"Chilombo cham'nyanja" - uku ndikutanthauzira kwa mawu achi Greek κῆτος (whale), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa onse am'nyanja, kupatula porpoises ndi dolphins. Koma, poyankha funso loti "chinsomba chimalemera zochuluka bwanji", munthu sangachite popanda ma dolphin. Banja ili lili ndi chilombo cholemera kuposa anamgumi ambiri - the whale whale.
Whale kulemera ndi mitundu
Anangumi amayenera kukhala ndi dzina la nyama zolemetsa kwambiri, zapadziko lapansi komanso zam'madzi... Dongosolo la cetacean limakhala ndi ma suborder atatu, amodzi mwa iwo (anamgumi akale) asowa kale pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi. Magulu ena awiri agulugufe ndi anamgumi onunkhira ndi ma baleen, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe kazida zam'kamwa ndi mtundu wa chakudya chofanana kwambiri ndi icho. M'kamwa mwa anamgumi okhala ndi mano akulu muli zida, chifukwa ndizomveka kuganiza, ndi mano, omwe amawalola kusaka nsomba zazikulu ndi squid.
Pafupifupi, anamgumi okhala ndi mano amakhala ochepa poyerekeza ndi oimira baleen suborder, koma pakati pa nyama zodyerazi pali zolemetsa zodabwitsa:
- nsomba ya umuna - mpaka matani 70;
- kumpoto yoyandama - matani 11-15;
- narwhal - akazi mpaka matani 0,9, amuna osachepera matani 2-3 (pomwe gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwake ndi mafuta);
- Whale woyera (beluga whale) - matani 2;
- Nangumi wamphongo wamphongo - kuchokera pa matani 0,3 mpaka 0,4.
Zofunika! Porpoises amakhala osiyana: ngakhale amaphatikizidwa ndi subha ya anamgumi okhala ndi mano, mosanjikiza sakhala a anamgumi, koma a cetaceans. Porpoises amalemera pafupifupi 120 kg.
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone za dolphin, zomwe ma pedantic ketologists nawonso amakana kuyenera kutchedwa anamgumi owona, kuwalola kuti azitchedwa cetaceans mgulu la anamgumi (!).
Mndandanda wa ma dolphin powonjezera misala:
- La Plata dolphin - makilogalamu 20 mpaka 61;
- dolphin wamba - 60-75 kg;
- Ganges dolphin - kuyambira 70 mpaka 90 kg;
- dolphin yoyera - kuyambira 98 mpaka 207 kg;
- dolphin ya botolo (botolo la dolphin) - 150-300 kg;
- Black dolphin (grinda) - 0,8 matani (nthawi zina mpaka matani 3);
- Whale killer - mpaka matani 10 kapena kupitilira apo.
Zachilendo momwe zimamvekera, koma nyama zolemetsa kwambiri ndi zazomwe zimayikidwa pansi pa anamgumi a baleen, omwe amakonda zakudya zam'mimba (chifukwa chosowa mano) amangokhala plankton. Dongosolo ili limaphatikizaponso cholembera cholemera pakati pa nyama zapadziko lonse lapansi - blue whale, yomwe imatha kupeza matani 150 kapena kupitilira apo.
Komanso, mndandanda (pakutsika kwa misa) ukuwoneka motere:
- Whale whale - kuchokera matani 75 mpaka 100;
- Whale Kumwera - matani 80;
- Whale wamphesa - matani 40-70;
- nsomba yamphongo ya humpback - kuyambira matani 30 mpaka 40;
- whale wofiirira kapena California - matani 15-35;
- nanga nsomba - matani 30;
- Minke ya Mkwatibwi - kuchokera pa matani 16 mpaka 25;
- Nsomba ya minke - kuyambira matani 6 mpaka 9.
Whale wamphongo amadziwika kuti ndi wocheperako komanso nthawi yomweyo nsomba yosawerengeka ya baleen, yomwe imatulutsa matani opitilira 3,5.5 munthu wamkulu.
Kulemera kwa nsomba yamtambo
Bluval imaposa kulemera kwake osati zamakono zonse, komanso kamodzi kamakhala pa nyama zapadziko lapansi... Akatswiri a zinyama apeza kuti ngakhale ma dinosaurs (Brachiosaurus) olemera kwambiri, omwe amalemera kawiri, amataya chinsomba cha buluu. Kodi tinganene chiyani za njovuyo, njovu yaku Africa: njovu makumi atatu zokha ndizomwe zimatha kulinganiza masikelo, mbali inayo komwe kudzakhala nangumi wa buluu.
Chimphona ichi chimakula mpaka 26-33.5 m ndi kulemera kwapakati pa matani 150, omwe ali pafupifupi ofanana ndi anthu 2.4 zikwi. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti tsiku lililonse masanzi amayenera kuyamwa matani 1-3 a plankton (makamaka ma crustaceans), ndikudutsa matani mazana amadzi am'nyanja kudzera pazosefera zake zabwino kwambiri za masharubu.
Kulemera kwa nangumi whale
Minke wamba, kapena whale whale, amatchedwa wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa masanzi ndi nyama yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anangumi akumapeto ndi anamgumi a buluu ali pafupi kwambiri moti nthawi zambiri amakwatirana, ndikupanga ana opindulitsa.
Anangumi achikulire omwe amakhala ku Northern Hemisphere amatha kutalika kwa 18-24 metres, koma ndi ochepa kuposa ma whale omwe amakhala ku Southern Hemisphere ndikukula mpaka 20-27 metres. Akazi (mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya anangumi) ndi akulu kuposa amuna ndipo amalemera pafupifupi matani 40-70.
Whale whale kulemera
Chiphonachi chimaposa anamgumi ena onse okhala ndi mano ofooka kulemera kwake, pomwe amuna amtunduwo amakhala ochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa akazi ndipo amalemera pafupifupi matani 40 ndi kutalika kwa 18-20 m. Sphale whale ndi m'modzi mwa ma cetaceans ochepa omwe amadziwika kuti ndi achikhalidwe chogonana. Akazi samangokhala ochepera kukula, komanso amasiyana ndi amuna pazinthu zina zamakhalidwe, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe amutu / kukula, kuchuluka kwa mano ndi thupi.
Zofunika! Anangumi aamuna amakula mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo - m'zaka zoyenerera kwambiri, namgumi amakhala wokulirapo. Mphekesera zikunena kuti tsopano anamgumi a matani 70 akusambira m'nyanja, ndipo ngakhale koyambirira zinali zotheka kukumana ndi nangumi wolemera matani 100.
Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa ma cetacean ena akuluakulu, sperm whale imangowonekera kulemera kokha, komanso mwatsatanetsatane wa anatomical, mwachitsanzo, mutu wawukulu wamakona anayi wokhala ndi thumba la umuna. Ndi minyewa, yoluka yomwe ili pamwamba pa nsagwada ndipo imapakidwa mafuta enaake otchedwa spermaceti. Kuchuluka kwa thumba la umuna ndi 6, ndipo nthawi zina matani 11.
Kulemera kwa namgumi wa humpback
Anangumi aang'ono, omwe ali ndi zida zazitali amatumizidwa kumtunda kwa anamgumi a baleen ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri... Anangumi akuluakulu nthawi zina amakula mpaka 17-18 m: pafupifupi, amuna samapitilira 13.5 m, ndipo akazi - opitilira 14.5 m. Nangumi amakhala ndi matani 30, koma amakhala ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri nyuluwa (poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi). Kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa cetaceans, namgumi wa humpback amakhala wachiwiri (pambuyo pa anangumi abuluu) potengera makulidwe athunthu amafuta ochepa.
Kulemera kwa nsomba zazikulu
Whale whale ndi imodzi mwamagulu odziwika kwambiri a banja la dolphin komanso gawo lina la anangumi. Imasiyana ndi dolphin yonse pamitundu iwiri (yakuda ndi yoyera) yosiyanitsa mitundu ndi kulemera kosayerekezereka - mpaka matani 8-10 omwe ali ndi kukula kwa mita 10. Zakudya zatsiku ndi tsiku zimayambira 50 mpaka 150 kg.
Kulemera kwa nsomba zazikulu
Whale wofiira wam'mutu wochokera kubanja la narwhal adatchedwa khungu, lomwe limasanduka loyera posachedwa pomwe nyama imatha kubereka. Chonde sichimachitika zaka zoposa 3-5, ndipo zaka izi zisanathe, mtundu wa anamgumi wa beluga umasintha: anamgumi omwe angobadwa kumene amawoneka akuda buluu ndi buluu, patatha chaka chimodzi - ndi imvi kapena imvi. Akazi a anamgumi oyera ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna, nthawi zambiri amafika kutalika kwa 6 mita kutalika ndi matani 2 olemera.
Kulemera kwa mphaka pobadwa
Pobadwa, mwana wa namgumi wabuluu amalemera matani 2-3 ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa mamita 6-9. Tsiku lililonse, chifukwa cha mafuta amchere amchere (40-50%), ali ndi makilogalamu 50 olemera, akumwa kuposa malita 90 a mankhwalawa patsiku. Mwana wakhanda samatuluka pachifuwa cha mayi kwa miyezi 7, amatenga matani 23 pofika msinkhu uwu.
Zofunika! Pofika nthawi yosintha kupita ku chakudya chodziyimira pawokha, namgumi wachinyamata amakula mpaka 16 m, ndipo pofika chaka chimodzi ndi theka, "mwana" wamamita 20 amalemera matani 45-50. Adzayandikira kulemera kwa achikulire ndi kutalika pasanathe zaka 4.5, pomwe iye adzatha kuberekanso ana.
Chinsomba chotchedwa fin whale, chomwe pobadwa chimalemera matani 1.8 ndi kutalika kwa mita 6.5, chimangotsalira nkhandwe yabuluu yomwe yangobadwa kumene. Mkazi amamudyetsa mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mpaka mwanayo awonjezere msinkhu wake.
Olemba zolemera
Maudindo onse m'gululi adapita anamgumi a buluu, koma popeza zimphona zinagwidwa koyambirira kwa zaka zana zapitazi, palibe 100% yotsimikizika pakudalirika kwamiyesoyo.
Pali umboni kuti mu 1947 anangumi a buluu olemera matani 190 adagwidwa pafupi ndi South Georgia (chisumbu chomwe chili ku South Atlantic). Whalers adagwidwa, kutengera nkhani zawo zamkamwa, ndi chithunzi chomwe chidakopa matani opitilira 181.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakadali pano, zowona kwambiri ndi umboni wogwidwa mu 1926 pafupi ndi Zilumba za South Shetland (Atlantic) wazimayi wamamita 33 akusanza, yemwe kulemera kwake kumayandikira matani 176.8.
Komabe, malirime zoipa kuti palibe amene kulemera ngwazi izi, koma misa awo anawerengedwa, ndi maso. Nthawi ina, mwayi unamwetulira anthu aku Soviet whalers, omwe anapha chinsomba cha buluu cha 30 mita, cholemera matani 135, pafupi ndi Zilumba za Aleutian mu 1964.
Zambiri Zolemera Whale
Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ubongo waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi (mwamtheradi, osagwirizana ndi kukula kwa thupi) umakhala ndi nyangayi, yomwe "imvi" imakhala pafupifupi 7.8 kg.
Atapha namgumi wamamuna 16 mita, asayansi adazindikira kuchuluka kwa ziwalo zake zamkati kulemera:
- chiwindi - ochepera 1 tani;
- m'mimba thirakiti 0,8 t (kutalika 256 m);
- impso - 0,4 t;
- opepuka - 376 kg;
- mtima - 160 kg.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lilime la chinsomba cha buluu (lokhala ndi mamitala atatu) limalemera matani atatu - kuposa njovu yaku Africa. Kufikira anthu makumi asanu nthawi imodzi amatha kuyimirira panja pa lilime.
Zimadziwikanso kuti nangumi wamtambo amatha kufa ndi njala (ngati kuli kofunikira) kwa miyezi 8, koma kulowa m'dera lokhala ndi plankton, imayamba kudya popanda zosokoneza, kuyamwa matani atatu a chakudya patsiku. M'mimba mwa masanzi nthawi zambiri mumakhala chakudya chokwanira matani 1 mpaka 2.
Ziwalo zamkati za anamgumi a buluu zinayesedwanso ndikupeza izi:
- okwana magazi voliyumu - matani 10 (okhala ndi mtsempha wamagazi m'mimba mwake 40 cm);
- chiwindi - 1 tani;
- mtima - matani 0,6-0.7;
- m'kamwa - 24 m2 (chipinda chimodzi chaching'ono).
Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a ketologists apeza kuti anamgumi akumwera ali ndi ziwalo zoberekera zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakati pa nyama zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe machende awo amalemera pafupifupi theka la tani (1% ya kulemera kwa thupi). Malinga ndi magwero ena, kulemera kwa machende akum'mwera kwa nyanjayi kumafika 1 ton (2% ya misa), kutalika kwa mbolo ndi mita 4, ndipo kutulutsa kamodzi kwa umuna kumapitilira malita 4.
