Swordfish, kapenafishfish (Xiphias gladius) - nthumwi yamtundu wa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray zomwe zimakhala ngati nsomba zazingwe komanso banja la lupanga, kapena Xiphiidae (Xiphiidae). Nsomba zazikulu zimatha kutentha kwa maso ndi ubongo kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwa chilengedwe, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha endothermia. Nyama yogwirirayo imakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, imasamuka kwakutali, ndipo ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino posodza masewera.
Kufotokozera kwa swordfish
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mawonekedwe a swordfish adafotokozedwa mwasayansi mmbuyo mu 1758... Carl Linnaeus, pamasamba a gawo lakhumi la buku la "The System of Nature", adalongosola oimira mtundu uwu, koma ma binomen sanasinthebe kufikira lero.
Maonekedwe
Nsombayi ili ndi thupi lamphamvu komanso lophatikana, lopindika mozungulira, ndikuchepera kumchira. Chomwe chimatchedwa "mkondo" kapena "lupanga", chomwe ndi nsagwada yayitali, chimapangidwa ndimafupa amphuno ndi premaxillary, komanso chimadziwika ndi kukhazikika pompopompo panjira ya dorsoventral. Malo apansi pakamwa amtundu wosatengeka amadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa mano pachibwano. Maso ndi akulu kukula, ndipo nembanemba ya gill ilibe cholumikizira pamalo a intergill. Ma branchial stamens nawonso kulibe, chifukwa chake ma gill omwewo amaimiridwa ndi mbale zosinthidwa zolumikizidwa mu mbale imodzi yamatope.
Ndizosangalatsa! Tiyenera kudziwa kuti gawo la mphutsi ndi achichepere achichepere amakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa achikulire omwe ali pachikuto chazinyalala ndi morphology, ndipo zosintha zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono zimawonekera kokha nsombazo zikafika mita kutalika.
Zipsepse ziwiri zakumbuyo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamunsi. Mphepete koyamba koyamba kali ndi poyambira pang'ono, imayamba pamwambapa kumtunda kwa mutu, ndipo imakhala ndi cheza 34 mpaka 49 cha mtundu wofewa. Chomaliza chachiwiri chimakhala chochepa kwambiri kuposa choyambacho, chimasunthira patali ndi gawo la caudal, lomwe limakhala ndi cheza 3-6. Magetsi olimba nawonso kulibiretu mkati mwa zipsepse za kumatako. Zipsepse zam'mimba zam'madzi zimadziwika ndi chikwakwa, pomwe zipsepse za ventral kulibe. The fin caudal is notched not and month-shaped.
Kumbuyo kwake kwafishfish ndi thupi lakumtunda kuli kofiirira, koma utundawu pang'onopang'ono umasanduka mthunzi wofiirira mdera. Nthiti za zipsepse zonse ndi zofiirira kapena zofiirira, zamphamvu mosiyanasiyana. Achinyamata amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yopingasa, yomwe imasowa pakukula ndi kukula kwa nsombazo. Kutalika kwakukulu kwafishfish wamkulu ndi 4.5 m, koma nthawi zambiri sikudutsa mita zitatu. Kulemera kwa nsomba zam'madzi zotchedwa pelagic fish zitha kufika 600-650 kg.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nsomba za lupanga ndizoyenera kuti ndizomwe zimasambira mwachangu komanso mwachangu kwambiri kuposa onse okhala munyanja lero. Nsomba zotere za Oceanodromic pelagic zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 120 km / h, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe amthupi. Chifukwa cha otchedwa "lupanga", zisonyezo zakukoka zimachepetsedwa kwambiri pakuyenda kwa nsomba m'malo amadzi ambiri. Mwa zina ,fishfish wamkulu amakhala ndi thupi loboola pakati komanso lopindika, lopanda mamba.
Lupanga, pamodzi ndi abale ake apamtima, ali ndi mitsempha, yomwe siimalo opumira okha, komanso imagwira ntchito ngati mtundu wa injini yama hydro-jet yamoyo wam'madzi. Kudzera m'mitsempha yotereyi, madzi amayenda mosalekeza, ndipo liwiro lake limayendetsedwa ndi njira yochepetsera kapena kukulitsa ma gill.
Ndizosangalatsa! Osoka malupanga amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, koma nyengo ikakhala bata amakonda kukwera pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe amasambira, ndikuwonetsa mbalame zawo zakumbuyo. Nthawi ndi nthawi, nsombazi zimathamanga kwambiri ndikudumphira m'madzi, nthawi yomweyo zimabwerera mokalipa.
Thupi lafishfish limakhala ndi kutentha komwe kumakhala pafupifupi 12-15zaC imapitilira kutentha kwamadzi am'nyanja. Ndichinthu ichi chomwe chimatsimikizira kukonzekereratu kwa nsomba, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti mwadzidzidzi mukhale ndi liwiro lalikulu pakusaka kapena, ngati kuli kotheka, sungani adani.
Ndi nsomba zingati zomwe zimakhala
Akazi afishfish nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa achimuna achimuna, komanso amakhala ndi moyo wautali... Pafupifupi, nthumwi za mitundu ya nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, zomwe ndizoyenera kukhala ndi ziwongola dzanja ndi banja lafishfish, sizikhala zaka zopitilira khumi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Swordfish imapezeka m'madzi a m'nyanja ndi nyanja zonse, kupatula malo ozungulira nyanja. Nsomba zazikuluzikulu za m'nyanja za m'nyanja zimapezeka m'nyanja ya Atlantic, m'madzi a Newfoundland ndi Iceland, kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Azov ndi Black Sea. Kusodza mwachangu kwafishfish kumachitika m'madzi a Pacific, Indian ndi Atlantic, pomwe chiwonetsero chonse cha omwe akuyimira banja lafishfish tsopano ndiokwera kwambiri.
Zakudya za Swordfish
Nsombazi ndi imodzi mwa nyama zomwe zimadya nawo mwayi ndipo ili ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Popeza ma lupanga onse omwe alipo alipo okhala epi- ndi mesopelagic, amasunthika mosadukiza komanso mozungulira m'madzi. Swordfish imayenda kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi mpaka kuzama kwamamita mazana asanu ndi atatu, ndipo imathanso kuyenda pakati pamadzi otseguka ndi madera agombe. Ndi gawo ili lomwe limatsimikizira kudya kwa malupanga, omwe amaphatikizapo nyama zazikulu kapena zazing'ono kuchokera kumadzi oyandikira, komanso nsomba za benthic, cephalopods, ndi nsomba zazikulu za pelagic.
Ndizosangalatsa!Kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu akumalupanga ndi marlin, pogwiritsa ntchito "mkondo" wawo kokha kuti apange nyama yodabwitsayo, ndiko kugonjetsedwa kwa wovulalayo ndi "lupanga". M'mimba mwa nsombayo, pali squids ndi nsomba zomwe zidadulidwa kwenikweni kapena zimakhala ndi zotayika za "lupanga".
Zakudya zam'madzi ambiri am'madzi akum'mawa kwa Australia, nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, zimadziwika ndi cephalopods. Pakadali pano, zakudya zafishfish zimasiyana pakati pa anthu omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso lotseguka. Pachifukwa choyamba, nsomba zimakhalapo, ndipo chachiwiri, cephalopods.
Kubereka ndi ana
Zambiri zakusasitsa kwafishfish ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimatsutsana, zomwe mwina chifukwa chakusiyana kwa anthu okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Swordfish imamera m'madzi apamwamba pamtunda wa 23 ° C ndi mchere wamchere wa 33.8-37.4 ‰.
Nthawi yobala nsomba zam'madzi m'madzi otentha a World Ocean zimawonedwa chaka chonse. M'madzi a Caribbean ndi Gulf of Mexico, kuberekana kumakwera pakati pa Epulo ndi Seputembala. M'nyanja ya Pacific, kuberekana kumachitika mchaka ndi chilimwe.
Swordfish caviar ndi pelagic, ndi m'mimba mwake wa 1.6-1.8 mm, wowonekera bwino, ndikutsika kwamafuta okwanira... Zomwe zingathe kubereka ndizambiri. Kutalika kwa mphutsi zoulukawo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 0,4. Gawo la mphutsi lafishfish limakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera ndipo limasinthasintha kwakanthawi. Popeza kuti izi zimachitika mosalekeza ndipo zimatenga nthawi yayitali, sizimayima pang'onopang'ono. Mphutsi zoswedwa zili ndi thupi lofooka, lokhala ndi mphuno yochepa, ndipo mamba yake yodziwika bwino imabalalika m'thupi lonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Swordfish imabadwa ndi mutu wozungulira, koma pang'onopang'ono, pakukula ndi chitukuko, mutu umawola ndikukhala wofanana kwambiri ndi "lupanga".
Ndikukula ndikukula, nsagwada za mphutsi zimatalikitsa, koma zimakhala zofanana kutalika. Kukula kowonjezereka kumatsagana ndi chitukuko chofulumira kwambiri cha nsagwada zakumtunda, chifukwa chomwe mutu wa nsomba yotere umakhala ngati "mkondo" kapena "lupanga". Anthu omwe amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 23 amakhala ndi mkoko umodzi wakutambasula wolumikizana ndi thupi limodzi ndi kumapeto kwa kumatako, ndipo masikelo amakonzedwa m'mizere ingapo. Komanso, achinyamata oterewa amakhala ndi mzere wotsatira, ndipo mano ali pa nsagwada.
Pakukula kwina, gawo lakumbuyo kwa dorsal fin kumakulira kutalika. Kutalika kwa thupi lafishfish kukafika masentimita 50, dorsal fin fin imapangidwa, yolumikizidwa ndi yoyamba. Masikelo ndi mano, komanso mzere wotsatira, zimatheratu mwa anthu osakhwima omwe afika kutalika mita. Pamsinkhu uwu, mu malupanga, mbali yokhayo yakumaso yakumapeto kwa dorsal fin, yachiwiri yafupikitsidwa kumapeto, ndi zipsepse zapamanja, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa bwino.
Adani achilengedwe
Nsomba yayikulu ya m'nyanja yayikulu ya nyanja ilibe mdani wachilengedwe. Nsombazi zimatha kugwidwa ndi whale wakupha kapena shark. Nsomba zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono zomwe zimakonda kusakidwa nthawi zambiri zimasakidwa ndi nsomba zoopsa za pelagic, kuphatikiza wakuda marlin, Atlantic buluu marlin, sailfish, yellowfin tuna, ndi coryphans wamkulu.
Komabe, pafupifupi mitundu makumi asanu yazirombo zam'mimba zomwe zimapezeka m'thupi la swordfish, zoyimiriridwa ndi cestode m'mimba ndi m'matumbo, ma nematode m'mimba, ma trematode pamitsempha ndi ma copopods omwe ali pamwamba pa thupi la nsomba. Nthawi zambiri, ma isopods ndi monogeneans, komanso ma barnacle osiyanasiyana ndi zopukutira m'mbali, zimawononga thupi la nsomba za m'nyanja ya oceanodromic pelagic.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'madera ena, kwadziwika kuti nsomba zosaloledwa za nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda zokhala ndi maukonde apadera. Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, nsomba za m'nyanja zotchedwa pelagic zinawonjezeredwa ndi Greenpeace pamndandanda wofiira wazinthu zam'madzi zomwe zikugulitsidwa m'masitolo akuluakulu, zomwe zimafotokozera za chiwopsezo chachikulu chakuwedza mopitirira muyeso.
Mtengo wamalonda
Swordfish ili m'gulu la nsomba zamtengo wapatali komanso zotchuka m'mayiko ambiri... Kusodza mwapadera pakadali pano kumachitika makamaka ndi ma pelagic. Nsombazi zimagwidwa m'maiko osachepera makumi atatu, kuphatikiza Japan ndi America, Italy ndi Spain, Canada, Korea ndi China, komanso Philippines ndi Mexico.
Mwazina, nthumwi yowala bwino yamtundu wa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray za dongosolo la ma perchiform ndi banja la swordfish ndi chikho chofunikira kwambiri pakusodza pamasewera posodza. Nsomba zofiirira zoyera, zomwe zimakonda kwambiri nkhumba, zimatha kusuta ndi kuphika, kapena kuphika pachakudya chachikhalidwe.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nyama ya Swordfish ilibe mafupa ang'onoang'ono, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwambiri, komanso ilibe fungo la fungo la nsomba.
Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zafishfish zimawonedwa pakati kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, komanso kumadzulo kwa Indian Ocean, m'madzi a Nyanja ya Mediterranean komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic. Nsomba zambiri zimagwidwa ndi nsomba za pelagic monga nsomba zapamadzi. Kutalika kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa nsomba zodziwika bwino za nsomba za m'nyanja ya oceanodrome zinalembedwa zaka zinayi zapitazo, ndipo zidakwana matani zikwi 130.
