Gwape wofiira (lat. Servus elarhus) ndi nyama yochokera ku dongosolo la Artiodactyl, lomwe ndi la banja la Deer komanso mtundu wa Real deer. Chinyama chachikulu chimakhala chochepa thupi.
Kufotokozera za nswala zofiira
Mitundu ya nyerere Yofiira imayimilidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya subspecies, yomwe imasiyana mosiyana osati kulemera ndi kukula kokha, komanso mtundu ndi zina:
- Mbawala zaku Europe;
- Gwape wa ku Caucasus;
- Wapiti,
- Maral;
- Gwape wa Crimea;
- Tugai kapena nswala za Bukhara;
- Gwape wofiira.
Zomwe zimadziwika kuti subspecies ndizovala, zomwe sizikhala ndi mawanga nthawi yachilimwe, komanso kupezeka kwa malo oyera oyera okwanira mchira. Gwape ofiira amakhala ndi anthete okhala ndi njira zingapo, chifukwa chake "korona" wachilendo komanso wodziwika bwino amapangidwa pamutu nthawi zambiri... Pakadali pano pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yonse yazinyama zofiira.
Maonekedwe
Subpecies amasiyana kwambiri kukula. Mwachitsanzo, kulemera kwa maukwati akulu ndi wapiti kumapitilira 290-300 kg wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 2.5 m kapena kupitilira apo komanso kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kufota - 130-160 cm. Kulemera kwa nyama yaying'ono ya Bukhara, nthawi zambiri, sikupitilira 100 kg wokhala ndi thupi lokwanira 185 -190 masentimita. Mtundu wa ubweya wofiira wamtundu wofiira ndi wachikasu-bulauni wachikasu.
Gwape wamkulu wamphongo wofiira amakhala ndi nyanga zokhala ndi mipesa isanu kapena kupitilira apo yomwe imakongoletsa nyanga iliyonse. Akazi a mtundu uwu alibe nyanga. Nyamayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi makutu ake akulu komanso owulungika, komanso mchira wawufupi. Nyama zongobadwa kumene zili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka thupi, koma mwa nthumwi yayikulu ya mitunduyo, kuwona sikupezeka konse kapena kuwonetsedwa kofooka kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maso a nyama za banja la Mbawala ndi mtundu wa Gwape weniweni amakhala ndi lalanje kwambiri kapena utoto wofiyira usiku.
Kumbuyo kwa ntchafu, malo omwe ali pafupi ndi mchira, amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa "munda" wokhala ndi utoto wowala. Mchira "galasi" woterewu umalola kuti nyama zisatayane m'malo omwe ali ndi nkhalango zambiri. Mwa agwape akuluakulu ofiira, "kalilole" wowala amatambasukira kwambiri pamwamba pa mchira ndipo amadziwika ndi kansalu kakang'ono.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Mbawala zomwe zimakhala m'malo athyathyathya ndizinyama zokhala pansi, chifukwa chake zimakhala ndi gulu la anthu khumi kapena kupitilira apo, okhala m'malo ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mahekitala 300-400. Nyama zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri zimayenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo zimatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 100-150.
Kusintha kwa malo otentha ndi chisanu pang'ono kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi yawo, nthawi zambiri, imakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka mpaka miyezi iwiri. Pakayamba kutentha kwa Meyi, chipale chofewa chikasungunuka mwachangu m'malo amapiri, mbawala zimabweranso. M'madera otentha kwambiri ku Central Asia, mbawala zimakonda kusamukira kumalire ndi malo amchipululu usiku.
Masiku otentha kwambiri, mphalapala zimayesetsa kulowa m'madzi ndikudya msanga ndi kupumula kwakukulu, kusinthana pakati podyetsa ndi kupumula pakati paudzu. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nyama zotopa zimakweza ndikuwombera chisanu chaching'ono, chomwe chimakupatsani mpata wofunda mokwanira.
Ng'ombe yamphongo yosakanizika nthawi zambiri imatsogozedwa ndi yaikazi yakale, pomwe ana amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana amasonkhana... Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa ziweto zotere sikudutsa mitu isanu ndi umodzi. M'chaka, ziweto zimatha msanga, ndipo kumapeto, amuna amasonkhanitsa omwe amatchedwa harem. Nguluwe ikatha, achinyamata ndi ana amphaka amalowa mgululi, yoyimiridwa ndi akazi akulu, kotero gulu limatha kukhala ndi anthu makumi atatu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zinyama zotsogola kwambiri komanso zolemetsa zili mwa ana azaka khumi, chifukwa chake, muukwati wachikulire, kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu khumi, ndipo mu nswala za ku Caucasus, pafupifupi 7-8 kg.
Zinyama zamphongo zimayamba kukula mwachangu kuyambira mchaka chimodzi, ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira chaka chachiwiri, mutu wa mbawala zazing'ono umakongoletsedwa ndi zotchedwa "machesi" otchedwa - nyanga zomwe zilibe njira. Pakati pa Epulo, mbawala zimatsitsa nyerere zoyambirira, pambuyo pake mapangidwe atsopano, okhala ndi njira zitatu kapena zinayi. Pakukula, nyanga zimakulanso, ndipo kuchuluka kwa njira kumakulirakulira.
Kodi nswala zofiira zimakhala zazitali bwanji?
Akasungidwa mu ukapolo, agwape ofiira atha kukhala zaka makumi atatu, ndipo mwachilengedwe kapena mwachilengedwe, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo chinyama chotere nthawi zambiri sichipitilira zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Nthawi yomweyo, azimayi amtundu uliwonse wamisala mu ukapolo ndi zachilengedwe amakhala motalikirapo kuposa amuna.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Gwape ofiira amakhala m'malo ambiri apadziko lapansi, motero mitundu yawo ndi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yosiyanasiyana. Oimira banja la Deer ndi mtundu weniweni wa Deer amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse ku Western Europe, komanso ku Morocco ndi Algeria.
Southern Scandinavia, Afghanistan ndi Mongolia, Tibet, komanso kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa China ndizabwino m'moyo wa agwape. Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa Cervus elaphus womwe udalandiridwa ku North America. Nyama za misinkhu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zili mumtunduwu zimapezekanso ku New Zealand ndi Australia, Chile ndi Argentina, komwe adabweretsedwako ndipo adazolowera bwino.
M'chigawo cha Europe cha nkhondoyi, agwape asankha madera okhala ndi mitengo ya thundu komanso nkhalango zowirira.... M'dera la Caucasus, nthawi yotentha, nyama izi, monga lamulo, zimakhala kumadera akumtunda a nkhalango, zomwe zimadziwika ndi madambo ambiri okhala ndi mafoloko akuluakulu. M'mapiri a Sayan ndi Altai, ma maral amakonda kukhala m'malo owotcha kwambiri kapena m'malo okwera a nkhalango, komwe nyama zimapita kumalo odyetserako ziweto a mapiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku Sikhote-Alin, madera akuluakulu a nkhalango zowirira komanso kuwoloka, komanso madera akumapiri, ndi ena mwa malo okondedwa a nswala zazikulu zofiira ndi achinyamata.
Bukhara nswala amakhala nthawi zambiri m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja okhala ndi mitengo yambiri ya poplar, nkhalango zaminga zaminga kapena bango. Ku North America, wapiti amapezeka makamaka m'mapiri, komanso amakonda madera omwe nkhalango zimasinthana ndi malo otseguka kwambiri odyetserako ziweto.
Zakudya zofiira
Oimira banja la Deer ndi mtundu weniweni wa Deer amadyera kokha pazakudya zamasamba. Zakudya zamtundu wa nyama zotere zimakhala ndi masamba ndi masamba osiyanasiyana azomera zosiyanasiyana, mphukira zapachaka zamitengo ndi zitsamba zoyenda bwino. Pofika nyengo yachilimwe, zakudya zam'mimba zofiira zimaphatikizidwapo ndi moss ndi bowa, komanso zipatso zosiyanasiyana zamabulosi.
Mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri mumakhala ndere zochuluka zomwe zimaponyedwa ndi mafunde, omwe amadya ndi chisangalalo chachikulu ndi maanja. Amadyetsa nthambi za mitengo yamitengo yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza thundu ndi beech, msondodzi ndi phulusa, komanso apulo wamtchire ndi peyala.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakudya kosalekeza kwa nthumwi zilizonse za banja la Deer ndi gener Real deer imasewera chimanga chosiyanasiyana. Ndi chakudya chamtunduwu chomwe chimafunikira makamaka nyama munyengo yachilimwe. Ngati pazifukwa zina chakudya chamwambo sichokwanira, ndiye kuti mbawala zimatha kusinthana ndi singano zapaini. Komabe, chinthu choterechi chimatha kuyambitsa chisokonezo pakugwira ntchito kwa m'mimba ndikusokoneza magwiridwe antchito am'matumbo, ndichifukwa chake achinyamata ndi ofooka amakhudzidwa kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wachilengedwe, mdani wachilengedwe wamitundu yonse ya nswala zofiira pakadali pano ndi mimbulu. Nthawi zambiri, agalu achikulire, otukuka bwino komanso athanzi labwino sasakidwa ndi chilombo chimodzi, chifukwa chake paketi za mimbulu zimasaka anthu akulu okha. Mbawala zimadziteteza kwa adani omwe ali ndi ziboda zolimba mokwanira. Amuna amagwiritsanso ntchito nyanga zamphamvu komanso zazikulu, zamphamvu ngati chitetezo chawo chachikulu.
Zinyama zochokera ku Artiodactyl zimasakidwanso ndi akambuku ndi akambuku, ziphuphu, nkhandwe ndi zimbalangondo zazikulu.... Monga lamulo, nyama yosavuta kwambiri yodya nyamayo ndi yachichepere ndipo siyolimba kwambiri kwa ana kapena odwala ndi ofooka achikulire. Komabe, mdani wamkulu wa nswala zofiira ndimunthu weniweni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kusaka nswala, komwe kumakhala m'malo ambiri, ndikoletsedwa kwathunthu m'malo ena, ndipo nyama zomwezo zimatetezedwa ngati oimira nyama.
Zomwe zimatchedwa anthete kapena zosakhala zopanda pake ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mankhwala. Kuswana kwa mphalapala kwa Antler kunkawoneka zaka zambiri zapitazo, ndipo kufalikira kwake makamaka kudalembedwa ku Altai. Ziweto zomwe zimapangidwira izi zimasungidwa m'makola opangidwa mwapadera, ndipo nyerere zamtengo wapatali zimadulidwa kuchokera ku nyama yamoyo.
Zotulutsa zamadzi zoledzera zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku nyerere zodulidwa kuchokera ku nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zamankhwala ngati mankhwala opatsa thanzi komanso osinthasintha. Ku Soviet Union, zotsitsa kuchokera ku nyerere zofiira zinalembetsedwa ndikugulitsidwa pansi pa chizindikiro cha Pantokrin. Tsopano mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo limodzi la zovuta zochiritsira za asthenic syndrome kapena kugwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, ochepa hypotension ndi neurasthenia.
Kubereka ndi ana
Amuna amphongo ofiira amakhala okonzeka kubereka ali ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zokha, ndipo akazi amatenga msinkhu wogonana kale - pafupifupi miyezi khumi ndi inayi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nthawi yobereka ya mphalapala wofiira wamkazi wamkazi wachichepere amatenga masiku pafupifupi 193-263, pomwe mwa achikulire, ana, monga lamulo, amapezeka pambuyo pa masiku 228-243.
Ana a mitundu iyi amabadwa kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka Julayi. Munthawi imeneyi, zazikazi zofiira zonse zimasiyana ndi gulu losakanikirana ndikukwera mozama kuthengo, zomwe zimapezeka m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Njira yopezera gwape wamkazi imachitika m'malo obisika omwe asankhidwa ndi nyama. Mkazi amabereka mwana mmodzi yekha nthawi zambiri, koma nthawi zina amapasa. Kulemera kwapakati ka mphongo kakang'ono pafupifupi makilogalamu khumi.
Nyama yaying'ono yamphongo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri, omwe amateteza kwambiri nyama ndipo imathandizira kuti izitha kubisala m'malo ozungulira. M'masabata oyambilira amoyo, ndi utoto wowoneka bwino womwe ndi chitetezo chachikulu cha mphanga ndipo amaiteteza ku ziweto zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwa amuna, nthawi zina anthu opanda nyanga amapezeka omwe samachita nawo ndewu zachikhalidwe pakati pa nyama, koma amayesera kulowa mwakachetechete pakati pa gulu la anthu ena.
Ng'ombe zimayamba kudya zokha kuyambira msinkhu wa mwezi umodzi. Komabe, mofananamo ndi kudya udzu, makanda amayamwa mkaka wamkazi.
Nthawi yoyamwa nthawi zina imakhala mpaka chaka chimodzi. Nthanga imakula msanga komanso mwachangu pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pambuyo pake kukula kumachepa, ndipo pakatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, kukula kwa nyama kumaima.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mbozi zimaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu zowopsa kwambiri malinga ndi zomwe International Union for Conservation of Nature idapereka. Mbalame zofiira ndizoopsa kwambiri ku madera a South America, kumene nyama zachilendo za South Andeer, ndipo mwina guanaco, zikulimbana ndi chakudya.
Ku Argentina, nthumwi za mitundu yofiira zofiira zimafalikira mwachangu m'mapaki ambiri amitundu... M'madera ena, nswala zofiira zimalepheretsa kubwezeretsa kwa mitundu yazomera zakomweko. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana kumakhudza kwambiri ziwerengero za kuchuluka kwa mbewu zachilengedwe.
Pakadali pano, palibe zomwe zachitapo kanthu kuti athane ndi nyama zofiira ku South America, koma nthumwi za mitunduyi ndi zina mwazomwe zimasakidwa ku Argentina. Zaka zinayi zapitazo, agwape ofiira adaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinyama, ndipo chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwapadera kwa alimi ambiri, kuchuluka ndi malo okhala agwape adayamba kukula.
