Ndikoyenera kumva mawu oti "nswala" - ndipo nthawi yomweyo nyama yayikulu komanso nthawi yomweyo yokhala ndi miyendo yopyapyala, yokhala ndi mutu wokwera kwambiri wazithunzi zapamwamba, wokhala ndi nyanga zazikulu. Nyama zonyaditsazi pakuwonetseraku sizomwe zimawonedwa ngati kulimba mtima komanso ulemu, ndipo zithunzi zawo zimakongoletsa malaya amizinda yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi pano.
Kulongosola kwa nswala
Mbawala ndi za m'gulu la ma artiodactyls, omwe amaphatikizanso ngamila, mvuu, ng'ombe zamphongo, nguluwe zakutchire ndi antelopes.... Gwape woyamba adawonekera ku Asia nthawi ya Oligocene ndipo adakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo, adatha kudziwa madera osiyanasiyana azanyengo - kuyambira kumtunda kozizira mpaka kuzipululu zotentha.
Maonekedwe
Pakati pa nswala za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, pali nyama, zomwe kukula kwake kumakhala pakati pa masentimita 35 mpaka 233 zikamafota, pomwe kutalika kwa matupi ake kuli, kutengera mtunduwo, masentimita 90 mpaka 310. Ndipo kulemera kwa nyama izi kumatha kuyambira 7 mpaka 825 kg. Zinthu zakunja zomwe zimagwirizanitsa agwape onse kukhala banja limodzi la mphalapala ndi kaimidwe kabwino, kapangidwe kake ka thupi, khosi lolumikizidwa komanso mutu woboola pakati wopindika. Chinthu china chomwe chimagwirizanitsa pafupifupi nyama zonse za banja lino ndi kupezeka kwa nyanga mwa amuna. Maso a agwape ambiri ndi akulu komanso otakasuka, osindikizira okhala ndi nsidze zazitali, "nswala", zomwe zimawoneka bwino.
Koma miyendo ili kutali ndi mitundu yonse ya agwape ndi yayitali: mwa ena, m'malo mwake, ndi afupikitsa. Koma oimira onse a banjali amadziwika ndi kulumikizana kwabwino kwa miyendo ndi zala zawo, komanso kupezeka kwa chotupa chapakati pakati pawo, mothandizidwa ndi nswala zomwe zimasiya zilembo. Mchira wa mitundu yambiri ndi yayifupi kwambiri, kotero kuti sungawonekere mbali iliyonse.
Mbali yapadera ya pafupifupi mbawala zonse ndi mphalapala zawo. Zowona, m'mitundu yambiri, imangokhala yamphongo yokha. Ndipo ndi mphalapala zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi akazi, ngakhale kuti nyanga zake ndi zazing'ono kwambiri kukula kwake. Nyanga sizikhala chida chowopsa nthawi yomweyo. Poyamba, ataphulika pamutu pa nyamayo, amaimira khunyu, koma pambuyo pake amadzaza mafupa ndikulimba. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kukula kwa nyerere ndi kukula kwake ndi khalidwe lawo zidzadalira osati mtundu wa nswala, komanso mtundu wa chakudya chomwe chimadya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Si mitundu yonse ya mbawala zomwe zitha kudzitama ndi mphalapala. Mbawala zam'madzi zilibe zipsepse kaya zazimuna kapena zazimuna. Iyi ndiye mitundu yokhayo yopanda nyanga ya banja ili.
Nyama zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'malo ozizira komanso otentha zimatsanulira nyerere zawo chaka chilichonse, pambuyo pake zimamera zatsopano - zowonjezeranso nthambi komanso zapamwamba. Koma mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimakhala nyengo yotentha sizimasiyana ndi zawo. Chovala cha nswala zonse ndichakuda komanso cholimba, chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino wapakatikati ndipo chimakwirira pafupifupi thupi lonse lanyama. Ngakhale nyanga zamitundu yambiri ya agwape zimakutidwa ndi khungu, ndi tsitsi lalifupi kwambiri, lotuluka. M'nyengo yozizira, tsitsi la agwape limakhala lalitali komanso lolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama zizivomereza kuzizira.
Nkhumba zambiri zimakhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi, ndipo utoto waubweya wawo umakhala wofiyira mofiira kapena wofiyira mchenga mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Koma mitundu yawo yambiri imakhala ndi zilembo zowala poyera kwambiri kapena zofiirira. Chifukwa chake, agwape ambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wofowoka kumbuyo kwa ntchafu, ndikupanga malo owala otchedwa "galasi". Ndipo khungu la nswala ya sika, molingana ndi dzina lawo, lili ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono oyera amtundu wozungulira, wofanana ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa patali.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu mitundu yambiri ya agwape, ndi ana okhaokha mpaka zaka zina omwe amawoneka, pomwe nyama zazikulu zimakhala ndi utoto umodzi ndikuwala pang'ono mbali zina za thupi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nyama zambiri zomwe zimakhala kumpoto chakumtunda ndizoyendayenda... M'nyengo yotentha, amadyera m'nkhalango zodzaza ndi udzu, momwe nyama izi zimakonda kupuma, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira amapita kunkhalango zowirira, chifukwa ndikosavuta kupeza malo komwe kulibe chipale chofewa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kupeza chakudya ndikulolani kuti musamafulumire ngati kukakamizidwa kuthawa adani.
Mosiyana ndi lingaliro la mphalapala ngati nyama yolimba mtima, yokhazikitsidwa mu heraldry, ambiri a iwo ndi amanyazi mwachilengedwe. Mbawala sizimalola kuti ziziyandikira kwambiri, ndipo phokoso lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu limatha kutumiza gulu lalikulu kuti liziuluka. Komanso, mwa oimira banja la agwape, nyama zamanjenje komanso zamwano nthawi zambiri zimapezeka. Ngakhale ndi nswala zazikulu, masewera wamba achichepere samafanana ndi zosangulutsa zosasangalatsa za anawo, koma ndewu zenizeni.
Komabe, ngakhale ali tulo komanso okonda anzawo, amuna achikulire, ngakhale pankhondo zowopsa kwambiri, samavulazana wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zambiri, nkhaniyi imangokhala yoti kugundana kwamanyanga "kumutu mpaka kumutu", kapena kufanana kwa masewera a nkhonya, pomwe agwape amuna onse, atayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, amamenyanirana ndi ziboda zakutsogolo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Koma mbawala, mosiyana ndi amuna, imatha kuwonetsadi kulimba mtima poteteza ana awo kwa adani. Mkazi wamkazi mosazengereza kwa nthawi yayitali amamenya chilombo chilichonse chomwe chimapita nacho kumutu kwake kuti akaukire mwana wake.
Yemwe mphalapala zimamuwopa kwambiri ndipo amene amamupewa ndimwamuna. Ngakhale kununkhira kwa anthu omwe amapezeka pafupi ndi ziweto kumatha kuchita mantha nyama zonse, zomwe zimathamangira nthawi yomweyo kuchoka pamalo odyetserako ziweto ndikupita kumalo ena otetezeka. Ndipo ngati munthu apambana kugwira nsomba, amayi ake sangayese ngakhale kupulumutsa mwana wake pamavuto: amangoyima patali kuti ayang'ane, koma sadzasokoneza.
Monga lamulo, mbawala zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amaphatikizapo 3 mpaka 6 kapena kupitilira apo. Nthawi yomweyo, gawo lililonse limapatsidwa gawo la nyama, zomwe zimaziteteza mwakhama kuti zisakhudzidwe ndi alendo. Pofuna kudziwa malire a katundu wawo, mbawala zimayala madera omwe ali ndi tiziwalo timene timakhala pakati pa zala zawo. Ngati nyama za ng'ombe zina zimasochera gawo lawo mwangozi, ndiye kuti alendowo adzathamangitsidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Nyama zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri, pomwe nyengo yozizira idayamba, zimatsika m'mapiri a mapiri ndikutsika m'nkhalango za alpine: kupita kumalo omwe kuli chipale chofewa pang'ono komanso komwe kumakhala kosavuta kupeza chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, akazi omwe ali ndi ana ndi omwe amabwera kudera lachisanu, ndipo abambo, nthawi zambiri, amapita nawo nthawi ina. Chifukwa chakuti kumalo awo achilengedwe, mbawala zimakhala ndi adani ambiri amene amazisaka, nyamazi zaphunzira kuthamanga mofulumira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mphalapala yofiira yomwe imathawa paketi ya mimbulu imatha kufikira liwiro mpaka 50-55 km / h.
Kodi mbawala imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
M'malo awo achilengedwe, agwape amakhala zaka makumi awiri, ali mu ukapolo atha kukhala zaka khumi... Zowona, kuthengo, sizinyama zonsezi zomwe zimakwanitsa kukhala ndi zaka zolemekezeka zotere, chifukwa agwape ali ndi adani ambiri, omwe amachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwawo ndikuletsa ambiri kuti asakhale ndi ukalamba. Makamaka, kuyambira zikhadabo ndi mano a nyama zolusa, ana ang'ono ndi agwape, atakula kale, komabe osadziwa zambiri ndipo sangathe kudziteteza, komanso nyama zodwala ndi zofooka, amafa ndi zikhadabo ndi mano a adani.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Ma dimorphism amitundu yambiri ya agwape, monga lamulo, amatchulidwa: akazi ndi ocheperako komanso okoma mtima pamalamulo kuposa amuna, kuphatikiza pamenepo, pafupifupi agwape onse, kupatula oyimira mitundu ya mphalapala, alibe zipere.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale kuti ndi kawirikawiri, pakati pa agwape pali amuna opanda nyanga. Asayansi sanganene motsimikiza chifukwa chomwe anthuwa amabadwira, koma pali malingaliro kuti izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mahomoni munyama zazing'ono zomwe zatengedwa ngati banja la agwape.
Kusiyanitsa ndi mphalapala ndi mphalapala
Ngakhale mawonekedwe akunja amafanana ndi mphalapala ndi mphalapala, nyama izi zilinso ndi zosiyana zambiri.
Chifukwa chake, elk amasiyana ndi nswala, choyambirira, pazinthu zotsatirazi:
- Miyendo yayitali komanso yopyapyala, yosiyanitsa kwambiri ndi thupi lokulirapo kuposa la nswala.
- Woboola pakati amafota.
- Mutu waukulu wamphongo wamphongo umakhala wolimba mwachidule.
- Mlomo wakuthupi wakuthwa pang'ono ukugwirana mlomo wapansi.
- Kukula kwachikopa pansi pakhosi, kotchedwa "ndolo."
- Ziboda zolunjika pamapazi akumbuyo.
- Amphongo ali ndi nyanga zikuluzikulu, zotambasula, zokhala ngati mapulawo, ndiye chifukwa chake mphalapala nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mbawala.
- Chovala chovundikira chokhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi agwape ofewa komanso velvety.
- Mosiyana ndi agwape omwe ali amantha, gomboli silimasiyana mwamanyazi. Ichi ndi chinyama chodekha komanso chodzidalira chomwe sichingasanduke phokoso limodzi.
- Ma elks amakonda kukhala okha kapena anthu 3-4. Samapanga gulu la ziweto monga agwape. Monga lamulo, mphalapala zimatha kupanga gulu la mitu 5-8 mchilimwe kapena m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe amuna ndi akazi amodzi amalowa nawo yaikazi ndi ana. Ziwetozi zimasweka ndikubwera kwa masika.
- Monogamy: moose nthawi zambiri amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa mnzake yemweyo moyo wawo wonse, mosiyana ndi ena onse oimira banja la nswala.
Koma pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nswala ndi mbawala, zomwe ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo:
- Kufotokozera modekha zachiwerewere: akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna, komanso, ena a iwo amakhalanso ndi nyanga, ngakhale nthawi zina amakhala osakhazikika.
- Kukula kwa nyerere kumakhala kopingasa ndipo, mosiyana ndi mbawala zina, nyanga za gwape zimakhala ndi malekezero.
- Mutu wa mbawala yamphongo ndi wokulirapo, wofupikitsidwa komanso wosakhazikika poyerekeza ndi mphalapala.
- M'chilimwe, mphalapala zimakonda kukhala zokhazokha kapena banja, koma m'nyengo yozizira zimapanga gulu la mitu 10-15, pomwe agwape amakhala m'magulu a nyama za 3-6 kapena kupitilira apo.
- Amayi a agwape okhaokha ndi okhawo omwe sangachedwe kutenga pakati ndi miyezi 4-4.5 kuti abereke ana nthawi yabwino kwambiri pachaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbawala, monga mbawala zazing'ono, zimakhala ndi mawangamawanga, omwe amabisala kuzilombo m'nkhalango.
Mitundu ya nswala
Banja la agwape limaphatikizapo mabanja atatu (nyama zam'madzi, nswala zenizeni ndi agwape a New World), omwe akuphatikiza mibadwo 19 yamitundu ndi mitundu 51. Ngati tikamba za banjali la agwape enieni.
Malinga ndi mtundu woyamba wamagulu, potengera kufananiza kwa mawonekedwe akunja ndi anatomical, mitundu yotsatirayi ya nyama zabwinozi ndi iyi:
- Gwape wamaso oyera.
- Mphalapala za ku Philippines.
- Barasinga.
- Gwape wofiira, komanso, mtundu uwu, nawonso, umagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono monga Bukhara deer, wapiti, maral, nswala zofiira ndi zina.
- Zoimba.
- Zambar waku Philippines.
- Gwape wobadwira.
- Sambar wachimuna.
- Sambar yaku India.
Gwape wa Schomburg, yemwe pano akuwoneka kuti watayika mu 1938, analinso m'banja laling'ono la agwape enieni.... Komabe, akatswiri ena a zoo amakhulupirira kuti zamoyozi sizinatheretu ndipo kuti omaliza omuyimira akukhalabe kwinakwake pakatikati pa Thailand.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi mtundu wina kutengera kuphunzira za chibadwa cha nyama, mitundu iwiri yokha ndi ya agwape enieni: nswala zofiira ndi sika. Poterepa, yoyamba idagawika 18, ndipo yachiwiri - m'magawo 16, pomwe mitundu yonseyo imasiyanitsidwa ndi genera logwirizana.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mbawala zakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi, kotero kuti nthumwi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya banja la nswala zitha kupezeka paliponse, kupatula mwina kupatula zilumba zazing'ono zam'madera otentha (ndipo zina mwa izo zidabweretsedwa ndi anthu), komanso malo oundana a Arctic ndi Antarctic.
Nyama izi ndizodzichepetsa kwathunthu pamakhalidwe, zimakhala bwino paphiri komanso m'mapiri, nyengo yamvula komanso yopanda madzi. Amatha kukhazikika m'madambo, tundra ndi alpine meadows. Komabe, malo omwe amakonda kwambiri agwape amakhala ndi masamba ambiri ndipo, nthawi zambiri, nkhalango za coniferous, pomwe pali chakudya chokwanira cha madzi ndi madzi komanso komwe kuli malo odyetserako mithunzi kumene nyama izi zimakonda kudyera komanso komwe zimapuma masana.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Mofanana ndi zinyama zonse, mbawala zimadya zakudya zamasamba. Chakudya chawo chimachokera ku udzu watsopano, komanso nyemba ndi mbewu. M'nyengo yozizira, nswala zomwe zimakhala m'malo ozizira zimatulutsa chipale chofewa masamba omwe amagwa, komanso ma acorn, omwe amathandiza kwambiri pazakudya zawo zachisanu, zomwe zimakhala ndi makungwa amtengo ndi zitsamba. Nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous zimathanso kudya singano zapaini ndi spruce m'nyengo yozizira. Akakhala ndi mwayi wotere, mbawala zimadya zipatso, zipatso, mabokosi, mtedza ndi mbewu za zomera zosiyanasiyana. Komanso samakana bowa, moss ndi ndere.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kubwezeretsa kupezeka kwa mchere m'thupi komanso kusunga mchere wamadzi, nthumwi zoyimira nyerere zimanyambita miyala yamchere, komanso zimatafuna padziko lapansi zothira mchere wamchere.
M'nyengo yotentha, mbawala zimayesetsa kudya msipu m'mawa ndi madzulo, ndikutentha kwamasana, zimalowa m'nkhalango, momwe zimagona mumthunzi wa mitengo ndi tchire mpaka kutentha kukuyamba kutha. M'nyengo yozizira, pakakhala chakudya chochepa, nyama zimadya msana tsiku lonse kuti zithandizirenso kupereka mphamvu ndi michere mthupi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Reindeer rut imachitika nthawi yophukira ndipo imayamba kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Novembala. Nthawi imeneyi, maakazi amapangidwa, opangidwa ndi amuna amodzi kuchokera azimayi awiri mpaka makumi awiri. Kuteteza azimayi ake, mbawala imalira kulira kwa lipenga, komwe kumafalikira kudera lonselo.
Pakadali pano, ndewu nthawi zambiri zimachitika pakati pa mbawala yamphongo, pomwe omenyera, akuwombana ndi nyanga, kuti apeze kuti ndi uti wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo woyenera kupitiliza mpikisano wawo. Kulimbana pakati pa mphalapala sikumatha ndikamadzipweteketsa, koma zimachitika kuti amuna amathyola nyanga zawo motere kapena, kulumikizana nawo, sangathe kudziletsa ndipo chifukwa chakufa ndi njala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale sichoncho kawirikawiri, koma pakati pa mbawala yamphongo pali anthu opanda nyanga. Sachita nawo nkhondo ndi omwe akupikisana nawo, popeza alibe chilichonse chomenyera nawo, koma, ponamizira kuti ndi akazi, amayesa kunyengerera pakati pa ziweto za anzawo ndikukwatirana ndi imodzi ya mphalapala pomwe "mwini" wa azimayi amapeza ubale ndi nyanga zake zomwezo monga iyemwini, omenyera.
Matenda a mphalapala amatha pafupifupi miyezi 8.5, mbalame zamphongo zimabadwa m'nyengo yotentha: kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka pakati pa Julayi. Mkaziyo amabweretsa imodzi, nthawi zambiri nswala ziwiri za sika, zomwe mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana imawathandiza kubisala kuzilombo pakati pa nthambi zomwe zimalumikizana ndipo koyamba ndiye chitetezo chawo chachikulu... Mphalapala zimadyetsa ana ake ndi mkaka kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina chaka chonse, ngakhale kuyambira mwezi umodzi anawo amayamba kudya okha, kudya udzu ndi msipu wina.
Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, ana amphongo amayamba kukula nyanga, monga umboni wa ziphuphu pamphumi pawo. Nyanga zoyamba zomwe zilibe zotulutsa zidzakhetsedwa ndi mbawala kumapeto kwa kasupe. Chaka chilichonse chotsatira, nyanga zizikhala zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zamphamvu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa njira zomwe zidzawonjezeke pang'onopang'ono. Mbawala zazing'ono zimakhwima mosiyana kutengera jenda. Nswala zazimayi zimakhwima pakatha miyezi 14-16, ndipo mwa amuna zimachitika pambuyo pake - zaka ziwiri, kapena zitatu.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani owopsa a agwape ndi mimbulu, koma pambali pawo, nyama zina zolusa, monga ankhandwe, akambuku, akambuku, mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo, sizikukana nyama yonyowa. Ndipo mu New World, m'modzi mwa adani owopsa kwambiri a agwape ndi mphalapala ndi ma cougars.
Monga lamulo, agwape achichepere, komanso nyama zodwala, zofooka, zofooka kapena zodwala, zimazunzidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mbawala imalimbana ndi anawo ndi adani, osapulumutsa miyoyo yawo, ndiye kuti odwala, ovulala, ofooka kapena okalamba adzapatsidwa kwa ziwetozo ndi gulu lonselo popanda chotsutsa, ndipo palibe mbawala ina iliyonse yomwe ingaganize zopembedzera iwowo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Ngakhale kuti mphalapala zimasinthasintha mosavuta pamikhalidwe iliyonse ndipo zakhazikitsidwa tsopano padziko lonse lapansi, mitundu yawo ina yatsala pang'ono kutha kapena ndi mitundu yovuta:
- Kutha: Deer lyre, Anthu aku Philippines.
- Mitundu yowopsa: mbawala zamaso oyera, barasinga, Philippines, maned ndi sambara yaku India.
Nthawi yomweyo, mphalapala ofiira ndi nswala za sika ndi ena mwa mitundu yazosavomerezeka. Chiwerengero chawo chikukula, ndipo malo okhala amakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuwerengera ngakhale kuchuluka kwake. Komabe, tinganene kuti pali mitundu iwiri ya nkhandwe zomwe sizikuopsezedwa kuti zidzatha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ponena za zachilendo, komanso zochulukirapo, mitundu ya ziweto zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwawo kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi zonse ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala mdera laling'ono kwambiri, monga, zilumba zingapo zomwe zidatayika munyanja. ...
Pachifukwa ichi, ngakhale kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa malo okhala kapena chilichonse chovuta chachilengedwe kapena chinthu chodetsa nkhawa chitha kuwopseza osati thanzi la anthu okha, komanso kukhalapo kwa izi kapena mitundu yosaoneka ya nswala.
Mtengo wamalonda
Ngakhale m'nthawi zakale, anthu ankasaka agwape, momwe, kuwonjezera pa nyama yokoma, amakopedwanso ndi zikopa ndi mitsempha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala ndi nyumba. Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka pakati chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, kusaka nyama zang’ombe kunayamba kufala. Anthu achifumu ndi olemekezeka amatumikirabe m'makhothi awo ndi m'minda yawo osunga masewerawa ndi osaka nyama omwe akukonzekera zosangalatsa zamtunduwu.... Pakadali pano, kusaka agwape sikuloledwa kulikonse komanso nthawi iliyonse pachaka, monga kale.
Komabe, kuswana kwa agwape ali mu ukapolo, m'minda yapadera ya agwape, kumavomerezabe kupeza agwape abwino kwambiri, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamasewera okoma kwambiri. Koma mphalapala ndizofunika osati kokha chifukwa cha nyama yawo yokoma. Mimbulu ya agwape, yomwe sinakhale nayo nthawi yokwanira, yotchedwa anthete, ndiyofunikanso kwambiri chifukwa chazomwe amapeza. Pachifukwa ichi, amapangidwira m'minda yapadera, ndipo mphalapala zimamenyedwa popanda kupha nyama poyamba, kungozidula pamitu ya agwape amoyo.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'mitundu ina, magazi agwape amawerengedwa kuti ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa chake, mwa ma shaman a nzika zaku Altai ndi North, amadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri pamankhwala onse.
Ngakhale anters agulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito: zikumbutso zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Posachedwa, pakhala chizolowezi choperekera mphalapala kwa ziweto monga zoseweretsa. Kwa nthawi yaitali agwape amaonedwa ngati zizindikiro za kukongola ndi chisomo. Nyama izi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimatha kusintha mosavuta zochitika zilizonse, zakhazikika pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.
Anthu amawayamikira chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo abwino komanso zabwino zomwe nyama zokongolazi zimawabweretsera.... Mitundu yambiri yosawerengeka ya mbawala idalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu ake kumayang'aniridwa bwino. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti izi zithandizira osati kungoteteza mitundu yonse yazinyama zodabwitsazi, komanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nswala zomwe masiku ano zimawoneka kuti ndizosowa komanso zowopsa.
