Ma Flounders, kapena ma flounders oyenda kumanja (Pleuronectidae) ndi nthumwi za banja lochokera m'gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray zomwe zimayendetsedwa. Zomwe banja ili limaphatikizapo mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi ya nsomba zomwe zimawoneka bwino.
Kufotokozera momveka bwino
Chimodzi mwa oimira banja la Flounder ndikupezeka kwa maso kumanja kwamutu, chifukwa chake nsomba zotere zimatchedwa Zoyenda kumanja. Komabe, nthawi zina pamakhala zotchedwa zotembenuka kapena zakumanzere zamtundu wambiri.... Zipsepse za m'chiuno ndizofanana ndipo zimakhala zochepa.
Makhalidwe onse amitundu yonse ya banja:
- thupi lathyathyathya;
- zazitali zakuthambo ndi kumatako zipsepse ndi cheza ambiri;
- mutu wosakanikirana;
- kutuluka komanso kutalikirana kwambiri, kumagwira ntchito mosadutsana;
- kukhalapo kwa mzere wotsatira pakati pa maso;
- kutsetsereka pakamwa ndi mano akuthwa;
- kufupikitsa caudal peduncle;
- mbali yakhungu, yopepuka yokutidwa ndi khungu lolimba komanso lolimba.
Mazira otumphuka amadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa mafuta, akuyandama, ndipo njira yonse yachitukuko imachitika m'mbali yamadzi kapena kumtunda kwake. Mitundu isanu yonse yamphepete imabala mazira amtundu wapansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha kutsanzira, nthumwi za banja la Kambalov zimatha kudzibisa mwanzeru motsutsana ndi mtundu uliwonse wazovuta, osati wotsika pamaluso awa ngakhale kwa bilimankhwe.
Maonekedwe
Mosasamala za taxon, ma flounders onse amakonda moyo wamakhalidwe abwino, amakhala mozama ndipo amadziwika ndi thupi lophwatalala kapena lopindika.
Mtsinje (Platichthys flesus) imaphatikizapo chowongolera chowoneka ngati Star, Black Sea kalkan ndi Arctic flounder:
- Kutulutsa nyenyezi (Platichthys nyenyezi) - mtundu wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amanzere amanzere, amtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira kapena bulauni, mikwingwirima yakuda yakuda pamapiko ake ndi mbale zamiyala pamiyendo. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 50-60 ndi thupi lolemera makilogalamu 3-4;
- Nyanja Yakuda Kalkan (Scophthalmidae) Ndi mtundu womwe umadziwika ndi mawonekedwe amanzere kumaso, mawonekedwe ozungulira thupi, ndi mitsempha yambiri yam'mimba yomwe imwazika pamwamba pa mbali ya azitona ya azitona. Kutalika kwa nsomba yayikulu ndikoposa mita imodzi yolemera makilogalamu 20;
- Kukula kwa polar (Liopsetta glacialis) Ndi mitundu yosazizira yozizira yokhala ndi thupi lokwanira lotalika lofiirira lakuda ndi zipsepse zofiira njerwa.
Choyenda panyanja chimakhala bwino m'madzi amchere. Mitundu yotere imadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu, mawonekedwe amthupi, utoto, malo akhungu ndi owonera:
- Kuyenda panyanja (Pleuronectes mbalesa) ndi taxon yayikulu yokhala ndi bulauni wobiriwira wonyezimira komanso mawanga ofiira kapena ofiira. Oimira mitunduyo amakula mpaka 6-7 makilogalamu ndikukula kwakukulu mkati mwa mita. Mitunduyi ndi mwiniwake wamatsenga otukuka;
- Zingwe zoyera kumwera ndipo kumpoto chakumpoto a nsomba zapansi panyanja, nthawi zambiri zimakula mpaka masentimita 50. Mbali ina ya mawonekedwewa ndi kupezeka kwa mzere woponderezedwa wopepuka, mbali yamkaka yakhungu, gawo lamaso ndi lofiirira kapena lofiirira;
- Kutuluka kwa chikasu (Limanda aspera) ndi mtundu wokonda kuzizira, wodziwika ndi kupezeka kwa masikelo ndi minyewa ndi thupi lozungulira lofiirira, lokhala ndi zipsepse zachikaso zagolide. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nsomba yayikulu kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 45-50 ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 0,9-1.0 kg;
- Zosangalatsa akuyimiridwa ndi mitundu isanu, yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imakula mpaka 4.5 mita ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 330-350 kg, ndipo woimira wocheperako kwambiri ndi halibut wokhala ndi uta, yemwe samapeza makilogalamu opitilira 8 ndi kutalika kwa 70-80 cm.
Kum'maŵa kwa Far East ndi dzina logwirizana lomwe limagwirizanitsa khumi ndi awiri, omwe amatchedwa nsomba zosalala. Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mitundu ya yellowfin, stellate ndi yoyera, komanso mizere iwiri, proboscis, yamphongo yayitali, halibut, yachikasu-bellied, warty ndi zina zotuluka.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Flounder nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhayokha komanso ya benthic. Mamembala am'banjamu amadzibisa mwanzeru ngati malo ozungulira (amatsanzira). Nsomba zotere zimakhala nthawi yayitali zili pansi pamtunda wamadzi kapena zimabowola mpaka m'maso osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kubisala kwachilengedwe kumeneku, mbalamezi sizimangogwira nyama, koma zimabisalanso ndi nyama zikuluzikulu zam'madzi.
Ngakhale atachedwa komanso akuwoneka ngati osasunthika, wopondaponda amangogwiritsa ntchito poyenda pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chosunthika. Komabe, chomangirira chimakhala chosambira bwino pakafunika kutero. Nsomba yotere imayamba pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ndipo pakamtunda kochepa imatha kuthamanga kwambiri.
Pakakakamizidwa, chowombacho chimaponyera "thupi" lake lonse lathyathyathya mamitala angapo nthawi imodzi molowera, kutulutsa ndege yamadzi yamphamvu kwambiri pansi ndikuthandizira chivundikiro cha gill chomwe chili pambali yakhungu. Ngakhale kuimitsidwa kochuluka kwa mchenga ndi matope kumakhazikika, nsomba yamphamvuyi imakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira kugwira nyama yake kapena kubisala msanga kwa chilombo.
Kodi kumangokhala kumatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwakanthawi kamoyo kochepera pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino zakunja kumakhala pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu. Koma m'moyo weniweni, mamembala osowa m'banjamo amatha kukhala ndi moyo wolemekezedwa chonchi ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa ochuluka muukonde wopha nsomba.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Amuna omwe amadzimangirira amasiyana ndi akazi mu kuchepa kwawo, kutalika pakati pa maso, komanso m'mayendedwe akutali a zipsepse zam'mimba ndi zakuthambo.
Mitundu yocheperako
Mitundu makumi asanu ndi limodzi (60) yomwe ikudziwika pano kuti ndi yopanda kanthu imaphatikizidwa mgulu lalikulu makumi awiri ndi atatu:
- Prickly plaice (Acanthopsetta), kuphatikiza Prickly flounder (Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi) kapena Coarse flounder;
- Arrowtooth halibuts (Atheresthes), kuphatikiza Asian arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes evermanni) ndi American arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes stomias);
- Osewera akuthwa (Cleisthenes), kuphatikiza a Herzenstein (Cleisthenes herzensteini) ndi Sharp-mutu wokhotakhota (Cleisthenes pinetorum);
- Warty flounder (Clidoderma), kuphatikiza Warty flounder (Clidoderma asperrimum);
- Eopsetta, kuphatikizapo Eopsetta grigorjewi kapena Far Eastern flounder, ndi Eopsetta jordani kapena California eopsetta;
- Long flounder (Glyptocephalus), kuphatikiza Red flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), Far Eastern long flounder (Glyptocephalus stelleri), kapena Steller's flounder yaying'ono;
- Halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides), kuphatikiza ku Japan halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius) kapena Japan ruff flounder, Northern halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides elassodon) ndi Flounder flounder (Hippoglossoides a platesoides)
- Halibuts (Hippoglossus), kapena ma halibuts oyera, kuphatikiza halibut ya Atlantic (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) ndi Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis);
- Bicolor flounder (Kareius) ndi Biline flounder (Lepidopsetta), yomwe imaphatikizapo White-bellied flounder (Lepidopsetta mochigarei) ndi Northern flounder (Lepidopsetta polyxystra);
- Limanda, kuphatikizapo Yellowfin flounder (Limanda aspera), Yellowtail limanda (Limanda ferruginea) ndi Ershovatka (Limanda limanda), limanda (Longanda snouted limanda (Limanda punctatissima) ndi Sakhalin flounder (Limanda sakhalinensis);
- Ma Around flounders (Liopsetta), kuphatikiza Blackhead flounder (Liopsetta putnami);
- Choyenda ku Oregon (Lyopsetta);
- Flounder yaying'ono (Microstomus), kuphatikiza Microstomus achne, Small flounder (Microstomus kitt), Pacific flounder, ndi Microstomus shuntovi;
- Mtsinje (Platichthys), kuphatikiza Stellate flounder (Platichthys stellatus);
- Flounder (Pleuronectes), kuphatikiza Yellow flounder (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus);
- Wovuta mutu (Pleuronichthys), kuphatikiza Pleuronichthys coenosus, Horned flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus);
- Zowonongeka (Psettichthys);
- Zima flounder (Pseudopleuronectes), kuphatikiza wonyezimira wachikaso (Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini), Schrenk flounder (Pseudopleuronectes schrenki), ndi Japan flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae).
Olemekezedwanso ndi mtundu wa Dexistes ndi mtundu wa Embassichthys, woimiridwa ndi Embassichthys bathybius, mtundu wa Hypsopsetta ndi Isopsetta (Isopsetta), Verasper ndi Tanakius (Tanakius), Psammodiscus, Psamriella ) ndi ma halibuts akuda (Reinhardtius).
Ndizosangalatsa! Halibut ndi nthumwi yoyimilira yayikulu kwambiri ndipo imakhala pansi pa nyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic, ndipo chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo wansomba zodya nyama ngati izi chitha kukhala theka la zana.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Platichthys stellatus ndimomwe amakhala m'madzi akumpoto a Pacific Ocean, kuphatikiza nyanja za Japan ndi Bering, Okhotsk ndi Chukchi. Mitundu yamadzi oyera imakhala m'madziwe, kutsikira kwa mitsinje ndi magombe. Oimira mitundu ya Scophthalmidae amapezeka kumpoto kwa Atlantic, komanso m'madzi a Black, Baltic ndi Mediterranean. Kuphatikiza pa chilengedwe cham'madzi, kusokonekera kwa mitundu iyi kumamveka bwino kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Southern Bug, Dnieper ndi Dniester.
Kuwonjezeka kwa mchere wamadzi a Nyanja ya Azov komanso kutsetsereka kwa mitsinje ikulowerera kunapangitsa kuti Nyanja Yakuda iwonongeke pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Don. Oimira mitundu ya Arctic yosazizira kwambiri amakhala m'madzi a Kara, Barents, White, Bering ndi Okhotsk, ndipo amapezeka ku Yenisei, Ob, Kara ndi Tugur, komwe nsomba zotere zimakonda dothi lofewa.
Misonkho yayikulu yam'madzi imakhala m'madzi ofooka komanso amchere kwambiri, yomwe imakonda kuzama mkati mwa 30-200 m. Oyimira mitunduyo ndizofunikira pakusodza kwamalonda, komanso amakhala m'madzi a East Atlantic, Mediterranean ndi Barents, White and Baltic sea, ndi nyanja zina. Kumwera kwa belu loyera kumwera kumakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Primorye ndipo kumapezeka m'nyanja ya Japan, ndipo akulu akulu akum'mwera amakonda madzi a Okhotsk, Kamchatka ndi Bering Seas.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yawo yazomera komanso kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe, nsomba zonse zam'madzi zimakwaniritsa bwino madera omwe ali m'mbali mwa nyanja za Eurasia komanso m'madzi am'nyanja.
Yellowfin flounder pakadali pano ikupezeka kuma nyanja aku Japan, Okhotsk ndi Bering. Nsomba zotere ndizochulukirapo mkati mwa Sakhalin ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Kamchatka, komwe amakonda kukhazikika pakuya kwa mita 15-80 ndikutsatira nthaka yamchenga. Ma Halibuts amakhala ku Atlantic, omwe amakhala m'madzi owirira a Arctic ndi Pacific Ocean, kuphatikiza nyanja za Barents, Bering, Okhotsk ndi Japan.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi
Kutengera mtundu wamtundu wa taxon, kuchuluka kwa zochitika pakudya kumatha kuchitika madzulo, usiku kapena masana.... Zakudya zoyenda zimayimiriridwa ndi chakudya choyambira nyama. Ma flounders achichepere amadya benthos, nyongolotsi, amphipods, komanso mphutsi, nkhanu, ndi mazira. Ophwanya achikulire amakonda kudya ophiura ndi nyongolotsi, ma echinoderm ena ambiri, komanso nsomba zazing'ono, ena opanda mafupa ndi ma crustaceans. Oimira banjali amakonda makamaka nkhanu osati capelin wokulirapo.
Chifukwa chakutalika kwa mutu, chofufumiracho chimaluma mofulumira m'nthaka zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pakatikati pa nyanja kapena pansi pamtsinje. Mphamvu ya nsagwada za wolimba ndizochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti nsomba zotere mosavuta komanso mwachangu zimawongola zipolopolo zazitali zazitsulo, komanso zipolopolo za nkhanu. Mtengo waukulu wa omwe akuimira banjali makamaka umadalira kuchuluka kwa zakudya zopatsa thanzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yobweretsera taxon iliyonse ndiyayokha, ndipo zimatengera dera lokhalamo, nthawi yoyambira masika, kuchuluka kwamadzi mpaka kuzizindikiro zabwino kwambiri. Nthawi yobereketsa yamitundu yambiri imayamba kuyambira masiku khumi oyamba a February mpaka Meyi. Pali zosiyana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, turbot kapena Big Diamond.
Oimira amtunduwu amapita kukasambira m'madzi a Baltic ndi North Seas kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti, pomwe chowombelera cha kum'mwera chimakonda kubala m'madzi oundana a Nyanja ya Kara ndi Barents kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware.
Oimira banjali, monga lamulo, amafika msinkhu mchaka chachitatu kapena chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha moyo. Kwa zazikazi zamitundu yambiri, kuchuluka kwakubala kwambiri ndichikhalidwe, chifukwa chake, clutch imodzi imatha kukhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 0.5-2 miliyoni. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yokwanira amatenga osapitirira milungu iwiri. Monga malo obalalirako zotsalira, madera okwanira okwanira m'mphepete mwa mchenga amasankhidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chowotchera mwachangu chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino okhala ndi mbali ziwiri, ndipo ma benthos ang'onoang'ono ndi zooplankton zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya pachangu.
Mitundu ina yamtunduwu imatha kubala ngakhale pofika mita makumi asanu, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zowalamulira kwambiri komanso kusowa kofunikirako mazira pagawo lililonse lolimba.
Adani achilengedwe
Flounder imatha kusintha msanga komanso mosavuta mtundu wa ndege kumtunda kwa thupi lake, zomwe zimathandiza nsomba yotere kuti ibisere pansi pamtundu uliwonse wapansi ndikuteteza kuti asawonongeke ndi nyama zambiri zam'madzi. Komabe, oopsa kwambiri kwa omwe akuyimira banja lino mwachilengedwe amawoneka ngati eel ndi halibut, komanso anthu. Chifukwa cha nyama yoyera komanso yokoma kwambiri, yoyera yathanzi, nsombayi imagwidwa mwamphamvu ndi asodzi pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nkhani zakusodza mopitilira muyeso zomwe zimapezeka mosavuta komanso mitundu yocheperako kwambiri pakasodza nyama zam'madzi ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusodza kwa mitundu yambiri, ndipo alibe yankho lothandiza pakadali pano. Pozindikira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga chiwonetsero chonse, ofufuza nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuti mwina kuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kungachitike.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Nsomba zam'madzi
- Nsomba za Mackerel
- Sterlet nsomba
- Nsomba za Pollock
Mwazina, anthu ena ovuta nthawi zonse amakhudzidwa ndi zochitika za anthu kapena amakhala akupanikizika kwambiri ndi nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa Arnoglos Mediterranean, kapena Kessler flounder, pakadali pano uli pachiwopsezo chotheratu, ndipo chiwonkhetso cha nsomba zodya nyama zochepa kwambiri.
Mtengo wamalonda
Flounder ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda, yomwe imakodwa makamaka m'madzi a Black and Baltic Seas. Flounder-kalkan ndi turbot zimagwidwa mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean mwachizolowezi nsomba. Nsomba yatsopano imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira pang'ono komanso nyama yoyera. Pafupifupi mbale zonse zofufuma zimayamwa bwino thupi la munthu, zimathandizira kuthamangitsa njira zamagetsi ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zabwino.
