Mbalameyi, yolemekezedwa ndi Mayakovsky, ndi nkhono yotchuka ya hazel, yomwe mitembo yambirimbiri yomwe dziko lathu limapereka kunja chaka chilichonse mpaka zaka za m'ma 70 zapitazo. Gourmets amayamikira nyama yake yoyera yoyera ndimakoma owawa ndi fungo la utomoni.
Kufotokozera kwa hazel grouse
Bonasa bonasia (hazel grouse) ndi wabanja laling'ono la nkhuku ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yotchuka kwambiri yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango ku Europe. Kukula kwa hazel grouse nthawi zambiri kumafaniziridwa ndi njiwa kapena jackdaw, popeza amuna achikulire samapitilira 0.4-0.5 makilogalamu olemera nthawi yozizira (akazi ndi ocheperako)... M'chaka, ma hazel grouses amachepetsa.
Maonekedwe
Kuchokera patali, hazel grouse imawoneka ngati yotuwa (nthawi zina imakhala ndi ubweya wamkuwa), ngakhale nthenga zimasiyanasiyana, pomwe mawanga akuda, oyera, abulauni ndi ofiira amasinthasintha. Pothawira, mzere wamdima pafupi ndi tsinde la mchira umawonekera. Malire ofiira amapyola diso, milomo ndi utoto wakuda, miyendo ndi yakuda imvi. Pofika nyengo yozizira, imvi zokulungika m'mphepete mwa mapikowo zimakhala zokulirapo, ndichifukwa chake mbalameyi imawoneka yopepuka kuposa nthawi yachilimwe.
Mlenjeyo nthawi zonse amasiyanitsa hazel grouse ndi masewera ena a m'nkhalango chifukwa chakuchepa kwake komanso kusiyanasiyana. Zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mkazi ndi mwamuna - izi ndizotheka pokhapokha pofufuza mbalame yowombera.
Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala ocheperako ndipo amakhala ndi tuft yopepuka. Alibe mipiringidzo yowala m'maso mwawo ngati amuna ndi pakhosi loyera / loyera. Mwa amuna, pansi pa mutu ndi pakhosi pamakhala akuda. Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa thupi lolimba, mutu wa hazel grouse umawoneka wocheperako, mlomo ndi wopindika, wolimba, koma waufupi (pafupifupi 1.5 cm). Mbali zake zakuthwa zimasinthidwa kuti zidule mphukira ndi nthambi. Pofuna kuti miyendo isatumphukire m'nyengo yozizira m'nyengo yozizira, mbalameyi imakhala ndi mipiringidzo yapadera yomwe imathandiza kuti izikhala mtengowu kwakanthawi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Chaka ndi chaka, gulu la ma hazel grouses limakhala pamalo amodzi, kumangosiya kugwa kokha, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chakudya. Ikangogwa chipale chofewa, mbalamezi zimasamukira kumitsinje / mitsinje komwe kumamera birch ndi alder. Grouse ikuyenda mofulumira, ikuyenda mosamala m'nkhalango. Ikamathamanga, imasaka pang'ono, kutambasula khosi ndikupita patsogolo. Chosokoneza cha hazel grouse, chaphokoso ndikuwombera mapiko ake, chimauluka (ngati capercaillie ndi grouse wakuda) ndipo sichimauluka kuposa pakati pa mitengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Hazel grouse, yomwe imawopsedwa ndi bambo, imatulutsa kanthawi kochepa, ikung'ung'udza, trill, ikutembenuka mwamphamvu ndikuuluka mtunda wamamita 100 kukabisala mu korona.
Mwambiri, iyi ndi mbalame yakachetechete, nthawi zina imakhala yoimba mluzu... M'chilimwe, hazel grouse nthawi zonse imakhala pansi (kugona pansi pa nthambi zapansi za spruce kapena pa iyo), koma ndikuwoneka ngati chivundikiro cha chisanu, imasunthira kumitengo. Ngati matalalawa ndi akuya, mbalamezi zimagona usiku momwemo (mamitala angapo kuchokera wina ndi mnzake), ndikusintha malo ogona tsiku lililonse.
Chipale chofewa chimateteza ku chisanu, ndipo hazel grouse imakhala pamenepo mpaka maola 19 patsiku (makamaka mu Januware / February), ikuuluka ndikungofuna chakudya. Kutsuka nthenga ndikuchotsa tiziromboti, hazel grouse, monga ma grouse ena, "amatsuka" mu fumbi ndi mchenga, kusinthanitsa malo osambira ndi "nyerere" (kusamba m'thanthwe).
Ndi ma graz hazel angati amakhala
Oimira mitundu yamtunduwu amakhala ndi moyo mpaka nthawi yawo (zaka 8-10), zomwe zimafotokozedwa osati ndi chidwi chofuna kusaka, kuwukira kwa nyama zolusa kapena matenda. Kuchulukana kwa nkhalango zomwe zili ndi ma hazel grouses, zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa kwa chakudya, zimayambitsanso kufa kwa anthu ambiri. Anapiye nthawi zambiri amafa ndi chisanu choopsa komanso moto wamnkhalango. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbalame, mu Ussuri taiga, pafupifupi kotala la anapiye obadwa kumene amafa, ndipo nthawi zina ochepera theka la iwo amakhala ndi miyezi iwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Hazel grouse ili ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri, yoyera komanso yofewa, yowuma pang'ono, yowawa pang'ono ndikupereka fungo losalala (imaperekedwa kwa zamkati ndi chakudya cha masamba, chomwe chimakhala ndi utomoni wachilengedwe).
Mitundu ya hazel grouse
Tsopano ma subspecies 11 amafotokozedwa, osiyana pang'ono ndi utoto, kukula ndi malo okhala:
- Bonasa bonasia bonasia (wamba) - amakhala ku Finland, Scandinavia, kumadzulo kwa Russia ndi kumpoto kwa Baltic;
- B. b. volgensis - malowa amveka bwino kuchokera ku dzina lachilatini, pomwe volgensis amatanthauza "Volga";
- B. septentrionalis - amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa gawo la Europe ku Russia, ku Urals ndi Urals, ku Siberia, komanso pakamwa pa Amur;
- B. rhenana - amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe, Germany ndi Austria;
- Kugawa kwa B. rupestris - komwe kumapezeka makamaka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Germany;
- B. styriacus - Alps ndi Carpathians;
- B. schiebeli - amakhala ku Balkan. Kumpoto, limadutsa B. styriacus, malire amayenda m'mapiri a Karavanke;
- B. kolymensis - amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwamtunduwu, kusunthira kumwera chakumadzulo kupita pakatikati pa Yakutia;
- B. yamashinai - malowa ndi ochepa ku Sakhalin;
- B. amurensis - kumpoto kwa Primorsky Territory, Korea Peninsula ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Manchuria;
- B. vicinitas - Amagawidwa pachilumba cha Hokkaido chokha.
Popeza kusiyana pakati pa ma subspecies wamba ndi ochepa, kutsimikiza molondola kwa chilichonse sikungatheke popanda kuwunika ndi kufananiza.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Nkhalango ndi taiga zakunyanja yayikulu ku Eurasia - ndipamene nyama yam'mapiri yam'mwamba yotchedwa hazel grouse imakonda kukhala. Idadzaza nkhalango zaku Russia kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kum'mawa, kupatula Kamchatka ndi Anadyr. Kumpoto kwa dzikolo, malire ake amafikira kumalire akumpoto a nkhalango za coniferous. Kunja kwa malo apambuyo pa Soviet, hazel grouse imapezeka ku North Japan, Korea, Scandinavia, North Mongolia, komanso ku Western Europe (kum'mawa kwa Pyrenees).
Zofunika! Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso nkhalango zowirira za spruce ndi nkhalango zamapiri, komwe zimadutsa, kumamatira zigwa za mitsinje.
Grouse imakhazikika m'nkhalango zamitengo yakuda, yolumikizidwa ndi mitundu yaying'ono yamasamba (kuphatikiza birch, phulusa lamapiri, alder ndi msondodzi), komanso m'mapiri momwe nkhalango zosakanikirana zimakula.
M'madera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa mbalame zake, mbalameyi imakhala chaka chonse m'nkhalango yakale yowuma, koma m'malo ena imapita m'nkhalango zowirira nthawi yachilimwe / chilimwe.
Grouse amasankha malo okhala nkhalango okhala ndi chinyezi pansi pake, wokutidwa ndiudzu wandiweyani, kupewa nkhalango zowuma za paini ndi zitsamba zamatope ndi nkhalango zapaini zosowa. Hazel grouse idawonekeranso m'mapiri pamtunda wokwera kupitirira 2 zikwi mita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zakudya za hazel grouse
Menyu imasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo, koma chakudya chachikulu cha wamkulu hazel grouse ndi zomera, zomwe nthawi zina zimasungunuka ndi tizilombo... Zakudyazo zimakhala zolemera kwambiri mchilimwe (mpaka mitundu 60) ndipo zimachepa m'nyengo yozizira (pafupifupi 20). Mu Epulo-Meyi, hazel grouse imadya ma catkins ndikuphuka masamba a birches / misondodzi, msondodzi ndi aspen masamba, zipatso ndi mbewu zotsalira pansi, maluwa / masamba azitsamba zouma, komanso nsikidzi, nyerere, slugs ndi akangaude.
M'chilimwe, mbalame zimadzitengera ndi mbewu, zobiriwira za zomera, tizilombo ndipo, patangopita nthawi pang'ono, kucha zipatso (mabulosi abuluu, strawberries ndi raspberries). Pofika Seputembala, chakudyacho chidasintha ndipo chikuwoneka ngati ichi:
- zonona;
- zipatso za rowan / mineberry;
- nthangala za meadowsweet ndi mariannik;
- mabulosi abulu ndi ma currants;
- mtedza wa paini;
- alder ndolo / masamba;
- aspen / masamba owawasa.
Mu Okutobala, hazel grouse yasintha kukhala roughage (catkins, masamba, nthambi za birch, alder ndi mitengo ina / zitsamba). Mwalawu, womwe umagwira ngati mphero m'mimba, umathandiza kugaya ulusi wolimba. Pazakudya za nyama zazing'ono, pali zakudya zambiri zamapuloteni (tizilombo) komanso kapangidwe ka chomeracho ndichosangalatsa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yakunyamula imadalira nyengo komanso mtundu wa masika. Ma grazel a Hazel ndiokhulupirika kwa anzawo ndipo amapanga awiriawiri kuyambira nthawi yophukira, amakhala pafupi ndikuyang'anirana. Kukhathamira kumapeto kwa nyengo kumakhala koyambirira kwa kutentha ndi masiku oyera, opanda mvula. Ma hazel grouses (mosiyana ndi ma grouse) alibe gulu pano: chibwenzi chimafunsidwa kwa mnzake m'modzi ndipo chimachitika pamalo ake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Hazel grouse imathamangira chachikazi, mchira wake utuluka, kutakasa ndikukoka mapiko ake, kutembenuka mwamphamvu ndikuimba mluzu. Mkazi sataya kumbuyo kwamwamuna, kumuyankha ndi muluzi mwadzidzidzi.
Nthawi yotentha ikamayandikira, mbalame zimayenda kwambiri: zimathamangitsana, kumenya nkhondo komanso kukwatirana. Chisa chimapangidwa ndi chachikazi, kupanga dzenje pansi pa chitsamba / nkhuni zakufa pomwe matalala asungunuka kale. Pofundira nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira osachepera 10, osachepera ka 15, omwenso amakwiriridwa ndi wamkazi, amakhala pansi mwamphamvu kuti atole.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masabata atatu, kutha ndi kuswa anapiye odziyimira pawokha, omwe tsiku lachiwiri amathamangira amayi awo kuti adyetse okha tizilombo. Anapiyewo amakula mwachangu ndipo patatha miyezi ingapo amafika pakukula.
Adani achilengedwe
Koposa zonse, masewerawa okhala ndi nthenga amakhala ndi mphalapala, yomwe imakonda nkhono mbalame zina ndipo imadya mitembo yake 25 nthawi yachisanu.... Chifukwa chake, mgawo loti "kufa kwa hazel grouse mwachilengedwe zifukwa ”(za madera ena a ku Siberia) amawerengera pafupifupi 80%. Mdani wamkulu wachiwiri ndi marten, yemwe nthawi ndi nthawi amapanga masheya a ma hazel grouses omwe amaphedwa nawo. Kuopsezako kumabweranso ndi nguluwe zakutchire: sadziwa momwe angagwirire ma grazel achikulire, koma amadya mazira ake ambiri, ndikupeza kukokedwa m'malo osafikika.
Komanso, nyama zoterezi zimasaka nkhono:
- nkhandwe;
- zosangalatsa
- khungubwe kakang'ono;
- mphungu;
- kadzidzi;
- nkhwangwa;
- chiwombankhanga chagolide;
- goshawk.
Kutha kwa mbalameyo kulowa mu chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri kumapulumutsa ku mbalame, koma osati kwa nyama zolusa zamiyendo inayi. M'misasa ya hazel grouse, ma weasel amapezeka mosavuta, mwachitsanzo, ermine, weasel, ferret ndi wolverine. Zowona, nthawi zina mbalameyi imatha kuthawa chilombocho chifukwa chakuyenda kwachisanu, komwe kumapereka nthawi kuti muzindikire zoopsa ndikuthawa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nthawi ndi nthawi, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ma hazel grouse kumawoneka, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chobwerera kwa chisanu mu theka lachiwiri la makulitsidwe (mazira amafa chifukwa cha hypothermia). Icing imathandizanso kuchepa kwa ziweto, pamene chisanu chimatsata mosayembekezereka, ndipo chipale chofewa chimakutidwa ndi ayezi... Ma hazel grouses amafa ochuluka, chifukwa sangathe kupyola kutumphuka ndikuboola mu chisanu. M'madera okhala anthu ambiri, zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ndizomwe zimayambitsa kutayika kwa ma hazel grouse, kuphatikiza kudula mitengo mwachangu komanso kulima nkhalango m'malo okhala mbalame.
Ndizosangalatsa! Masiku ano, kupezeka kwa mitunduyi sikuchititsa mantha, ndipo ku Russia (kugwa kwa USSR) ma grouse a hazel awonjezera kuchuluka kwawo. Chifukwa chachikulu ndikusowa kwa nsomba zamalonda: kusaka nyama (gawo) sikumakhudza ziweto.
Malingana ndi bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Nature, anthu okwana hazel ndi anthu okwana 15-40 miliyoni, mwa anthu 7.5-9.1.1 miliyoni ali ku Europe. Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa mu International Red Book kuti siyomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
