Agalu a Dalmatian (English Dalmatian), owonekera chifukwa cha utoto wovala malaya. Mizu yake imachokera ku dera la Dalmatia, chifukwa chake adapeza dzina lawo. Poyamba anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati agalu ophunzitsa, lero ndi galu mnzake.
Zolemba
- Mtundu uwu umafunikira zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku komanso zolimbitsa thupi. Kupanda kutero, amakhala owononga komanso osalamulirika.
- Iwo molt! Kukhetsa kwambiri! Ubweyawo umafunika kuchotsedwa, koma umaphimbirabe pansi ndi mipando ndipo umaoneka bwino.
- Amafuna maphunziro kuti akhale galu woyendetsa bwino komanso woweta bwino. Ndi ouma khosi, anzeru komanso ouma mutu. Mwiniyo ayenera kukhala wokhazikika komanso wolamulira.
- Kuyanjana kwachangu kumayamba (kudziwa ana, amphaka, agalu ena ndi nyama), zimakhala bwino.
- Mabanja omwe ali ndi ana ang'onoang'ono amafunika kukhala osamala, popeza agalu amakhala achangu komanso othamanga ndipo amatha kugogoda mwana wakhanda pamapazi ake.
- Makatuni otchuka ndi makanema adakulitsa mitengo ya ana agalu, ndipo agalu adayamba kuswana mosakhazikika. Mwa iwo okha, sioyenera mabanja ambiri, ndipo pano pali agalu ambiri omwe ali ndi psyche yoyenda. Ganizirani mosamala za nazale.
Mbiri ya mtunduwo
Zachidziwikire kuti palibe chomwe chinganenedwe pa mbiri ya mtunduwo, zimangodziwika kuti agalu omwe ali ndi mabala amapezeka m'mabuku ambiri azakale. Iwo anafotokozedwa ndi Aigupto, zaka zikwi zingapo isanafike nthawi yathu ino. Anthu amakonda agalu owala, owoneka bwino ndipo anthu ambiri amaweta mitundu yawo.
Mmodzi mwa mitundu iyi adakhala kholo la Dalmatian wamakono. Koma ndani anali kholo lawo, sitikudziwa, popeza mpaka zaka za zana la 17 kunali kovuta kupeza mabuku a ziweto, ndi magwero odalirika okha.
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa mtunduwu kumatha kupezeka mu chithunzi chojambulidwa mchipinda cha Santa Maria Novella, ku Florence ku 1360. Agalu pa iwo amafanana ndi mtunduwo, koma atha kukhala amtundu wina.
Pakati pa zaka za zana la 15 ndi 17 iwo adayamba kulumikizidwa ndi dera la Dalmatia, ndi momwe adawonekera mmenemo ndi komwe adachokera sizikudziwika. Dzikoli linagwidwa ndikuthiriridwa ndi magazi ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo aliyense wa iwo amatha kusiya mawonekedwe agalu awa.
Mwina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo achilendo, amayamba kuwonekera pazithunzi za ojambula aku Austria ndi Venetian. Zojambula zambiri zimawonetsa agaluwa, monga "Mnyamata wokhala ndi Dalmatia" wolemba Domenichino waku Italy, wojambulidwa cha m'ma 1620.
Zithunzi izi zimakhala umboni kuti mtunduwu unkadziwika m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Europe. Amakhulupirira kuti adabwera ku England kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, koma kuti ndi ndani ndipo adawabweretsa, ndichinsinsi.
Palibe umboni wolembedwa mpaka 1737, pomwe mu bishopu wamzinda wa Dakovo (Croatia), adafotokozedwa ndi dzina lachilatini - Canis Dalmaticus.
Mosiyana ndi agalu olondera achingerezi, ndiothamanga osatopa othamanga mtunda wautali. Okwatiwa achingerezi adazindikira izi mwachangu ndipo adayamba kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuperekeza ngolo, nthawi zambiri awiriawiri.
Ma Dalmatiya amakhala agalu onyamula, olondera okha ngoloyo ndi akavalo.
Galimoto ikapita, amathamangira kutsogolo kwake, kumwazikana oyenda pansi ndikutsina akavalo ndi miyendo kuti ayende mofulumira. Kuphatikiza apo, amateteza agalu ena omwe akuphwanya mahatchi owopsa.
Ngakhale zili ndi maubwino awa, amayamikiridwa kwambiri ngati agalu olondera pomwe amasiya. Kuba ndi mliri wa nthawi imeneyo, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ena ndi kuba mahatchi. Akavalo ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso osavuta kuthawa.
Akamwali amakakamizidwa kugona muukonde wapadera pagaleta, koma izi ndizowopsa, chifukwa akuba akavalo salipira kalikonse kuti adule khosi ndikuchotsa akavalo. Ma Dalmatians amateteza komanso kuteteza, komanso ngati batani la alamu, kukweza phokoso alendo akafika.
Uyu ndiye galu wophunzitsira wangwiro pazifukwa zambiri. Iwo ndi akulu komanso olimba mokwanira kuti aziwateteza, kuphatikiza kuti ali ndi chibadwa champhamvu chotere.
Amatha kuthamanga chonyamulacho osatenga malo ofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, kwa olemera omwe amatha kulemba ganyu ndikusamalira ngolo, uku ndi kudzikongoletsa, chizindikiro cha udindo komanso chuma.
Ngakhale ali ndi mphatso zachilengedwe, obereketsa aku England samaleka kusintha mtunduwo. Galu wamakono ndi ntchito ya manja awo, adawapanga mwachangu, mwamphamvu komanso mwamakhalidwe. Ndi mtundu wanji wamtundu womwe adagwiritsira ntchito izi, sitikudziwa.
Zinali zofala panthawiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yakomweko, ya Chingerezi. Ena amaganiza kuti kuwoloka kunali kosowa kwambiri kotero kuti agalu anali mtundu weniweni, ena kuwoloka kunali kovuta ku Europe. Inde, ndi mitundu iti yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pano, mutha kutsutsana kosatha.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, mtunduwu unali utafalikira ku England, makamaka kumpoto kwa dzikolo. Amatumizidwanso kumadera, kuphatikiza America. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, m'modzi mwa obereketsa oyamba ku America ndi Purezidenti wawo, George Washington.
Dziko laling'ono komanso lotukuka limakhala lotukuka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa nyumba ndizokwera ndipo chilichonse chimapangidwa ndi matabwa. Moto womwe umayambira m'nyumba imodzi umapangitsa kuti madera onse awotche. Pofuna kuthana ndi moto, anthu aku America amapanga moto woyamba.
Palibe magalimoto panobe, ndipo palinso akavalo. Koma, America wachichepere samasiyana ndi mayi wachikulire waku England mu chiwerengero cha akuba akavalo, kapena ngakhale kumuposa iye. Magaleta atayima, amatsogolera akavalo kumapita, kuba zida. Ma dodger apadera amachita izi ngakhale pamoto.
Ndiponso a Dalmatians amapulumutsa. Amayang'anira magulu, nthawi zina amapulumutsa anthu. Ku America panthawiyo, omwe amapita nawo pamoto ndizofala.
Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi ... makampani opanga moŵa. Amayang'anira migolo ya mowa poyendetsa, komanso cholakalaka achifwamba. Mtunduwo umalumikizidwa ndi makampani ambiri opanga mowa, makamaka Budweiser.
Ngakhale asanakhazikitse makalabu ndi ziwonetsero za agalu, amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu weniweni. Ndipo ndi kutchuka kwakukula kwa ziwonetsero za agalu, amakhala otenga nawo mbali kwathunthu. Amakonda kwambiri anthu olemera omwe amatha kusamalira gulu la agalu komanso agalu kuti aziwateteza.
Amatenga nawo gawo pazowonetsa galu woyamba ndikukhala m'modzi mwa mitundu yoyamba yolembetsedwa ndi English Kennel Club. Osatchuka kwambiri ku America, American Kennel Club imazindikira mtunduwu kuyambira 1888.
Imodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba kutetezedwa ndi zibonga. Chifukwa chake, Dalmatian Club of America idapangidwa kale mu 1905, ndipo mzaka zisanu mnzake waku Britain adzawonekera. Komabe, samakhala agalu owonetsa, mtunduwo umakhalabe ndi gawo lalikulu la kuthekera kugwira ntchito.
Eni ake azindikira nzeru za agalu komanso kusinthasintha kwawo ndipo pazaka zomwe sanakhalepo. Ndi kusaka ndi kuweta ng'ombe, agalu opulumutsa ndi osakira, apolisi, alonda.
Kupangidwa kwa galimotoyo kumathetseratu kufunikira kwa ngolo, ndipo pofika nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi zimasowa m'mbiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti agalu amasiyidwa opanda ntchito, ndipo monga mbiri imawonetsera, awa ndi mitundu yopanda tsogolo. Koma osati panthawiyi.
Anthu aku America amakonda mnzake wolimba mtima uyu kotero kuti amasiya agalu chifukwa chocheza. Ngakhale lero, magulu ambiri ozimitsa moto ku United States amasunga ma Dalmatians polemekeza zoyenerera zakale.
Mwina palibe mtundu umodzi padziko lapansi womwe udatchuka chifukwa cha buku limodzi. Kupatula ngwazi zathu. Mu 1956, Dodie Smith adafalitsa bukuli "101 Dalmatians", ndipo mu 1961 studio ya Disney idatulutsa chojambula cha dzina lomweli. Chojambulacho chimayamba kugunda, maofesi aku bokosi amaswa mbiri, ndipo ana ochokera konsekonse padziko lapansi amadziwa mtunduwu.
Mwachilengedwe, pamakhala zofuna zambiri komanso mitengo ya ana agalu. Masamba onse obereketsa ayamba kugwira ntchito, osasamala za mtunduwo komanso amachepetsa kwambiri zofunikira, ndikupanga agalu okhala ndi vuto la majini ndi malingaliro.
Mitunduyi akuti imakhala yosayembekezereka, vutoli limakulitsidwa chifukwa chakuti ndiopatsa mphamvu. Eni ake ambiri sangathe kuwapatsa katundu wofunikira, agalu amayamba kunyong'onyeka ndikukumana ndi mavuto amisala.
Vutoli lakulirakulira mu 1996 pomwe situdiyo ya Disney idatulutsa ma Dalmatians 101, momwe Glenn Close ndi Jeff Daniels adakhalira. Ngakhale kuti oweta ambiri, zibonga, akatswiri azachipatala komanso mabungwe othandizira zanyama amachenjeza kuti uwu si mtundu wabwino wabanja, kusaka ana agalu kumayamba.
Kwa zaka zingapo, banja lirilonse limafuna Dalmatia, mwatsoka, ana agalu atha kukhala owononga kwathunthu, amphamvu kwambiri ndikuwopseza banja ndikuluma ndi zikhomo.
Mabanja zikwi zambiri amvetsetsa kuti sangathe ndipo sakufuna kukhala ndi galu wotere, ndipo agalu ambiri amakhala m'malo obisalamo nyama. Mwazizolowezi, agalu oyera akanakhala ataphwasulidwa, koma apa malo ogona amangodzaza ndi ma Dalmatians.
Mtunduwu uli ndi mbiri yoyipa ndipo ndi anthu ochepa omwe amafuna kudzitengera agalu awo, ambiri omwe adzakhululukidwe mtsogolo. Ngakhale kulibe ziwerengero zenizeni, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku 50 mpaka 75% ya agalu omwe adapezeka m'zaka zimenezo adazichotsa pasanathe chaka. Adalandira mbiri yoyipa ponse pazakufalitsa nkhani komanso mwa eni.
Agalu amawerengedwa kuti ndiwopanda ntchito, owononga, osalamulirika, osamvera, komanso osayankhula. Kutchuka kunasanduka mbali ina - kunyalanyaza.
Zotsatira zakatuni ndi kanema "101 Dalmatians" zidadabwitsa kwambiri okonda mitundu. Nthawi zonse akhala akunena kuti mtunduwo suyenera kusungidwa m'mabanja amakono ambiri ndipo ndiwofunika.
Tsopano akupitiliza kubwezeretsa mbiri ya agalu amawawa. Mu 2010, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe adalembetsa ku AKC, anali m'malo a 69, pambuyo pa 10-15 pakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi.
Kufotokozera
Ngakhale agalu ena ali ndi mawanga paubweya wawo, palibe amene ali ndi mawonekedwe apaderawa. Galu wa ku Dalmatia ndi wokulirapo, amuna ambiri amakhala akufota masentimita 56-62, amaluma masentimita 54-60. Ngakhale mtundu wa mtunduwu sukutanthauza kulemera koyenera, agalu ambiri amalemera pakati pa 24 mpaka 32 kg.
Uyu ndi galu wothamanga, ambiri a iwo ndi amisempha komanso achisomo, owonda. Popeza adabadwira chifukwa cha khungu lowoneka bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito, galuyo ndi wofanana komanso wosunthika.
Mutu wake ndi wofanana ndi thupi, wosalala kwambiri, wokhala ndi mphuno pafupifupi bola ngati chigaza. Pakamwa pake pankakhala cholimba, ndi milomo yothina kwambiri. Mtundu wa mphuno ndi maso uyenera kufanana ndi mawanga: mawanga abulauni ndi maso akuda kapena achikasu achikaso ndi mphuno zofiirira.
Mawanga akuda ndi mphuno yakuda, ndi maso akuda. Makutuwo ndi ozungulira, ausinkhu wapakati, atapachikika mosasunthika pafupi ndi masaya. Maganizo onse a galu amasiyana malinga ndi munthu, payekhapayekha, ena amawoneka okondwa komanso osewera, ena amakhala tcheru komanso oteteza.
Chovala chodziwika bwino cha mtunduwo ndi chachifupi, chakuda, pafupi ndi thupi. Momwemo, iyenera kukhala yowala, koma sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse. Mtundu waukulu wa malayawo ndi oyera. Ana agalu a Dalmatia amabadwa ndi tsitsi loyera, mawanga amawonekera patatha milungu 3-4 atabadwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, utoto umatha kusintha pamoyo wawo, komanso kuchuluka kwa mawanga. Pafupifupi agalu onse omwe ali ndi mawanga akuda kapena abulauni, awa okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali pazowonetsa. Nthawi zina agalu amabadwa ali ndi mawanga achikasu, obiriwira kapena ofiira, koma saloledwa kuwonetsa, ngakhale akadali ziweto zabwino kwambiri.
Dalmatian aliyense ali ndi kapangidwe kake ka malaya, motero ndizovuta kufotokoza. Ena ali ndi mawanga akulu akulu, ena amakhala okutira ndi zing'onozing'ono zochuluka kotero kuti kuchokera patali amawoneka ngati amtundu umodzi.
Mawanga makamaka amakhala ozungulira, oyandikira kwambiri bwalo, amakhala abwinoko. Momwemo, ayenera kukhala osiyana komanso osaphatikizana, ngakhale kuwona pang'ono sikulimbikitsidwanso.
Khalidwe
Monga mawonekedwe a mawanga, ndizosatheka kufotokoza mtundu wa mtundu wonsewo. Pakati pa galu wabwino wa kennel ndi galu wogwira dzanja, nthawi zina pamakhala kusiyana kwakukulu. Yoyamba ndiyodalirika komanso yodalirika, yachiwiri yosayimika.
Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maphunziro, mayanjano ndi mawonekedwe a galu, zomwe ndizovuta kuneneratu. Pomaliza, agalu ena amakhala osamva kapena osamva kwenikweni, zomwe zimakhudzanso mawonekedwe.
Mwambiri, titha kunena kuti agalu omwe adaphunzitsidwa, mayanjano ndiosavuta komanso amuna enieni. Pamene, ngati ana agalu amwazi wosamvetsetseka, amatha kukhala osadalirika, osakhazikika m'maganizo komanso osafunikira.
Ofuna kugula ayenera kutenga nthawi kuti apeze woweta kapena waluso wazolimbitsa ntchito wodziwa bwino ntchito zawo.
Pankhani ya chikondi, amasiyananso kwambiri. Ena ndi Velcro enieni, ena amangokhala chabe. Koma, iyi si galu wa munthu m'modzi, amapanga ubale ndi mamembala onse.
Ndipo ndi mayanjano oyenera, amakhala ochezeka ndi aliyense, kuphatikiza alendo. Ndiponso, atha kukhala aukali komanso amanyazi, zimatengera kuleredwa ndi eni.
Ubale ndi ana siophweka. Agalu amenewo omwe adachokera kwa makolo abwino, oleredwa moyenera komanso kucheza nawo, amakhala nawo bwino ndikusangalala kusewera. Mukakumana ndi galu wagululi, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala zovuta. Chokhacho ndichakuti ana agalu sakuyenera ana ang'ono, popeza ali ndi mphamvu mwamphamvu ndipo amangowagwetsa pamapazi awo.
Kuphatikiza apo, amakonda kutafuna zonse ndipo, ngati samayang'aniridwa, amatha kuluma. Kuthetsa khalidweli ndikofunikira chifukwa agalu akulu mwachibadwa amatsina miyendo ya kavalo kuti aziwongolera ndipo amatha kuwonetsa machitidwe awo kwa ena.
Payokha, ziyenera kunenedwa za ma Dalmatians ogontha, amatha kuluma mwadzidzidzi pakudzuka kwamphamvu. Mwina sizoyenera kuwasunga m'nyumba yokhala ndi ana ang'onoang'ono.
Monga lamulo, amakhala bwino ndi agalu ena, ndikuleredwa koyenera, nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhanza. Kuphatikiza apo, amakonda kukhala ndi agalu ena m'nyumba. Alibe chizolowezi chofuna kupondereza madera, zokonda kapena zoopsa. Komabe, monga mitundu ina, amuna amatha kukhala ankhanza kwa amuna ena.
Amagwirizana bwino ndi nyama zina, amakonda kwambiri mahatchi. Chikondi ichi ndi champhamvu kwambiri kotero kuti makola ambiri amasunga ma Dalmatians ngati anzawo pamahatchi kuti achepetse kupsinjika. Kuleredwa bwino, modekha amagwirizana ndi nyama zazing'ono: amphaka, akalulu.
Maphunziro ndi mwala wapangodya wa mtundu chifukwa umakhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe ake. Agalu ali ndi mbiri yoipa yopusa komanso yovuta kuphunzitsa, koma sizowona konse. Obereketsa ambiri amakhulupirira kuti uwu ndi umodzi mwamtundu wanzeru kwambiri, ndipo palibe chomwe Dalmatia sakanakhoza.
M'mbiri yawo, onse omwe anali, kuyambira kuweta agalu mpaka ma circus, ndipo lero apambana mphotho pomvera ndi mpikisano wothamanga. Eni ake omwe amadziwa zomwe akufuna ndipo ali ofunitsitsa kuyesetsa kuti atenge galu wanzeru komanso wanzeru.
Ndi anzeru mokwanira kuti amvetsetse zomwe zidzawathandize ndi zomwe sizingakhale ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi chidziwitsochi. Maphunziro amafunika kusasinthasintha komanso kulimba, apo ayi achita pawokha. Komanso, mwiniwake amafunika kukhala mtsogoleri komanso wolamulira nthawi zonse.
Kupatula apo, mwachilengedwe amakhala odziyimira pawokha, amamvera okhawo omwe amawalemekeza. Ngati salemekeza mwini wake, ndiye kuti akhoza kukhala agalu owopsa kwambiri. Eni ake osadziwa zambiri komanso omwe safuna kuthana ndi galu amatha kukhala ndi chilombo changwiro.
Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa agalu agonthi omwe amafunikira mwini waluso.
Ngati mudamvapo za zovuta za mtunduwo, muyenera kudziwa kuti zovuta zambiri zimachitika chifukwa cha kusadziwa kwa eni zomwe zimafunikira pamtunduwu.
Zofuna zawo zolimbitsa thupi komanso zolimbitsa thupi ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina, zimangopatsa agalu ochepa oweta.
Kumbukirani, adathamanga pafupi ndi ngolo, kutsatira akavalo? Amafuna katundu wambiri komanso wolemetsa, kuyenda mwamtendere tsiku lililonse sikokwanira. Kuti galu wanu azisangalala, muyenera kuchita ola limodzi zolimbitsa thupi tsiku lililonse, makamaka kuposa pamenepo.
Anthu a ku Dalmati amakonda kuthamanga, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala anzawo abwino pakuyenda njinga komanso kuthamanga kapena kukwera mahatchi. Ngati galu sakukwaniritsa zofunikira zake, ndiye kuti mavuto amayamba.
Choyamba, machitidwe, amakhala owononga, amatha kuwononga chilichonse mnyumbamo, kenako zamaganizidwe. Kutengeka, kukwiya, kusadziwiratu ndizo zizindikiro. Mulingo wa ntchito yawo ndioyenera mabanja omwewo omwe amakonda kuyenda, kuyenda, masewera.
Ndi 100% galu. Amakonda kuthamanga m'matope ndi matalala kenako amalowa mnyumba. Amakumba maenje akuluakulu ndikumwaza nthaka kuchokera mumiphika. Amafuula mokweza, amalumpha kwambiri ndikufuna chidwi. Anthu omwe amaganiza kuti uyu ndi galu wothandizana naye wosalala adzakhumudwa. Izi si hamster, mphaka kapena Chihuahua.
Tiyeneranso kunena za ana agalu. Izi ndi mipira yolimba, yowoneka bwino. Nthawi zonse amathamanga ndikulowa komwe safunikira. Ndizowononga komanso zowononga, zowononga. Amatha kufananizidwa ndi mwana wazaka ziwiri, koma wamphamvu, wofulumira komanso wamano akuthwa.
Mukufuna kugula mwana wagalu? Konzekerani zaka ziwiri zamisala. Ngati mukufuna kuswana lingalirani kawiri popeza ali ndi ana agalu 8 mpaka 15 mu zinyalala zawo.
Chisamaliro
Zosavuta, safuna kudzikongoletsa mwaukadaulo, koma kutsuka pafupipafupi. Komabe, adakhetsa kwambiri. Ngati agalu mlingo ndi molting, ndiye molimba mtima analowa khumi.
Amakhetsa pafupifupi mosadodometsedwa, ndipo pakusintha kwa nyengo kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri. Kwa odwala matendawa komanso anthu oyera, mtundu uwu sioyenera, popeza ubweya ndi wamfupi, umakumba nsalu ndipo nthawi yomweyo umawonekera kwambiri.
Zaumoyo
Nthawi zambiri amadwala mavuto atatu: ugonthi, hyperuricemia ndi chifuwa. Kwa galu wamkulu uyu, amakhala ndi moyo wautali, kuyambira zaka 11 mpaka 13. Inde, ena amakhala ndi moyo wochepa, koma si zachilendo kuti azikhala ndi zaka 16.
Nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi kusamva kwathunthu komanso pang'ono. Monga nyama zina zokutidwa ndi zoyera, amakonda kugontha.
Idafalikira chifukwa cha obereketsa oyamba, chifukwa nkovuta kuzindikira galu wogontha wopanda ukadaulo wamakono. Kafukufuku ambiri amavomereza kuti 12% ya a Dalmatians amabadwa osamva kwenikweni.
Chiwerengero cha agalu osamva ali pakati pa 20-30%. Izi zikutanthauza kuti agalu 70% okha ndi omwe amamva bwino.
Mayeso atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe momwe akumvera adakali aang'ono ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe amaweta moyenera. Koma, pali kutsutsana pazomwe mungachite ndi agalu otere.
Osamva pang'ono amasungidwa ngati ziweto, koma anthu osamva ayenera kulimbikitsidwa. Chibadwa cha matendawa sichimamveka bwino, nthawi zina mwana wagalu wosamva amabadwa ndi ma sires athanzi.
