Mbalame yakuda yamtundu wakuda (Crotalus molossus), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti rattlesnake yakuda, imakhala m'ndondomeko yamiyala.
Kufalitsa njoka yakuda.
Mamba amtundu wakuda amapezeka ku United States ku Central ndi Western Texas, kumadzulo kumwera chakumwera kwa New Mexico, kumpoto ndi Western Arizona. Amakhala kumapiri a Mexico Mesa del Sur ndi Oaxaca ku Mexico, kuzilumba za Tiburon ndi San Esteban ku Gulf of California.
Malo okhalapo njoka yakuda.
Mimbulu yamiyendo yakuda ndi mitundu ya njoka zapadziko lapansi ndipo imakhala m'zipululu, m'zipululu komanso m'mapiri. Amapezekanso kumtunda kwa mamitala 300 -3750 mumtengo wa paini ndi nkhalango zowaza. Mitunduyi imakonda malo amiyala ofunda monga makoma a canyon kapena zingwe zazing'ono m'mapanga. M'malo otsika kwambiri, njoka zakuda zamtundu wakuda zimakhala pakati pa nkhalango zam'madzi m'malo odyetserako ziweto. Anthu omwe amakhala pachiphalaphala chamdima nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda kuposa njoka zomwe zimakhala pansi.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa njoka yakuda yakuda.
Njoka yakuda ya mchira wakuda, mofanana ndi njoka zonse, ili ndi phokoso kumapeto kwa mchira wake. Mtundu wa khungu lamtunduwu umakhala wamtundu wa azitona, imvi wachikaso komanso wachikaso chofiirira-bulauni komanso wakuda. Mchira wa njoka yakuda yakuda ndi yakuda kwathunthu. Imakhalanso ndi mzere wakuda pakati pa maso ndi mzere wakuda wakuda womwe umayambira kuchokera kumaso kupita pakona pakamwa. Mndandanda wa mphete zakuda zowonekera zimayenderera kutalika konse kwa thupi.
Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa amuna omwe ali ndi michira yakuda. Mambawo amawoneka bwino kwambiri. Pali mitundu inayi ya subspecies yodziwika ya rattlesnake yakuda: C. molossus nigrescens (Mexico black-tailed rattlesnake), C. molossus estebanensis (ochokera pachilumba cha San Esteban rattlesnake), ma subspecies omwe amakhala ku USA - C. molossus molossus, C. oaxaca rattlesnake wakuda - njoka yamphongo.
Kubalana kwa njoka yakuda.
M'nyengo yoswana, anyani amphamba wakuda amapeza azimayi ndi ma pheromones. Kukhathamira kumachitika pamiyala kapena muudzu, ndiye kuti wamwamuna amakhala ndi wamkazi kuti amuteteze kwa omwe angakwatirane nawo.
Palibe chidziwitso chochepa chokhudza kubereka kwa mitundu iyi. Mimbulu yakuda yakuda ndi mitundu ya ovoviviparous. Nthawi zambiri amaswana kamodzi pachaka mchaka. Njoka zazing'ono zimawonekera mu Julayi ndi Ogasiti. Amangokhala ndi amayi awo kwa maola ochepa okha, mpaka tsiku limodzi. Pakukula, njoka zazing'ono zamiyala yakuda zimakhetsa khungu lawo nthawi 2-4, nthawi iliyonse chikuto chakale chikasinthika, gawo latsopano limapezeka pamchira wa phokoso. Njoka zikakula, nthawi zina zimasungunuka, koma phokoso limasiya kukula ndipo zigawo zakale zimayamba kugwa. Njoka zazingwe zakuda sizisamalira ana awo. Sizikudziwikabe kuti zaka zamphongo zimayamba kubereka zaka zingati. Nthawi yayitali ya mphamba wakuda ndi zaka 17.5, mu ukapolo ndi zaka 20.7.
Khalidwe la njoka yakuda.
Mimbulu yamiyala yakuda imabisala pansi panthaka m'miyezi yozizira yachisanu pansi pamlingo wozizira kwambiri m'ming'alu kapena m'ming'alu yamiyala. Amayamba kugwira ntchito kutentha kukakwera. Amasintha nthawi yam'masika ndi nthawi yophukira, koma amasinthira usiku m'nyengo yachilimwe chifukwa cha kutentha kwamasana kwambiri. Mimbulu yakuda imayenda mozungulira pamafunde osakanikirana kapena molunjika, kutengera mawonekedwe omwe akuyenda. Amatha kukwera mitengo mpaka kutalika kwa 2.5-2.7 mita ndikusambira mwachangu m'madzi.
Njoka zamtundu wakuda zimakonda kugona pamwamba panthaka munthambi za mitengo kapena tchire. Pambuyo mvula yozizira, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamiyala.
Njoka zakuda zamtundu wakuda zimagwiritsa ntchito lilime lawo, chomwe ndi chiwalo cha kununkhiza ndi kulawa. Maenje awiri, omwe amakhala m'chigawo chakumbuyo kwa mutu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire kutentha kotulutsidwa ndi nyama yamoyo. Kukhoza kuzindikira kutentha sikuchepetsa zochitika zamasiku onse zamtundu wa njoka. Amatha kuyenda bwinobwino usiku kapena m'mapanga akuda ndi ngalande. Mukakumana ndi adani, njira zitatu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwopseza. Choyamba, njoka zazingwe zakuda zimagwiritsa ntchito mchira wawo kulira kuwopsyeza adani awo. Ngati izi sizigwira ntchito, amaliza mokuwa mokweza ndikuthira malilime awo kuwonjezera pa kumveka. Komanso, ikafika nyama yolusa, imadzitama mwamphamvu kuti iwoneke yokulirapo. Njoka zakuda zamtundu wakuda zimazindikira kugwedezeka pang'ono kwapadziko lapansi ndikuzindikira momwe nyamayo kapena nyamayo imayandikira.
Kudyetsa njoka yakuda.
Mimbulu yakuda yakuda ndi nyama zolusa. Amadyetsa abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, makoswe, ndi mitundu ina ya nyama zazing'ono. Pofunafuna nyama, mamba akuda amtunduwu amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zotentha pamutu pawo kuti azindikire kutentha kwa moto ndikutulutsa malirime awo kuti amve kununkhira. Nyamayo imakhala m'malo mwake ndi zitoliro ziwiri zobisika kutsogolo kwa nsagwada. Mano akaloĊµa m'thupi la wovulalayo, poizoni wakupha amatulutsidwa kuchokera kumtundu uliwonse wamutu.
Kutanthauza kwa munthu.
Mimbulu yamiyala yakuda imawonetsedwa m'malo osungira nyama ndi magulu azinsinsi. Ululu wa njoka zam'madzi umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza kwasayansi, komwe amapeza mankhwala azakudya za mitundu ina ya njoka.
Mafuta a njoka amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochiritsira ngati njira yochepetsera kutupa, kupweteka kwa mikwingwirima ndi kupindika.
Khungu lakhungu la rattlesnake limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zachikopa monga malamba, ma wallet, nsapato ndi ma jekete. Njoka zamtundu wakuda zimadya makoswe ndikuwongolera mbewa zomwe zitha kuwononga mbewu ndi zomera.
Njoka yamtunduwu, monga njoka zina zamtunduwu, nthawi zambiri imaluma ziweto ndi anthu. Ngakhale kuti poizoni wakuda wakuda ndi poizoni wofatsa chifukwa cha poyizoni wa poizoni wina wa njoka zamtunduwu, zimatha kuyambitsa poyizoni, komanso kufa kwa ana achichepere kapena okalamba. The poizoni amachititsa kukha magazi nthawi zambiri, ndikuwonekera kwa zizindikiro zina za kuluma: edema, thrombocytopenia. Mankhwala ochiritsira olumidwa ndi kasamalidwe ka antivenin.
Malo osungira njoka yakuda yakuda.
Mamba amtundu wakuda ali ndi mtundu wa mitundu yosavomerezeka kwenikweni. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kopanda tanthauzo kwa njoka zapoizoni, ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire tsogolo lamtunduwu.
