Mutha kumvetsetsa njovu yomwe ili patsogolo panu, Amwenye kapena aku Africa, ndi makutu ake. Kachiwiri, ndi yayikulu, ngati matumba, ndipo nsonga yawo imagwirizana ndi korona wamutu, pomwe makutu abwino a njovu yaku India samakwera pamwamba pakhosi.
Njovu yaku Asia
Ndi India wotsika poyerekeza ndi waku Africa kukula ndi kulemera kwake, akupeza kumapeto kwa moyo wake pang'ono pochepera matani 5 ndi theka, pomwe savanna (yaku Africa) imatha kusinthana sikeloyo mpaka matani 7.
Chiwalo chotetezedwa kwambiri ndi khungu, lopanda thukuta... Ndi amene amachititsa nyamayo nthawi zonse kukonza njira zamatope ndi madzi, kuziteteza ku chinyezi, kuwotcha komanso kulumidwa ndi tizilombo.
Khungu lokwinya, lakuda (mpaka 2.5 cm) limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lomwe limakhala lofooka ndikangokanda pamitengo: ndichifukwa chake njovu nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zopanda banga.
Makwinya pakhungu amafunika kuti asunge madzi - amaletsa kuti agudubuke, kuteteza njovu kuti isatenthedwe kwambiri.
The epidermis ya thinnest imawonedwa pafupi ndi anus, pakamwa ndi mkati mwa ziphuphu.
Mtundu wamba wa njovu yaku India umasiyanasiyana pakuda mdima mpaka bulauni, koma maalubino amapezekanso (osati oyera, koma opepuka pang'ono kuposa azibale awo).
Zadziwika kuti Elephas maximus (njovu yaku Asia), yomwe kutalika kwake kumakhala pakati pa 5.5 mpaka 6.4 m, ndiyabwino kwambiri kuposa Africa ndipo ili ndi miyendo yolimba, yofupikitsa.
Kusiyana kwina kuchokera ku njovu ya savannah ndiye malo okwera kwambiri m'thupi: mu njovu yaku Asia, ndiye pamphumi, woyamba, mapewa.
Mano ndi mano
Mankhusu amafanana ndi nyanga zikuluzikulu zoyambira mkamwa. M'malo mwake, awa ndi ma incisors apamwamba aamuna, amakula mpaka masentimita 20 pachaka.
Mzere wa njovu yaku India ndi wocheperako (nthawi 2-3) kuposa mkombero wa wachibale wake waku Africa, ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 25 kg wokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 160. Mbali yogwira njovu imatha kuwerengedwa mosavuta ndi mphako, womwe umavala kwambiri ndikuzungulira kumanja kapena kumanzere.
Mitengo imasiyana osati kukula kokha, komanso mawonekedwe ndi kakulidwe kakukula (osati patsogolo, koma chammbali).
Mahna ndi dzina lapadera la njovu zaku Asia zopanda mano, zomwe zimapezeka zambiri ku Sri Lanka.
Kuphatikiza pazitali zazitali, njovu ili ndi zida 4, zomwe zimakula mpaka kotala la mita. Amasintha pamene akupera, ndipo zatsopano zimadulidwa kumbuyo, osati pansi pa mano akale, kuwakankhira patsogolo.
Mu njovu yaku Asia, kusintha kwa mano kumachitika kasanu ndi kamodzi m'moyo, ndipo kumapeto kwake kumawonekera ali ndi zaka makumi anayi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mano m'malo awo achilengedwe amatenga nawo gawo pangozi ya njovu: ma molars omaliza atatopa, chinyama sichingatafune masamba olimba ndikufa chifukwa chotopa. Mwachilengedwe, izi zimachitika ndi zaka njovu 70.
Ziwalo zina ndi ziwalo za thupi
Mtima waukulu (nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi pamwamba kawiri) umalemera pafupifupi 30 kg, ukugunda pafupipafupi 30 mphindi. 10% ya kulemera kwa thupi ndi magazi.
Ubongo wa chimodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi chimaganiziridwa (mwachilengedwe) cholemera kwambiri, kukoka makilogalamu 5.
Akazi, mosiyana ndi amuna, ali ndi zilonda zam'mimba ziwiri.
Njovu imafuna makutu osati kuti imve phokoso lokha, komanso kuti igwiritse ntchito ngati fanizi, ikudzipukusa masana.
Ambiri chilengedwe chonse cha njovu - thunthu, mothandizidwa ndi nyama zomwe zimawona zonunkhira, zimapuma, zimadzimadzimitsa ndi madzi, zimakhudza ndikugwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chakudya.
Thunthu, lomwe lilibe mafupa ndi khungu, limapangidwa ndi milomo ndi mphuno zosakanikirana. Kuyenda kwapadera kwa thunthu kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa minofu 40,000 (tendon ndi minofu). Cartilage yokhayo (kulekanitsa mphuno) imatha kupezeka kumapeto kwa thunthu.
Mwa njira, thunthu limathera panthambi yovuta kwambiri yomwe imatha kuzindikira singano pakhola.
Ndipo thunthu la njovu yaku India limanyamula mpaka madzi okwanira malita 6. Ikakhala ndi madzi, nyamayo imalowetsa thunthu lake lokulungika mkamwa mwake ndikuwomba kuti chinyezi chilowe pakhosi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati akuyesera kukutsimikizirani kuti njovu ili ndi mawondo anayi, musakhulupirire: alipo awiri okha. Zilumikizano ziwirizo si bondo, koma chigongono.
Kufalitsa ndi subspecies
A Elephas maximus amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kuchokera ku Mesopotamiya mpaka ku Malay Peninsula, omwe amakhala (kumpoto) m'mapiri a Himalaya, zilumba zilizonse ku Indonesia ndi Yangtze Valley ku China.
Popita nthawi, malowa asintha modabwitsa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe osagawanika. Tsopano njovu zaku Asia zimakhala ku India (Kumwera ndi Kumpoto chakum'mawa), Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Southwest China, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam ndi Brunei.
Akatswiri azamoyo amasiyanitsa magawo asanu amakono a Elephas maximus:
- indicus (Indian njovu) - amuna a subspecies awa adasunga mano awo. Nyama zimapezeka kumadera akumwera ndi North-East India, Himalaya, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia ndi Malay Peninsula;
- maximus (Njovu ya ku Sri Lankan) - amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda minyanga. Chikhalidwe chake ndi chachikulu kwambiri (motsutsana ndi thupi) mutu wokhala ndi mawanga okhala ndi zotuwa pansi pa thunthu ndi pamphumi. Kupezeka ku Sri Lanka;
- subspecies yapadera ya Elephas maximus, yomwe imapezekanso ku Sri Lanka... Chiwerengerochi ndi ochepera njovu zazikulu 100. Zimphona izi, zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango za kumpoto kwa Nepal, ndizitali masentimita 30 kuposa njovu zaku India;
- Borneensis (njovu ya ku Bornean) ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi timiyendo tambiri, mano owongoka ndi mchira wautali. Njovu izi zimapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Borneo;
- sumatrensis (Sumatran njovu) - chifukwa cha kukula kwake, amatchedwanso "njovu yamthumba". Sitichoka ku Sumatra.
Matriarchy ndi magawano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
Ubale mu gulu la njovu umamangidwa pamfundo iyi: pali m'modzi, wamkazi wamkulu kwambiri, yemwe amatsogolera azichemwali ake, zibwenzi, ana, komanso amuna omwe sanathe msinkhu.
Njovu zokhwima zimakonda kukhala m'modzi m'modzi, ndipo okalamba okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kutsagana ndi gulu lomwe likulamulidwa ndi matriarch.
Pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo, ziwetozo zinali ndi nyama 30, 50 ngakhalenso 100, m'nthawi yathu ino gulu la ziweto limaphatikizapo azimayi 2 mpaka 10, olemedwa ndi ana awo.
Pofika zaka 10-12, njovu zazimayi zimatha msinkhu, koma zili ndi zaka 16 zokha zimatha kubala ana, ndipo patatha zaka zina zinayi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi achikulire. Kubereka kwakukulu kumachitika pakati pa zaka 25 ndi 45: munthawi imeneyi, njovu imapatsa zinyalala zinayi, imakhala ndi pakati pafupifupi zaka zinayi zilizonse.
Amuna okulirapo, atha kukhala ndi mwayi wothira feteleza, amasiya ziweto zawo ali ndi zaka 10 mpaka 17 ndikuyenda okha mpaka zokonda zawo zitakwatirana.
Chifukwa cha malo okwatirana pakati pa amuna akulu ndi omwe amakhala nawo ku estrus (masiku 2-4). Pankhondo, otsutsa amaika pachiwopsezo thanzi lawo komanso miyoyo yawo, popeza ali m'malo okwezeka otchedwa ayenera (kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Urdu - "kuledzera").
Wopambana amathamangitsa zofookazo ndipo samasiya wosankhidwayo kwa milungu itatu.
Chofunika, momwe testosterone imakulira, chimatha mpaka miyezi 2: njovu zimayiwala za chakudya ndipo zili otanganidwa kufunafuna akazi ku estrus. Muyenera kukhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya katulutsidwe: mkodzo wambiri ndi madzi okhala ndi ma pheromones onunkhira opangidwa ndi gland pakati pa diso ndi khutu.
Njovu zaledzera ndizoopsa osati kwa achibale awo okha... "Akaledzera" amalimbana ndi anthu.
Mphukira
Kuswana kwa njovu zaku India sikudalira nyengo, ngakhale chilala kapena kuchuluka kwa nyama zambiri kumachepetsa kuyambika kwa estrus ngakhale kutha msinkhu.
Mwana wosabadwayo amakhala m'mimba kwa miyezi 22, atapangidwa kwathunthu ndi miyezi 19: munthawi yotsalayo, amangolemera.
Pa nthawi yobereka, akazi amatsekera mkazi ali pa kubala, ataimirira mozungulira. Njovu imabereka mwana mmodzi (osowa awiri) mita imodzi ndikulemera mpaka 100 kg. Ali ndi zotupa zazitali zomwe zimatuluka mano akalowa m'malo mwa omwe amakhala okhazikika.
Maola angapo atabadwa, mwana wanjovu wayimirira kale ndikuyamwa mkaka wa mayi wake, ndipo mayiyo amapaka khanda fumbi ndi nthaka kuti fungo lake losasangalatsa lisakope nyama zolusa.
Masiku angapo apita, ndipo wakhanda adzayendayenda limodzi ndi ena onse, atakakamira kumchira wa mayi ndi chiputu chake.
Njovu zazing'ono zimaloledwa kuyamwa mkaka kuchokera ku njovu zonse zoyamwa... Mwana wamphongoyo adang'ambika pachifuwa ali ndi zaka 1.5-2, ndikusunthira kwathunthu kuzakudya chomera. Pakadali pano, mwana wanjovu amayamba kusungunula mkaka ndi udzu ndi masamba ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Ikabereka, njovu imachita chimbudzi kuti khandalo likumbukire fungo la ndowe zake. M'tsogolomu, mwana wanjovu adzawadya kuti zakudya zonse zomwe sizinadyeke komanso mabakiteriya omwe amalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwa selulosi alowe mthupi.
Moyo
Ngakhale kuti njovu yaku India imadziwika kuti imakhala nkhalango, imakwera phirili mosavuta ndikugonjetsa madambo (chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka phazi).
Amakonda kuzizira kuposa kutentha, pomwe samakonda kuchoka pamakona amdima, akumadzipukusa ndi makutu akulu. Ndiwo omwe, chifukwa chakukula kwawo, amakhala ngati zokulitsa mawu pakumveka: ndichifukwa chake kumva kwa njovu kumakhala kosavuta kuposa kwa munthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwa njira, pamodzi ndi makutu, chiwalo chakumva m'minyama iyi ndi ... miyendo. Kunapezeka kuti njovu kutumiza ndi kulandira mafunde zivomerezi pa mtunda wa 2 zikwi mamita.
Kumva bwino kumathandizidwa ndi kununkhiza komanso kukhudza. Njovu imatsitsidwa ndi maso okha, osasiyanitsa zinthu zakutali. Amawona bwino m'malo okhala ndi mthunzi.
Kuchita zinthu mwanzeru kumathandiza kuti nyamayo igone itaimirira poika nkhwangwa zolemera pa nthambi za mitengo kapena pamwamba pa chitunda cha chiswe. Ali mu ukapolo, amawakankhira pazenera kapena kuwapumitsa kukhoma.
Zimatenga maola 4 patsiku kuti ugone... Ana ndi odwala amatha kugona pansi. Njovu yaku Asia imayenda pa liwiro la 2-6 km / h, ikuthamangira ku 45 km / h pakawopsa, yomwe imalengeza ndi mchira wokwera.
Njovu imangokonda njira zamadzi - imasambira mwangwiro ndipo imatha kugonana mumtsinjewu, ndikupanga feteleza angapo.
Njovu zaku Asia zimatumiza zidziwitso osati kokha ndi kubangula, malipenga, kukuwa, kulira ndi mamvekedwe ena: zida zawo zimaphatikizaponso kuyenda kwa thupi ndi thunthu. Chifukwa chake, kumenyedwa kwamphamvu kwa omaliza pansi kumatsimikizira achibalewo kuti mnzake akwiya.
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza njovu yaku Asia
Ndi herbivore yomwe imadya udzu, makungwa, masamba, maluwa, zipatso ndi mphukira patsiku.
Njovu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazirombo zazikulu kwambiri (potengera kukula kwake), chifukwa ng'ombe zawo zimawononga kwambiri minda ya nzimbe, nthochi ndi mpunga.
Njovu ikamazungulira yonse imatenga maola 24, ndipo zosakwana theka la chakudya zimayamwa. Chimphona chimamwa kuchokera ku 70 mpaka 200 malita amadzi patsiku, ndichifukwa chake sichitha kupita kutali ndi komwe kumachokera.
Njovu zimatha kuwonetsa chidwi chenicheni. Amakhala achisoni ngati njovu zomwe zangobadwa kumene kapena anthu ena ammudzimo amwalira. Zochitika zosangalatsa zimapatsa njovu chifukwa chosangalalira komanso kuseka. Atazindikira kuti mwana wa njovu wagwera m'matope, wamkulu amatambasula thunthu lake kuti athandizire. Njovu zimatha kukumbatirana, kukulunga ndi zikuni zawo.
Mu 1986, zamoyo (zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha) zidapezeka m'mabuku a International Red Book.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwakukulu kwa njovu zaku India (mpaka 2-5% pachaka) zimatchedwa:
- kupha chifukwa cha minyanga ndi nyama;
- kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa minda;
- kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumakhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu;
- imfa pansi pa mawilo a magalimoto.
Mwachilengedwe, achikulire alibe adani achilengedwe, kupatula anthu: koma njovu nthawi zambiri zimafa zikagwidwa ndi mikango ndi akambuku aku India.
Kumtchire, njovu zaku Asia zimakhala zaka 60-70, m'malo osungira nyama zaka zina 10.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njovu yayitali yotupa chiwindi ndi Lin Wang waku Taiwan, yemwe adapita kwa makolo awo mu 2003. Anali njovu yankhondo yoyenerera yomwe "idamenya" mbali ya gulu lankhondo lachi China mu Second Second Sino-Japan War (1937-1954). Lin Wang anali ndi zaka 86 panthawi yakumwalira kwake.
