Crossbones (Loxia) ndi mbalame zazing'ono zazing'ono za mbalame zam'madzi (Fringillidae) ndi dongosolo la passerines (Passeriformes). Kwa ambiri, mbalame yotchuka kwambiri mdziko lathu imadziwika bwino pansi pa dzina lachilendo "parrot wakumpoto".
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mitundu yonse yokhotakhota ndi ya mbalame kuyambira momwe amapita, ndipo kapangidwe ka matupi awo mofanana ndi mpheta, koma yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa iwo... Mchira wa mbalame yotereyi ndi yaying'ono kukula, ndikuduladula kooneka ngati mphanda. Mutu ndi waukulu. Zolimba zolimba ndi zolimba zimalola mbalameyo kugwiritsitsa mosavuta nthambi za mitengo, ndipo ngakhale kupachika mozondoka kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mtundu wa nthenga za crossbill wamwamuna ndi wokongola kwambiri komanso wachisangalalo - rasipiberi wofiira kapena wofiira koyera. Mikwingwirima yoyera imvi ili pamimba pa mbalameyo. Koma nthenga za akazi ndizodzichepetsera, zobiriwira zobiriwira komanso zotuwa komanso zokongoletsa zachikasu pa nthenga. Ma crossbill achichepere amakhalanso ndi mtundu wosakongola waimvi ndi ma specks osiyanasiyana.
Chodziwika ndi mulomo wopingasa, womwe umadziwika ndi mawonekedwe achilendo. Pansi pake ndi pamwamba pake pamayererana, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale chida champhamvu kwambiri chothamangitsira mbewu pamiyeso yamiphukira yolimba.
Mitundu ya zopingasa
Pakadali pano, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya ma crossbill imaphunziridwa bwino ndipo imadziwika kwambiri:
- Spruce crossbill kapena wamba (Lokhia curvirostra) ndi mbalame yanyimbo zankhalango. Amuna amakhala ndi nthenga zazikulu zofiira kapena zofiira komanso zoyera moyera. Akazi amadziwika ndi utoto wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi utoto wachikaso kumtunda. Mbalame yaying'ono imvi, yokhala ndi mikwingwirima, ndipo amphongo azaka zoyambirira amakhala ndi nthenga zachikasu zachikaso. Ndalamazo sizowonjezera, zazitali, zocheperako, sizowoloka pang'ono. Mutu ndi waukulu mokwanira;
- pine crossbill (Lokhia pytyorsittacus) ndi nkhalango, mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 16-18 komanso mawonekedwe amtunduwo. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumayimilidwa ndi mlomo waukulu kwambiri, wopangidwa ndi mandible wandiweyani komanso mandible wapamwamba. Mbali yakumtunda ya mlomo ndi yosalongosoka. Akazi amtunduwu nawonso amayimba, koma mwakachetechete komanso moyenera;
- White-winged crossbill (Lohia leucortŠµra) ndi mbalame yanyimbo, mbalame yapakatikati, yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 14-16cm. Zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe azakugonana. Akazi amakhala ndi nthenga zachikaso, pomwe amuna amakhala ndi nthenga zofiira kapena njerwa. Mapikowo ndi akuda ndimikwingwirima yoyera;
- Crossbill yaku Scottish (Lochia sotica) ndiye malo okhawo ku UK. Mbalame yapakatikati yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 15-17 ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 50 g. Milomo yakumtunda ndi kumunsi imadutsa.
Komanso, mitundu imayimiriridwa ndi Lochia megaplaga Riley kapena Spanish crossbill, ndi Lochia sibiris Pallas kapena crossbill waku Siberia.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Mapiri oyenda pakati pa spruce amakhala m'malo a nkhalango za coniferous ku Europe, komanso North-West Africa, kumpoto ndi pakati pa Asia ndi America, Philippines ndi dera lomwe kale linali Soviet Union. Amakonda coniferous ndi wosanganiza, makamaka spruce nkhalango.
Kuwoloka kwa paini kumakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous pine... Zisa zambiri ku Scandinavia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe. Mitunduyi ndi yosowa kwambiri kuposa spruce crossbill. Malo okhala ndi mapiko oyera oyera ndi taiga yaku Russia, Scandinavia ndi North America. Mitunduyi imakonda madera am'nkhalango makamaka larch.
Moyo wa Crossbill
Klest ndi mbalame yakutchire, yopanda phokoso, yamphongo komanso yaphokoso. Akuluakulu amawuluka mwachangu, akugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsa ndege. Chofunikira pa mtanda ndi moyo wawo wosamukasamuka. Gulu lankhosa nthawi zambiri limayenda kuchokera m'malo osiyanasiyana kupita kumalo osaka malo oberekapo.
Ndizosangalatsa!Klest ndi wa mbalame za m'nkhalango za gulu lachiwiri losowa, choncho zimatchulidwa pamasamba a Red Book of Moscow.
Adani achilengedwe owoloka mtanda, motero, kulibe, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chodya mbewu za coniferous nthawi zonse. Mbalame, motero, m'kati mwa moyo "imadzikongoletsa" yokha, chifukwa chake nyama ya mbalame zotere imakhala yopanda tanthauzo, yowawa kwambiri, yosasangalatsa nyama iliyonse. Pambuyo paimfa, mtanda wopingasa suwonongeka, koma umangoyimilira, chifukwa cha utomoni wokwanira mthupi.
Zakudya, chopingasa chakudya
Crossbills ndi mbalame zomwe zimadziwika ndi mtundu wapadera wa chakudya. Mitundu yonse ili ndi mandible wokhotakhota kwambiri, womwe umadutsana ndi mandible, chifukwa chake chakudyacho chimapangidwa ndi nthanga mumiyala yamitengo ya coniferous.
Komanso mtanda wopingasa nthawi zambiri umadula nthangala za mpendadzuwa. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuti mbalame zamtunduwu zimadya tizilombo, monga lamulo, nsabwe za m'masamba.
Ndizosangalatsa!M'chilimwe, chakudya chikakhala chochepa, zopingasa zimatha kudumphira mbewu paudzu wamtchire, ndipo mzaka zingapo gulu la mbalamezi zitha kuwononga kwambiri kubzala mbewu zomwe zalimidwa.
Kubereka kwa zopingasa
M'dera la dera lapakati la dziko lathu, zopingasa, monga lamulo, zimayamba kuyikira mazira mu Marichi. Kubisala mobwerezabwereza kumawoneka m'zaka khumi zapitazi kapena koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira, ndikututa kwamatenda a larch ndi pine munthawi yomweyo. M'nyengo yozizira, kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi, mbalame zimangopanga zisa kumadera omwe amabala mbewu zambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse imaswana mosasamala nyengo.
Mbalame zimakonza zisa mu korona wandiweyani wa mitengo ya coniferous, nthawi zambiri pamitengo ya Khrisimasi komanso pamitengo ya paini, kutalika kwa 2-10 m kuchokera pansi... Gawo lonse lakunja la chisa limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito timitengo tating'onoting'ono ta spruce, ndipo gawo lamkati limayikidwa ndi nthambi za thinnest, moss ndi ndere. Zinyalala za tray mu chisa chomalizidwa zimaimiridwa ndi ubweya wa nyama ndi nthenga zochepa za mbalame. Kuchuluka kwa chisa ndi 12-13cm ndi kutalika kwa 8-10cm ndi thireyi kukula kwa 7.2 x 5.2cm.
Monga lamulo, cholumikizira pamtandawo ndi mazira atatu kapena asanu amtundu oyera ngati chipale chofewa pang'ono pang'ono komanso kuyeza 22x16mm. Pali timizere tofiira pabulu pamwamba pake pa mazirawo. Nthawi yosungira mazira ndi milungu ingapo, pomwe wamkazi amakhala mchisa, ndipo chachimuna chimapeza chakudya ndikumudyetsa.
Anapiye aswedwa amadzazidwa ndi utoto wonenepa wakuda. Masiku oyamba akazi amawotcha anapiye, ndiyeno, pamodzi ndi wamphongo, amayamba kutuluka mchisa kufunafuna chakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa!Kudyetsa anapiye, mbewu zama conifers osiyanasiyana zimachepetsa mu goiter yamphongo ndi yamwamuna imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ndege yoyamba ikuchitika ndi anapiye ali ndi zaka zitatu. Pamsinkhu uwu, mbalame zazing'ono sizimauluka kutali ndipo nthawi zonse zimagona pachisa chawo.
Ngakhale anapiye omwe anasiya chisa poyamba nthawi zonse amadyetsedwa ndi makolo.
Kukonzekera kwa Crossbill kunyumba
Ogwira mbalame amayamikira crossbill chifukwa cha utoto wowala wa nthenga komanso kuti kambalame kakang'ono kotere kamene kamakhala msanga msangamsanga ndipo kakhoza kuyimba mwachangu. Pogwira, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nthenga zowala zimangotsala mpaka molt woyamba, ndipo mbalame yosungunuka siziwoneka bwino kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nyimbo yapa crossbill ili ndi kulira kambiri komanso maphokoso, koma zilembo zoyera zili ndi luso loyimba kwambiri.
Ma cache ndi mauta, maukonde a intaneti, komanso mbalame zonyenga komanso semolina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posodza.... Zonse m'chilengedwe komanso ma cell, ma crossbill amadya masamba a coniferous mwachangu, ndipo amathanso mphukira zazing'ono ndi zitsamba zina. Chofunika kwambiri ndi amuna achikulire omwe ali ndi nthenga zofiira zokongola.
Kukula kwa nthenga za mbalame kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Mbalame yomwe yagwidwa siyingasungidwe mchimake, koma nthawi yomweyo imabzalidwa mu khola lachitsulo, momwe timitengo tating'ono tomwe timayikidwa.
Zambiri zakunja kwa mtanda zimadalira chakudya chathunthu. Mbalame yotereyi imanyinyirika kudya zosakaniza za tirigu zoyimiridwa ndi mapira, mbewu za canary ndi kugwiriridwa. Mbalame zam'nkhalango zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mtedza wosweka ndi nthanga za dzungu, nthambi zazomera zamasamba ndi masamba a mtengo wa coniferous.
Ndikofunikira kuyika feteleza wachimbudzi mu khola ngati mchenga wamtsinje, dongo, phulusa, thanthwe losweka. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti zopingasa sizimalola kutentha pang'ono kwa malo otenthedwa, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyika khola ndi mbalame yotereyi pakhonde kapena loggia.
