Whale (m'Chigiriki - "zilombo zam'nyanja") ndizinyama zazikulu zam'madzi zomwe ndizomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Cetaceans. Udindo wa dzinali sichikudziwika bwinobwino, koma anyani amtundu wina aliyense, kupatula ma dolphin ndi ma porpoise, amadziwika kuti ndi oimira chisangalalo.
Kufotokozera kwa anamgumi
Pamodzi ndi zinyama zina, anamgumi amagwiritsira ntchito mapapu kupuma, ali mgulu la nyama zamagazi, kudyetsa ana awo akhanda ndi mkaka wopangidwa ndimatenda a mammary, komanso amakhala ndi tsitsi locheperako.
Maonekedwe
Anangumi ali ndi thupi lopangidwa ndi chitsulo chomwe chimafanana ndi mawonekedwe a nsomba iliyonse... Zipsepse, zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa zipsepse, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi lobe. Mapeto a mchira amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa chimaliziro choyimiridwa ndi ma lobes awiri opingasa. Zomaliza zotere zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lokhazikika komanso mtundu wa "injini", chifukwa chake, pakuyenda ngati kuyenda mu ndege yowongoka, anamgumi amapatsidwa mayendedwe osavuta.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anangumi, limodzi ndi dolphin, safunika kukwera pafupipafupi pamwamba pamadzi kuti apume, chifukwa chake theka lokha laubongo wa nyama limatha kupumula m'maloto nthawi inayake.
Chitetezo cha khungu la nangumi kuchokera kuzotsatira zoyipa za kuwala kwa dzuwa kumaperekedwa ndi zida zingapo zoteteza, zomwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana a nyama zakutchire.
Mwachitsanzo, anamgumi a buluu amatha kuwonjezera zomwe zili pakhungu, zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri ma radiation a ultraviolet. Sphaha whale imayambitsa "kupsinjika" kwapadera, kofanana ndi kuyankha kwakanthawi kwa zopumira za oxygen, ndipo anamgumi omaliza amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri zoteteza. M'madzi ozizira, anamgumi amakhalabe ndi kutentha kwa thupi chifukwa cha mafuta onenepa kwambiri ndi yunifolomu omwe amapezeka pansi pa khungu la nyama yayikulu chonchi. Mafuta osanjikiza amtunduwu amateteza kwambiri komanso kumateteza kwathunthu ziwalo zamkati mwa namgumi ku hypothermia yoopsa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Malinga ndi asayansi, anangumi ali mgulu la nyama zomwe zimakhala moyo wosakhalitsa. Pafupifupi oimira onse a Cetaceans amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali komanso osapanganso mpweya m'mapapu awo, koma ziweto zochuluka kwambiri sizigwiritsa ntchito mwayi wachilengedwewu, chifukwa chake mahatchi nthawi zambiri amathawira pokhapokha pakawonekera ngozi yomweyo.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Kodi namgumi amayeza zingati?
- Whale wabuluu kapena wabuluu
- Ankhondo akupha
Komabe, pakati pa anamgumiwo pali osambira enieni, abwino kwambiri.... Mwachitsanzo, zotumphukira zosayerekezereka zoterozo ndi sperm whale. Nangumiyu amatha kulowa m'madzi mosavuta akuya mamita masauzande angapo, kutsala m'madzi kwa ola limodzi ndi theka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakusintha kosiyanasiyana komwe namgumiyo wachita, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa mapapo ndi kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin m'magazi, komanso kuchuluka kwa myoglobin m'minyewa yaminyewa. Kuphatikiza apo, malo opumira a namgumiyo samazindikira kuchuluka kwa kaboni dayokisaidi. Asanalowe m'madzi, namgumi amapuma mozama kwambiri, pomwe hemoglobin ya minofu imadzaza ndi mpweya ndipo mapapu amadzazidwa ndi mpweya wabwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anangumi onse ndi anyama zam'madzi zokonda kucheza zomwe zimakonda kulumikizana m'magulu a makumi khumi kapenanso mazana a anthu.
Anangumi ndi nyama zazikulu, koma mwamtendere kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri ya cetacean imadziwika ndi kusamuka kwakanthawi. Pakayamba nyengo yozizira, zinyama zimasamukira kumadzi ofunda, ndipo patapita kanthawi zimabwerera. Chaka ndi chaka, nyama zam'madzi zotere zimatsata njira imodzi, chifukwa chake, posamukira, zimabwerera kumadera omwe anthu amakhala kale komanso odziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la anangumi aku Asia limadziwika ndikudya m'nyengo yachilimwe m'nyanja ya Okhotsk, yochuluka chakudya chambiri, pafupi ndi Chukchi Peninsula ndi Kamchatka. Pakayamba kuzizira, anamgumi otere amalowa m'madzi a Nyanja Yakuda kapena kufupi ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Japan.
Kodi anamgumi amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya anamgumi imakhala pafupifupi kotala la zana, ndipo nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa oimira akuluakulu a Cetaceans akhoza kukhala zaka makumi asanu. Zaka za nsomba zimatsimikiziridwa m'njira zingapo: malingana ndi mtundu wa mazira azimayi kapena mbale za whalebone, komanso ndimakutu am'makutu kapena mano.
Mitundu ya Whale
Oimira dongosolo la Cetaceans akuyimiridwa ndi magawo awiri:
- Mabomba a Baleen (Mysticeti) - amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa masharubu, komanso mawonekedwe ofanana ndi fyuluta, omwe amakhala pachibwano chapamwamba cha nyama ndipo amakhala ndi keratin. Ndevu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefa nkhalango zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi ndipo imalola kuti madzi azisefedwa kudzera pakamwa pakamwa. Namgumi wa Baleen ndiye wamkulu kwambiri kuposa magulu onse anangumi;
- Anangumi anamgumi (Odontoseti) - amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mano, ndipo mawonekedwe azinyama zam'madzi izi zimawalola kusaka nyama yam'madzi komanso nsomba zazikulu, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zawo. Maluso apadera aanthu onse omwe ali mgululi akuphatikizanso kuthekera kuzindikira mawonekedwe azachilengedwe, otchedwa echolocation. Porpoises ndi dolphins amadziwikanso ngati anamgumi.
Gulu la whale wogawana limagawika m'mabanja anayi: minhahaha (Balaenorteridae), ma whales aimvi (Eschrichtiidae), anamgumi osalala (Balaenidae), ndi anamgumi ochepa (Neobalaenidae). Mabanja oterewa akuphatikizapo mitundu khumi, kuphatikiza mutu, kum'mwera, pygmy, imvi, humpback, blue whale, fin whale ndi sei whale, ndi minde ndi minke whale wa Bryde.
Anangumi akumwa ali ndi mabanja:
- Ma dolphin a Ganges (Platanistidae Grey);
- Dolphin (Delphinidae Wofiirira);
- Narwhal (Monоdоntidаe Grаy);
- Anangumi aumuna (Physeteridae Gray);
- Inii (Iniidаe Grаy);
- Anangumi achimuna a Pygmy (Kogiidae Gill);
- Womenyedwa (Zirhiidаe Grаy);
- Ma dolphin a Laplatan (Pontororiidae Grey);
- Porpoises (Рhocoenidae Grаy);
- Ma dolphin amtsinje (Lirotidae Grey).
Gawo lachitatu la dongosolo la Cetaceans ndi anamgumi akale (Archaeoseti), omwe lero ndi gulu lomwe latha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Anangumi aumuna, omwe amakhala m'madzi a Nyanja Yonse Yapadziko Lonse, kupatula madera ozizira kwambiri akumwera ndi kumpoto, amadziwika ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri logawira, ndipo anamgumi a pygmy amakhalanso m'madzi ofunda kapena ofunda a Nyanja Yadziko Lonse.
Anangumi a Baleen amapezeka ponseponse m'nyanja, kupatula chinsomba chotchedwa bowhead whale chomwe chimakhala m'madzi a Arctic, minke ya Bryde mu lamba wofunda wa World Ocean, ndi chinsomba chomwe chimapezeka m'madzi ozizira komanso ozizira a Kummwera kwa Dziko Lapansi.
Zakudya zansomba
Zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cetacean zimasiyanasiyana kutengera momwe amagawidwira, zachilengedwe komanso nyengo. Kutengera zomwe amakonda zakudya, anamgumi osiyanasiyana amakhala m'malo ena am'nyanja. Ma planktophage kapena anamgumi akumanja amadyetsa makamaka m'madzi a m'nyanja, kutola kuchuluka kwa zooplankton kumtunda, komwe kumayimiriridwa ndi ma crustaceans ndi ma pteropods. Benthophage kapena anamgumi amphaka amadyera pansi, pomwe ichthyophages ochokera kubanja la dolphin amakonda kusodza nsomba zophunzirira.
Gawo lalikulu la anangumi ankhokwe amakonda kudya zakudya zosakanikirana, zoyimiriridwa ndi nkhanu ndi nsomba zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ma theutophage, kuphatikiza anamgumi aumuna, ma dolphin okhala ndi milomo ndi ma dolphin otuwa, amangokonda ma cephalopods okha.
Kusintha kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kodyetsa kumatha kuyambitsa kusinthasintha kwakuthwa kwambiri kwa parameter ngati mulingo wa anamgumi. Anangumi omwe adyetsedwa bwino amakhala kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ndipo zinyama sizimadyetsedwa bwino masika ndi dzinja. Pa nyengo yobereketsa, anamgumi ambiri samadya konse.
Kubereka ndi ana
Anangumi amitundu yonse amasinthidwa kuti apange ana awo m'madzi ofunda mokwanira. Ndi chifukwa chake nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo ozizira ndipo zimazolowera kusamuka kwakutali zimabereka ana awo m'nyengo yozizira, kusiya madera okhala ndi kutentha kwamadzi kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anangumi omwe angobadwa kumene samangokhala akulu kwambiri, komanso amapangidwa bwino, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mafupa amchiuno ndi nyama zam'madzi izi, zomwe zimakhazikitsa malire pazotengera za mwana wosabadwayo.
Mimba yamitundumitundu imatha kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi iwiri mpaka khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo zotsatira zake pakubala ndi kubadwa kwa chinsomba chimodzi, chomwe chimabadwa mchira koyamba. Mwana wakhanda akangobadwa amakwera pamwamba pamadzi, komwe amapuma koyamba. Amphaka amayamba kuzolowera chilengedwe chatsopano ndikuyamba kusambira bwino komanso molimba mtima. Poyamba, anawo amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo, omwe samangothandiza kuyenda kwawo, komanso amawapangitsa kukhala otetezeka momwe angathere.
Amphaka amadyetsa nthawi zambiri ndipo amamatira kunsonga ya amayi pafupifupi kotala lililonse la ola.... Pambuyo poyamwa mawere, chifukwa cha kupindika kwa minofu yapadera, mkaka wofunda umalowetsedwa mkamwa mwa mwana. Kutengera mawonekedwe amtundu wa subspecies kapena mitundu, mitundu ingapo ya cetacean imatulutsa mkaka wosiyanasiyana, womwe umasiyana ndi 200-1200 ml mu ma dolphin mpaka 180-200 malita mu nsomba yayikulu ya buluu.
Mkaka wochokera kwa omwe ali ndi cetaceans ndi wandiweyani kwambiri, wonyezimira komanso wonenepa kwambiri kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe. Chifukwa cha kukhathamira kwapamwamba, mkaka wa chinsomba sukufalikira m'madzi, ndipo nthawi yoyamwitsa imatha kukhala miyezi inayi mpaka chaka ndipo nthawi zina imagwirizana ndi kutenga pakati kwa mkazi.
Anangumi amadziwika ndi chibadwa cha makolo, ndiye chifukwa chake nyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi sizimasiya ana awo pachiwopsezo. Ngakhale chinsomba chamadzi otsika chikalowa m'madzi osaya ndipo sichitha kusambira chokha, amayi ake amadikirira mafundewo ndikutenga mwana wawo kupita kumalo otetezeka kwambiri. Anangumi achikulire amatha kulimba mtima molimba mtima kukathandiza anangumi, ndikuyesera kukokera ana awo kutali ndi sitimayo. Ndi kudzipereka kopanda malire kwa anamgumi achikulire omwe ankhandwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito pokopa anthu akuluakulu kuti atenge zombo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anangumi a m'nyanja za Beluga ndi anamgumi ophunzitsidwa bwino omwe nthawi zambiri amachita mu ma dolphinariums ndi ma circus, chifukwa chake amphongo amtunduwu ndiofunika kwambiri.
Zimadziwika kuti anamgumi amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe okhudza modabwitsa osati kwa ana awo okha, komanso kwa abale aliwonse. Onse oimira gulu la Cetaceans pafupifupi samasiya odwala kapena ovulala anzawo ali pamavuto, chifukwa chake amayesetsa kudzapulumutsa mulimonsemo.
Ngati namgumiyo ali wofooka kwambiri ndipo sangathe kudzikweza pamwamba kuti alowetse mpweya m'mapapu, ndiye kuti anthu angapo athanzi azungulira chinyama choterocho kuti chiwonjezere, pambuyo pake amathandizira mosamalitsa chiwetocho.
Adani achilengedwe
Zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa nsomba ndizopha nsomba... Komabe, matenda ena owopsa a tiziromboti amapezeka ku cetaceans. Ma Cetaceans nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi khungu lofooka, kuphatikizapo zilonda zam'mimba, matenda a mafangasi, ndi ziphuphu zoyipa. Komanso, anamgumi amakhudzidwa ndimatenda am'mafupa ndi zotupa zazikulu za mafupa kapena zotupa, zotupa zovuta za mafupa kapena ma synostoses.
Nyama yayikulu imatha kudwala periostosis, kupindika kwa nsagwada ndi matenda ena amano, matenda am'mimba, zotupa ndi zotupa m'mapapo, purulent chibayo, chiwindi cha chiwindi, zilonda zam'mimba ndi miyala yamtsempha, kulumikizana ndi matenda opatsirana, kuphatikiza erysipelas kapena erysipeloid.
Ma dolphin angapo komanso anamgumi akulu kwambiri amafa pankhondo zowopsa ndi anamgumi opha. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthu ambiri kumayambitsanso tiziromboti tambiri, tomwe timayimilidwa ndi ma trematode, cestode ndi nematode. Barnacles ndi omwe amatchedwa nsabwe za nangumi ndi ena mwa ma ectoparasite ofala kwambiri mu anamgumi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha mitundu ina ya nangumi chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala zinyama zoterezi. Mwachitsanzo, ma dolphin a Ganges ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zatchulidwa mu International Red Book ndipo ali ndi udindo wa "Mitundu Yowopsa", ndipo chiŵerengero chonse cha anamgumi aimvi ku Pacific chimakhala ndi nyama mazana angapo, mwa anthu makumi awiri okha ndi akazi achikulire. Tsiku la Whale Padziko Lonse - February 19. Munali patsiku lino la February mu 1986 pomwe kuwomberana kwa nsomba kulikonse kunaletsedwa.
Masiku ano, kusaka nyama zilizonse zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kwa anangumi ndikoletsedwa.... Whale whale, whale bowhead, imvi ndi anamgumi am'nkhalango ndi omwe amazunzidwa ndikuwonongedwa kwankhanza kwa nyama kuti apeze mafuta.
Ku Russia, gulu la Red Book limaphatikizira chinsomba chakupha, chammbali zoyera ku Atlantic, ma dolphin okhala ndi nkhope zoyera komanso imvi, komanso dolphin, porpoise, narwhals, botolo lakuthwa, anamgumi amizeremizere, imvi, mutu wamutu, Japan, msondodzi, anamgumi akumpoto akumpoto ndi anamgumi a humpback. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale kuphatikiza nyama zotere pamasamba a Red Book sichitsimikizo chokwanira chachitetezo chawo kapena chipulumutso ku chiwonongeko.
Ankhondo ndi munthu
Anthu akhala akusaka anamgumi kwanthawi yayitali kuti apeze mafuta ndi mafupa, komanso mfuti yamtengo wapatali ya anangumi. Mafuta a nsomba ndi mafuta anyama amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama popanga margarine, glycerin ndi sopo, ndipo mafupa ndi ndevu za anamgumi agwiritsa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera zamitundu yonse ndi mafano apachiyambi, komanso ma corsets ndi tableware.
Nyama ya Whale imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mbale zina, kuphatikiza masoseji ndi masoseji ang'onoang'ono, cutlets ndi pates, ndi nyama yokometsera. Nthawi zambiri, nyama yokoma komanso yathanzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zamzitini.
Zofunika! Masiku ano, mayiko angapo aletsa kwambiri kuwedza kwa namgumi, kuphatikizira kuti amangogwiritsa ntchito pongofufuza komanso posowetsa zikhalidwe zina.
