali pafupi ndi thunthu), amatchedwa autotomy. Pambuyo pake, mchira umasinthidwanso.
Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi njira yakeyake yopewera kuwombana mwachindunji, mwachitsanzo, mutu wozungulira, ngati sungathe kubisala, umakhala wowopsa. Buluzi amatambasula miyendo yake ndikupukuta thupi, amatenga mafupa, nthawi yomweyo amatsegula pakamwa pake, pomwe nembanemba yake imakhala yofiira komanso yofiira. Mdani akapanda kusiya, mutu wozungulira umatha kudumpha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mano ake.
Abuluzi ena amakhalanso pangozi poopa ngozi. Chifukwa chake, Chlamydosaurus kingii (buluzi wokazinga waku Australia) amatsegula pakamwa pake, nthawi yomweyo kukweza kolala yowala yopangidwa ndi khosi lalitali. Poterepa, adani amachita mantha ndi kudabwitsako.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zamoyo, tizingoyang'ana pa okhawo omwe aphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Russia:
- buluzi wapakati - Lacerta media;
- Phazi la Przewalski - Eremias przewalskii;
- Kutalikirana kwakum'mawa - Eumeces latiscutatus;
- imvi nalimata - Cyrtopodion russowi;
- buluzi barbura - Eremias argus barbouri;
- squeaky nalimata - Alsophylax pipiens.
M'mikhalidwe yowopsa kwambiri m'chigawo cha Russian Federation pali nalimata wakuda, wokhala ndi malo ku st. Starogladkovskaya (Chechen Republic). Ngakhale kuchuluka padziko lapansi, palibe nalimata wofiirira yemwe adapezeka mdziko lathu pambuyo pa 1935.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kawirikawiri ku Russia ndi barbury matenda a phazi ndi pakamwa, ngakhale atachuluka kwambiri m'malo ena: pafupi ndi Ivolginsk (Buryatia) mu 1971, kudera la 10 * 200 m, anthu 15 adawerengedwa. Mitunduyi imatetezedwa ku Daursky State Reserve.
Chiwerengero cha anthu akum'maŵa akutali pachilumbachi. Kunashir ndi anthu masauzande angapo. Mitunduyi imatetezedwa ku Kuril Nature Reserve, koma malo okhala ndi abuluzi ambiri ali kunja kwa nkhalangoyi. M'dera la Astrakhan, kuchuluka kwa ma nalimata akuchepa kwatsika. Pakamwa pa Przewalski kamapezeka mwa apo ndi apo mu Russia, nthawi zambiri pamalire a mtundawu. Abuluzi apakati nawonso siochulukirapo, omwe anthu ake ku Black Sea amakhala ndi nkhawa yopitilira muyeso.
