Achule (Rana) ndi dzina logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso lofala lomwe limagwirizanitsa gulu lonse la nyama zomwe zili mu dongosolo la Tailless amphibians. Mwanjira yayitali, mawuwa amagwiranso ntchito kwa oimira onse omwe alibe Tailless, ndipo munjira yopapatiza, dzinali limangogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi banja lenileni la achule.
Kufotokozera kwa achule
Oimira achule amasiyana mwamtheradi ndi kusapezeka kwa khosi, ndipo mutu wa nyama zoterezi zikuwoneka kuti zikukula limodzi ndi thupi lalifupi komanso lokwanira. Kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa mchira mu achule kumawonekera mwachindunji mu dzina la dongosololi, lomwe limagwirizanitsa onse amphibiya. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti achule ali ndi masomphenya apadera, chifukwa chake samatseka maso awo akagona, komanso amatha kudikirira mtsogolo, mbali ndi mbali.
Maonekedwe
Chule ali ndi mutu waukulu komanso wopindika, mbali yomwe maso ake akutuluka.... Pamodzi ndi zinyama zina zakutchire, achule ali ndi zikope zakumtunda ndi kutsika. Kakhungu kothwanima kamapezeka pansi pa chikope chapansi cha amphibian, chomwe chimatchedwa "chikope chachitatu". Kumbuyo kwa amphibian pali malo apadera okutidwa ndi khungu lowonda, lotchedwa eardrum. Mphuno ziwiri zokhala ndi mavavu apadera zili pamwamba pakamwa pamutu ndi mano ang'onoang'ono.
Mapazi a chule amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zala zinayi zazifupi. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya chinyama ndiyolimba komanso yopangidwa bwino, yokhala ndi zala zisanu, danga lomwe limamangiriridwa mwapadera ndi khungu lachikopa. Zikhadabo sizipezeka konse pa zala za nyama. Gawo lokhalo lokhalokha lili mdera lakumbuyo kwa thupi la chule ndipo likuyimiridwa ndi kotchedwa kotseguka kwa nsalu. Thupi la chuleli limakutidwa ndi khungu lopanda kanthu, lokutidwa mopukutira ndi mamvekedwe apadera, omwe amatulutsidwa kwambiri ndimatenda angapo apadera a nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukula kwa achule kumadalira mtunduwo, chifukwa chake achule aku Europe nthawi zambiri samapitilira decimeter imodzi, ndipo achule aku Africa a goliath ndi omwe amakhala ndi mbiri yakale kukula kwake, chifukwa chake, akakhala theka la mita, amalemera makilogalamu angapo.
Kukula kwa chule wamkulu kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana kutengera mitundu, koma nthawi zambiri imasiyanasiyana pakati pa masentimita 0,8-32. Mtundu wa khungu umakhalanso wosiyanasiyana ndipo umatha kukhala wofiirira, wachikaso, wobiriwira kapena wosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mamembala ambiri am'banja amakonda kudzibisa ngati udzu, masamba kapena nthambi, chifukwa chake ali ndi khungu lofiirira, imvi ndi imvi.
Timalimbikitsanso: momwe chule amasiyana ndi zisoti
Mtundu wa nkhondo, monga lamulo, umawonetsa poyizoni wa chule, yemwe amafotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa pakhungu lomwe limatulutsa zinthu zapoizoni komanso zovulaza ku thanzi la munthu kapena nyama. Achule ena amatsanzira mosavuta, kutsanzira nyama zowopsa za m'madzi kuthawa adani.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Achule amatha kusunthira kumtunda, komanso amalumpha kwambiri, kukwera korona wa mitengo yayitali ndikukumba mabowo mobisa. Mitundu ina imadziwika ndi kuthekera osati kusambira mwangwiro, komanso kuthamanga, kuyenda, kukwera mitengo mwachangu komanso kutsetsereka mosavuta kuchokera kutalika.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha achule ndikutengera mpweya kudzera pakhungu. Ntchitoyi imachitika bwino pamtunda kapena m'madzi, chifukwa chomwe nyamayi ili mgulu la amphibians. Komabe, achule azitsamba aku Europe, odziwika kwambiri mdziko lathu, amayandikira matupi amadzi pokhapokha pobereka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zizindikiro za ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zazing'ono ndizosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa chimodzi mwazomwezi zimakonda kusaka usiku wokha, koma pali oimira owoneka bwino omwe amakhala osatopa maola makumi awiri mphambu anayi patsiku.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mapapo amafunikira achule kuti amvekere mokweza kwambiri.... Maphokoso amawu ndi ma resonator amathandizira amphibiya kutulutsa mawu, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa amuna kapena akazi nthawi yoswana.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, achule achikulire amakhetsa khungu lawo, lomwe silofunika kukhala ndi moyo wanyama, kenako nkudya poyembekezera kudzanso khungu latsopano. Mwa njira yamoyo, achule onse amakhaladi paokha, amakonda kusunthira kwakanthawi kochepa pamisewu yayitali panthawi yoswana. Mitundu yomwe imakhala mdera lotentha imayamba kugona nthawi yachisanu isanayambike.
Ndi achule angati omwe amakhala
Nyama zapadera, zomwe ndizoyimira odziwika bwino pamayendedwe opanda amphibiya, zimakhala ndi chiyembekezo chosiyana cha moyo. Kutsimikiza kwake mu vivo kumachitika ndi njira yamagulu a mafupa, yomwe imapangitsa kuti athe kuwunika molondola kukula kwa munthu aliyense komanso nthawi yakutha msinkhu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi asayansi, gawo lalikulu la mitundu ya achule limakhala m'chilengedwe kwa zaka zosaposa khumi, koma zowunikira zambiri zawonetsa kuti mitundu ina yazinthu zina zimakhala ndi moyo wazaka makumi atatu.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusakhazikika kwanthawi yayitali komanso nyengo yanthawi zonse ndichikhalidwe chomwe chimafala kwa amphibiya ambiri, kuphatikiza mitundu ya achule. Kwa achule ena amphaka, kuwonjezeka kwa mapadi amphongo ndizodziwika, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amphibiya pogogoda pansi ndikuthandizira kukopa kwazimayi. Amuna amitundu ina amasiyanitsidwa ndi makutu akulira kwambiri. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumachitika chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mahomoni otchedwa gonadotropic mthupi la nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali mitundu, pakuwonedwa komwe sikutheka kudziwa kugonana molingana ndi mkhalidwe umodzi wokha, chifukwa chake muyenera kuyerekezera mawonekedwe amitundu imodzi nthawi imodzi.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso zodziwika bwino zakugonana zomwe zimadziwika ndi achule amphongo zimayimiriridwa ndi mapangidwe azipangizo zosinthira poyankha kusintha kwa mahomoni a testes.
Mu chule, mapadi otere amapangidwa kumunsi kwa mikono yakutsogolo, zala ndi pakamwa, chifukwa amuna onse okhwima ogonana amakhalabe ndi akazi mu mkhalidwe wothandizana nawo ngakhale poyenda mwamphamvu kwamadzi kapena kuwukira kwa nyama zina.
Mitundu ya achule
Masiku ano, pali mitundu yoposa 550 ya amphibiya yotchedwa achule.... Banja achule Owona amaimiridwa ndi mabanja angapo nthawi imodzi: nkhalango zaku Africa, zotayidwa komanso zonga tozi, zazing'ono komanso zenizeni, komanso achule okhala ndi zikopa.
Mitundu yambiri ndi yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa amphibians ndipo imasungidwa ngati ziweto zosowa. Mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri imaperekedwa:
- Chule wamtengo ku Dominican;
- Chule wamtengo ku Australia;
- achule ena amtengo kapena achule owopsa;
- chule wosalala kapena wachule wa aibolite
- chule wamaso ofiira;
- chule wamadzi;
- chule wakuthwa nkhope;
- adyo.
Mitundu yosazolowereka kwambiri ya chule masiku ano imaphatikizira chule wowonekera kapena wamagalasi, chule wakupha wa coco, achule aubweya komanso owuluka, chule yamphongo, komanso chule woseketsa komanso wachule wamtengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu imatha kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pamapangidwe. Mwachitsanzo, achule a copepod amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala, ngati thupi lophwanyika, pomwe achule a nkhumba, m'malo mwake, amadziwika ndi thupi lotupa.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Vertebrates afalikira pafupifupi mayiko onse ndi makontinenti, ndipo amapezekanso ngakhale mu chisanu cha Arctic. Koma achule amakonda madera otentha, komwe kuli mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya amphibiya. Achule makamaka amakhala m'madzi atsopano.
Achule enieni ndi am'banja la Tailless Amphibian (Anura), omwe ali ponseponse, kupatula South America, kumwera kwa Australia ndi New Zealand. Dziko lathu limalamulidwa ndi chule wamba (Rana temporaria) komanso dziwe (Rana esculenta).
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kugawidwa kwa mitundu ina ya mitundu ndi achule kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza mitsinje, mapiri ndi zipululu, komanso zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu monga misewu yayikulu ndi ngalande.
M'madera otentha, mitundu ya amphibian ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa madera omwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira kapena yotentha. Mitundu ina yamtundu wa achule amatha kukhala ngakhale m'madzi amchere kapena ku Arctic Circle.
Zakudya za chule
Achule osachedwa kudya ali m'gulu la nyama zolusa... Udzudzu wambiri, komanso mitundu yonse ya agulugufe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, timadyedwa mosangalala ndi amphibiya. Makamaka anthu akuluakulu okonda kudya samanyoza nyama zowoneka bwino kwambiri, zomwe zitha kuyimilidwa ndi mitundu ina ya achule anyama ndi abale awo ochepa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Achule amitundu yambiri amathandiza kwambiri anthu. Amawononga ndikudya nyongolotsi, nsikidzi ndi tizilombo todetsa nkhawa komanso zowopsa kwa anthu ndi zomera.
Kusaka nyama zawo kumachitika ndi achule pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lokwanira komanso lokwanira mokwanira, lomwe limagwira mwaukadaulo nkhono, agulugufe, njenjete ndi nyama zina zamapiko pa ntchentche. Mwa mitundu yomwe ilipo pano ya achule, omnivorous amphibians amadziwikanso, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zipatso kapena zipatso mosangalala.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yobereketsa ya amphibians otentha imachitika nthawi yamvula, ndipo mitundu iliyonse yomwe imakhala mdera labwino imaberekana nthawi yachisanu, ikangodzuka kumene. Pakangoyamba nyengo yoswana, achule amapanga masango akuluakulu omwe amuna onse amakhala m'mapiri kapena mumtambo. Munthawi imeneyi, nyama "zimayimba" mokweza, ndipo kuwomba kwachilendo kwamwamuna kumakopa akazi.
Amuna omwe amakwera kumbuyo kwa akazi amatulutsa mazira omwe amaponyedwa m'madzi ndikusochera m'mapiko ozungulira. Akugwira achule omwe amakhala ku South Africa, panthawi yobereka, amatulutsa ntchofu zambiri komanso zopopera, zomwe zimakutira mazira onse. Utomoni wa thovu utakhazikika, mtundu wa chisa umapangidwa pazomera, momwe mazira amawomberamo ndipo mphutsi zimaswa.
Achule amitundu yosiyanasiyana amayala mazira osiyana, omwe amatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa makumi angapo mpaka mazira zikwi makumi awiri. Nthawi yayitali yosanganira mazira zimatengera kutentha kwa chilengedwe, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala masiku atatu mpaka khumi. Mphutsi za nyama ya amphibian zimakula msanga, motero zimayamba kukhala zisonga, ndipo patapita nthawi zimasanduka achule ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi yachitukuko nthawi zambiri imatenga masiku 40-120.
Ndizosangalatsa! Achule samadziwika ndi malingaliro amtundu uliwonse, chifukwa chake mitundu yayikulu nthawi zambiri imasaka nyama zazing'ono kapena kudya ana awo, koma ng'ombe zamphongo zazikulu nthawi zonse zimasambira kulira kwa ana awo ndikuwathamangitsa kapena kumadya wolakwira.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe achule amayimiriridwa ndi leeches, mphutsi za kachilomboka ndi agulugufe, komanso nsomba zolusa, kuphatikizapo zander, nsomba, bream, pike ndi catfish. Komanso achule amafunidwa ndi mitundu ina ya zokwawa, kuphatikizapo njoka ndi mphiri. Amphibians nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama yosavuta ya adokowe achikulire ndi mphalapala, akhwangwala ndi abakha am'madzi, zinyama zina, zomwe zimaphatikizapo desman, makoswe ndi ma muskrats, ma shrew ndi oimira ma mustelids.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa achule onse... Oposa gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa mitundu yonse yodziwika bwino pakadali pano ali pachiwopsezo chotheratu. Zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli ndikuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala, kusintha kwakanthawi kwa nyengo komanso nyama zakutchire.
Zowononga makamaka zowopsa kwa anthu achule ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amaimiridwa ndi chytridiomycosis ndi ranavirus. Mwazina, amphibiya ambiri, komanso achule ena makamaka, ali ndi vuto lowonongera chilengedwe, chomwe chimachitika chifukwa cha khungu lomwe limalowerera kwambiri komanso kayendedwe ka moyo.
