Chiwombankhanga cha ku Hawaii (Buteo solitarius) ndi cha dongosolo la Falconiformes.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa chiwala cha ku Hawaii
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Hawaii ndi kambalame kakang'ono kodya nyama kamene kali ndi kutalika kwa 41 - 46 cm ndi mapiko a mapiko a 87 mpaka 101 cm. Kulemera - 441 g.
Monga mbalame zambiri zodya nyama, yaikazi imakula kwambiri kuposa yamphongo. Mtundu uwu ndi membala wa mtundu wa Buteo wokhala ndi mapiko otambalala ndi mchira wokulirapo, wokhoza kuyenderera. Miyendo ndi yachikasu, zikhadabo za mbalame yolusa ndizapakatikati. Pali mitundu yambiri yamitundu mu nthenga, komanso mkati mwa subspecies.
Kwenikweni, pali mitundu iwiri yamitundu yautoto:
- mitundu yakuda (mdima wakuda, chifuwa ndi underwings);
- wachikuda (mutu wakuda, chifuwa chowala komanso kuwala pansi pamapiko).
Mtundu wakuda wa nthenga uli ndi madera osiyanasiyana omveka bwino, pomwe mu utoto wina pali nthenga zambiri zapakati komanso zamtundu uliwonse. Mitundu yakuda kapena mlanlan imakhala yamdima wofanana pamwamba ndi pansi, komabe mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira, zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera pamimba ndi mbali ina yakumbuyo yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yosiyanasiyana m'munsi mwake ndi zopepuka pang'ono pamwambapa.
Nthenga za mutu ndizotuwa, chifuwa ndi chowala kwambiri. Sera ndi ya buluu. Miyendo ndi yobiriwira.
Malo okhala nkhamba ku Hawaii
Ziwombankhanga za ku Hawaii zimakhala ndi chisa m'nkhalango. Amapezeka mumitengo yambiri ya métrosidéros polymorphic, nkhalango zazing'ono za acacias kapena m'malo omwe ali ndi mitengo ya bulugamu, kuyambira kunyanja mpaka 2000 mita. Mbalame zodya nyama zimakonda kupezeka pamtunda wokwera mpaka 2,700 mita, mwina kupatula nkhalango zowirira, ndipo zimasinthidwa kukhala malo ambiri pachilumbachi.
Ziwombankhanga za ku Hawaii zimapezeka m'mapaki, pakati pa minda kapena madambo, pafupi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu, momwe mbalame zodutsa zimagona usiku. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumadera otsika aulimi ndi chisa pamitengo yamitundumitundu, koma amakonda kupumula pamitengo yamabanja a myrtle metrosideros, omwe amakula pang'onopang'ono kenako nkuuma.
Pofunafuna chakudya, nkhono za ku Hawaii zimatha kusintha malo okhala osiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza ntchentche m'minda ya papaya kapena mtedza, nthaka yaulimi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, nthawi zonse ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yosowa. Ma Hawk aku Hawaii amawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pakusintha malo okhala, bola ngati pali malo abwino okhala ndi zisa ndi chakudya chokwanira (makoswe).
Zosintha zomwe zimadza chifukwa chodula mitengo sizomwe zimalepheretsa kubzala nkhumba za ku Hawaii.
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Hawaii
Hawk waku Hawaii ndi mitundu yopezeka ku Hawaii ndi Ecuador. Amabereka makamaka pazilumba zazikulu: Maui, Oahu ndi Kauai ku Pacific Ocean.
Makhalidwe a Hawk waku Hawaii
Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, awiri amtundu wa ku Hawaii amawonetsa kukwera, kuthawira ndege, kugwedezeka ndikugwira mapiko awo. Kenako yamphongo imakwera pamwamba pa chisa ndi kumalira mofuula mosiyanasiyana.
Zowononga nthenga zimateteza mwamphamvu gawo lawo chaka chonse. Ziwombankhanga za ku Hawaii ndizowopsa kwambiri nthawi yogona, zikaukira aliyense wobisalira, kuphatikiza munthu yemwe adawonekera m'deralo.
Kuswana kwa hawk ku Hawaii
Ziwombankhanga za ku Hawaii ndi mbalame zokhazokha. Nthawi yoswana imayamba kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembala, ndipo zimachitika kwambiri kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu munthawi zoswana, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo:
- mvula yapachaka;
- kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Nthawi yonse yogona imakhala masiku 154. Anthu okwatirana samaswa anapiye chaka chilichonse. Mbalame zomwe zimabereka bwino chaka chimodzi, nthawi zambiri zimapuma kenako osayika mazira.
Chisa ndi chachikulu, chozungulira mozungulira, chomwe chili pamtengo waukulu kutalika kwa mita zitatu ndi theka mpaka 18 mita.
Ndichokwanira mokwanira - pafupifupi mita 0.5, koma chimapachikidwa panthambi yaying'ono. Nthaka zouma ndi nthambi ndi zomangira. Chiwerengero cha mazira omwe adaikira ndi amodzi, osapitilira awiri. Mkazi amakola zowalamulira kwa nthawi yayitali - masiku 38. Munthawi imeneyi, wamwamuna amachita nawo kusaka. Akangotulukira anapiye, aakazi amalola kuti apite ku chisa ndi chakudya chodyetsera anawo.
Kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga kumakhala pakati pa 50 mpaka 70. Zitsamba zazing'ono za ku Hawaii zimatha kuthawa masabata 7-8. Anapiye amakwaniritsa pambuyo pa masiku 59-63, ndipo mbalame zazikulu zimasamalira ndikudyetsa anapiye kwakanthawi.
Chakudya cha nkhono cha ku Hawaii
Ziwombankhanga za ku Hawaii munthu asanawonekere kuzilumbazi adadyetsa tizilombo tambiri, mbalame zazing'ono ndi mazira awo. Zilumba za Hawaiian zitapezeka, makoswe ndi mbewa zinaonekera kumtunda, zomwe zimadutsa kuchokera zombo kupita kumtunda.
Pakadali pano, makoswe amapanga maziko a chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama. Ziwombankhanga za ku Hawaii zimagwiranso mphutsi za njenjete zazikulu ndi akangaude ndipo zimawononga zisa za mbalame poyang'ana mazirawo. Chifukwa chake amapindula ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana, ndipo adazolowera kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake pakadali pano, akabawi aku Hawaii amasaka mitundu 23 ya mbalame, mitundu 6 ya nyama zoyamwitsa, mitundu 7 ya tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma crustaceans ndi amphibians amapezeka pazakudya zawo.
Kapangidwe ka menyu kamasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa malo okhala ndi kukaikira mbalame zodya nyama.
Mkhalidwe wosungira nkhwangwa waku Hawaii
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Hawaii chimawerengedwa kuti sichokhazikika, koma chotsika. Malinga ndi akatswiri, zilumbazi zimakhala ndi 1457 - 1600 (1120 akulu), mpaka mbalame zoposa 2700. Mitundu iyi ya mbalame yodya nyama imadziwika kuti ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa chotsika kwambiri komanso kufalitsa pang'ono, komwe kulibe chidziwitso pakukula kwake. Chiwerengero cha mbalame chikapitirira kuchepa, ndiye kuti njirayi imatsimikizira kuti ndiwowopsa kwambiri.
Zifukwa zazikulu zikuphatikizapo kudula mitengo mwachangu ndi malo odyetserako nzimbe, kubzala bulugamu ndi kumanga nyumba mdera lonse, makamaka mdera la Pune. Kuphatikiza apo, kubereketsa kwa ungulates komwe kumayambitsidwa kumawonjeza nkhalango ndikuzimitsa kusinthika kwake, kumathandizira kuwononga zisa. Ntchito yomanga misewu ikukulitsanso zinthu.
Malo okhala mbewa za ku Hawaii zikuchepa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mitengo ya metrosideros, yomwe magawidwe ake amachepa chifukwa champikisano ndi zomera zosowa m'malo ena. Mitundu iyi ya mbalame zodya nyama idavutika kwambiri chifukwa chowombera. Kuopseza konseku kumalepheretsa kuchira kwa anthu aku Hawaii.
