Zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi

Chilengedwe chimamveka ngati kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi. Amakhala m'makona onse a dziko lapansi: kuyambira pansi pa nyanja, matumbo a dziko lapansi mpaka mlengalenga, chifukwa chake asayansi ambiri amatcha chipolopolochi gawo la moyo. Mtundu wa anthu nawonso umakhala mmenemo.

Zachilengedwe

Zachilengedwe zimawonedwa kuti ndizachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Amakhala ndi madera angapo. Mulinso hydrosphere, ndiye kuti, zitsime zonse zamadzi ndi malo osungira dziko lapansi. Ili ndiye Nyanja Yadziko Lonse, pansi panthaka ndi pamwamba pamadzi. Madzi ndi malo okhalamo zamoyo zambiri komanso chinthu chofunikira pamoyo. Imathandizira njira zambiri.

Chilengedwechi chimakhala ndi mpweya. Pali zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo izo zimadzaza ndi mpweya wosiyanasiyana. Oxygen, yomwe ndi yofunika pamoyo wa zamoyo zonse, ndiyofunika kwambiri. Komanso, mlengalenga umagwira gawo lalikulu pamavuto amadzi m'chilengedwe, imakhudza nyengo ndi nyengo.

The lithosphere, yomwe ili pamwamba pazitali za dziko lapansi, ndi gawo la chilengedwe. Kumakhala zamoyo. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo, makoswe ndi nyama zina zimakhala pakulimba kwa Dziko Lapansi, zomera zimakula, ndipo anthu amakhala pamtunda.

Dziko la zinyama ndi nyama ndizofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala ndi danga lalikulu osati padziko lapansi lokha, komanso m'malo osaya, amakhala m'madamu ndipo amapezeka mumlengalenga. Mitundu yazomera imasiyana mosiyanasiyana, ndere komanso udzu mpaka zitsamba ndi mitengo. Ponena za nyama, oimira ochepa kwambiri ndi ma microbes ndi mabakiteriya amtundu umodzi, ndipo zazikuluzikulu ndi zolengedwa zapamtunda ndi zam'nyanja (njovu, zimbalangondo, zipembere, anamgumi). Zonse ndizosiyana kwambiri, ndipo mtundu uliwonse ndiwofunikira padziko lathu lapansi.

Mtengo wa chilengedwe

Zachilengedwe zidaphunziridwa ndi asayansi osiyanasiyana munthawi zonse zakale. Chisamaliro chachikulu chinaperekedwa ku chipolopolochi ndi V.I. Vernadsky. Amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi malire omwe zinthu zamoyo zimakhala. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zigawo zake zonse ndizolumikizana, ndipo kusintha gawo limodzi kumabweretsa kusintha kwa zipolopolo zonse. Chilengedwe chimagwira gawo lofunikira pakugawana mphamvu za dziko lapansi.

Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe ndi malo okhala anthu, nyama ndi zomera. Lili ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zinthu zachilengedwe monga madzi, mpweya, nthaka ndi zina. Zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu. Mu biosphere pali kuzungulira kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe, moyo uli pachimake ndipo njira zofunika kwambiri zimachitika.

Mphamvu zamunthu pazachilengedwe

Mphamvu za anthu pazachilengedwe ndi zotsutsana. Pazaka zilizonse, zochitika za anthropogenic zimakhala zowonjezereka, zowononga komanso zazikulu, chifukwa chake anthu amathandizira kutuluka osati mavuto azachilengedwe zokha, komanso padziko lonse lapansi.

Chimodzi mwazotsatira zakukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe cha anthu ndikuchepa kwa zinyama ndi zinyama padziko lapansi, komanso kutha kwa mitundu yambiri padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, malo obzala mbewu akuchepa chifukwa cha ntchito zaulimi komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Mitengo yambiri, zitsamba, udzu ndizachiwiri, ndiye kuti, mitundu yatsopano idabzalidwa m'malo mwa chivundikirocho. Komanso, ziweto zimawonongedwa ndi alenje osati kungofuna chakudya, komanso kuti agulitse zikopa zamtengo wapatali, mafupa, zipsepse za shaki, zikopa za njovu, nyanga za chipembere, ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana pamsika wakuda.

Zochita za anthropogenic zimakhudza kwambiri nthaka. Chifukwa chake, kudula mitengo ndikulima kumabweretsa kukokoloka kwa mphepo ndi madzi. Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka chivundikirocho kumabweretsa chidziwitso chakuti mitundu ina ikukhudzidwa pakupanga nthaka, chifukwa chake, dothi lina limapangidwa. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wosiyanasiyana muulimi, kutaya zinyalala zolimba komanso zamadzimadzi pansi, kapangidwe kake ka nthaka kamasintha.

Njira zowerengera anthu zimasokoneza chilengedwe:

• Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikukula, chomwe chimadya zochulukirapo;
• kukula kwa mafakitale kukukulira;
• zinyalala zambiri zimawonekera;
• madera olimapo akuwonjezeka.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anthu amathandizira pakuwononga zigawo zonse za chilengedwe. Pali zinthu zambiri zoipitsa lero:

• utsi wamagalimoto agalimoto;
• tinthu tomwe timatulutsa poyaka mafuta;
• zinthu zamagetsi;
• zopangidwa ndi mafuta;
• mpweya wa mankhwala am'mlengalenga;
• zinyalala zaboma;
• mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza amchere ndi umagwirira waulimi;
• ngalande zonyansa zochokera m'mabizinesi amakampani;
• zida zamagetsi;
• mafuta a nyukiliya;
• mavairasi, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina.

Zonsezi sizimangobweretsa kusintha kwachilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa zachilengedwe padziko lapansi, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo. Chifukwa cha kutengera mtundu wa anthu pazachilengedwe, pamakhala kutentha ndi mapangidwe a mabowo a ozoni, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana ndi kutentha kwanyengo, kusintha kwa nyanja ndi nyanja, mpweya wamchere, ndi zina zambiri.

Popita nthawi, chilengedwechi chimayamba kusakhazikika, komwe kumabweretsa ziwonongeko zambiri zachilengedwe. Asayansi ambiri ndi anthu wamba akufuna kuchepetsa kukopa kwa anthu m'chilengedwe kuti ateteze chilengedwe cha Padziko lapansi kuwonongedwa.

Kapangidwe kazachilengedwe

Kapangidwe ka biosphere kakhoza kuwonedwa mosiyanasiyana. Ngati tikulankhula zakapangidwe kazinthu, ndiye kuti zimaphatikizapo magawo asanu ndi awiri osiyana:

• Zinthu zamoyo ndizo zonse zamoyo zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi. Ali ndi pulayimale, ndipo poyerekeza ndi zipolopolo zonse, ali ndi misa yochepa, amadya mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndikugawa m'chilengedwe. Zamoyo zonse zimapanga mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimafalikira mosagwirizana padziko lapansi.
• Biogenic mankhwala. Izi ndizinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zamoyo, zomwe ndi zoyaka moto.
• Zinthu zopanda mphamvu. Izi ndizinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa popanda kutha kwa zamoyo, mwa iwo okha, ndiko kuti, mchenga wa quartz, dothi losiyanasiyana, komanso madzi.
• Zinthu zopangidwa ndi bioinert zomwe zimapezeka kudzera muzinthu zamoyo komanso zowonjezera. Awa ndi nthaka ndi miyala yochokera kumtunda, mumlengalenga, mitsinje, nyanja ndi madera ena am'madzi.
• Zinthu zowononga mphamvu monga zinthu za uranium, radium, thorium.
• Maatomu obalalika. Amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zakudziko lapansi pomwe amakhudzidwa ndi radiation ya cosmic.
• Nkhani yachilengedwe. Matupi ndi zinthu zopangidwa mumlengalenga zimagwera padziko lapansi. Itha kukhala meteorites ndi zinyalala zokhala ndi fumbi lachilengedwe.

Magawo azachilengedwe

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zipolopolo zonse zachilengedwe zimalumikizana nthawi zonse, motero nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa malire amtundu wina. Chimodzi mwa zipolopolo zofunika kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a mlengalenga. Imafika pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 22 pamwamba pa nthaka, pomwe pali zamoyo. Mwambiri, awa ndi malo ampweya pomwe zamoyo zonse zimakhala. Chigoba ichi chimakhala ndi chinyezi, mphamvu zochokera ku Dzuwa ndi mpweya wamlengalenga:

• mpweya;
• Mpweya wabwino;
• CO2;
• argon;
• nayitrogeni;
• nthunzi yamadzi.

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wamlengalenga ndi kapangidwe kake kumadalira mchikoka cha zamoyo.

Ma geosphere ndi gawo limodzi lachilengedwe; zimaphatikizapo zinthu zonse zamoyo zomwe zimakhala mlengalenga. Mbali imeneyi imaphatikizapo lithosphere, dziko la zinyama ndi zinyama, madzi apansi ndi envelopu ya gasi yapadziko lapansi.

Mbali yayikulu ya biosphere ndi hydrosphere, ndiye kuti, matupi onse amadzi opanda madzi apansi panthaka. Chigoba ichi chimaphatikizapo Nyanja Yadziko Lonse, madzi am'mwamba, chinyezi cham'mlengalenga ndi madzi oundana. Mzere wonse wamadzi umakhala ndi zamoyo - kuyambira tizilombo mpaka algae, nsomba ndi nyama.

Ngati timalankhula mwatsatanetsatane za chipolopolo cholimba cha Dziko lapansi, ndiye kuti chimakhala ndi dothi, miyala ndi mchere. Kutengera ndi komwe kuli malo, pali mitundu ingapo ya nthaka, yomwe imasiyana ndimankhwala komanso zinthu zachilengedwe, zimadalira chilengedwe (zomera, matupi amadzi, nyama zamtchire, mphamvu ya anthropogenic). Lithosphere ili ndi mchere wambiri komanso miyala, yomwe imafotokozedwa mosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Pakadali pano, mchere wopitilira 6,000 wapezeka, koma mitundu 100-150 yokha ndi yomwe imapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi:

• khwatsi;
• feldspar;
• azitona;
• apatite;
• gypsum;
• kudya;
• calcite;
• phosphorites;
• sylvinite, ndi zina.

Kutengera kuchuluka kwa miyala ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pachuma, ina mwa iyo ndi yamtengo wapatali, makamaka mafuta, miyala yachitsulo komanso miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Ponena za dziko la zomera ndi zinyama, ndi chipolopolo, chomwe chimaphatikizapo, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira mitundu 7 mpaka 10 miliyoni. Mwina mitundu pafupifupi 2.2 miliyoni imakhala m'madzi a World Ocean, ndipo pafupifupi 6.5 miliyoni - pamtunda. Oyimira nyama padziko lapansi amakhala anthu pafupifupi 7.8 miliyoni, ndi zomera pafupifupi 1 miliyoni.Pamitundu yonse yodziwika ya zinthu zamoyo, palibe zosaposa 15% zomwe zafotokozedwa, chifukwa chake zitenga anthu zaka mazana ambiri kuti aphunzire ndikufotokozera mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo padziko lapansi pano.

Kulumikizana kwa chilengedwe ndi zipolopolo zina zapadziko lapansi

Zigawo zonse zachilengedwe zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zipolopolo zina zapadziko lapansi. Chiwonetserochi chitha kuwoneka munyengo yazachilengedwe, nyama ndi anthu akamatulutsa mpweya woipa, umasakanizidwa ndi zomera, zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya pa nthawi ya photosynthesis. Chifukwa chake, mipweya iwiriyi nthawi zonse imayendetsedwa mlengalenga chifukwa cholumikizana magawo osiyanasiyana.

Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi nthaka - zotsatira za kulumikizana kwa chilengedwe ndi zipolopolo zina. Njirayi imaphatikizapo zinthu zamoyo (tizilombo, makoswe, zokwawa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda), zomera, madzi (madzi apansi, mpweya, matupi amadzi), mpweya (mphepo), miyala ya makolo, mphamvu ya dzuwa, nyengo. Zida zonsezi zimalumikizana pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dothi likhale lolimba pamamilimita awiri pachaka.

Zigawo za biosphere zikamagwirizana ndi zipolopolo zamoyo, miyala imapangidwa. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya zinthu zamoyo pa lithosphere, madipoziti a malasha, choko, peat ndi miyala yamwala amapangidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya zinthu zamoyo, ma hydrosphere, mchere ndi mchere, pamtunda wina, zipilala zimapangidwa, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo, miyala yamiyala yam'madzi ndi zilumba zimawoneka. Zimakupatsanso mwayi woti muziwongolera mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopumulira ndiyomwe imachokera ku ubale wapakati pa zachilengedwe ndi zipolopolo zina zapadziko lapansi: mlengalenga, hydrosphere ndi lithosphere. Mtundu wina wa mpumulo umakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka madzi m'derali ndi mpweya, mawonekedwe amlengalenga, kutentha kwa dzuwa, kutentha kwa mpweya, mitundu yanji ya zomera yomwe imamera pano, ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimakhalamo.

Kufunika kwa chilengedwe m'chilengedwe

Kufunika kwachilengedwe monga chilengedwe padziko lapansi sichingakhale chokwanira. Kutengera ntchito za chipolopolo cha zamoyo zonse, munthu amatha kuzindikira kufunikira kwake:

• Mphamvu. Zomera ndizoyimira pakati pa Dzuwa ndi Dziko Lapansi, ndipo, pakulandila mphamvu, gawo lina limagawidwa pakati pazinthu zonse za biosphere, ndipo gawo lina limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zinthu zamoyo.
• Gasi. Amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosiyanasiyana mu biosphere, kufalitsa kwawo, kusintha ndi kusamuka.
• Kuzindikira. Zolengedwa zonse zimasankha chakudya, kuti zitha kukhala zothandiza komanso zowopsa.
• Zowononga. Uku ndiko kuwonongeka kwa mchere ndi miyala, zinthu zakuthupi, zomwe zimathandizira kutulutsa kwatsopano kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe, pomwe zinthu zatsopano komanso zopanda moyo zimawonekera.
• Kupanga chilengedwe. Zimakhudza zochitika zachilengedwe, kapangidwe ka mpweya wamlengalenga, miyala yoyambira pansi ndi nthaka yosanjikiza, mtundu wamadzi am'madzi, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu padziko lapansi.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, gawo lachilengedwe lidanyozedwera, chifukwa, poyerekeza ndi magawo ena, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo padziko lapansi ndizochepa kwambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, zamoyo ndizamphamvu zachilengedwe, popanda njira zambiri, komanso moyo weniweniwo, sizingatheke. Pogwira ntchito zamoyo, kulumikizana kwawo, kutengera zinthu zopanda moyo, dziko lenileni komanso mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi amapangidwa.

Udindo wa Vernadsky pakuphunzira zachilengedwe

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe chinapangidwa ndi Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Adatulutsa chipolopolochi kuzinthu zina zapadziko lapansi, adakwaniritsa tanthauzo lake ndikuganiza kuti ndi gawo logwira ntchito lomwe limasintha ndikusintha zachilengedwe zonse. Wasayansiyo ndiye adakhazikitsa chitsogozo chatsopano - biogeochemistry, pamaziko omwe chiphunzitso cha biosphere chidakwaniritsidwa.

Kuphunzira zinthu zamoyo, Vernadsky anazindikira kuti mitundu yonse ya mpumulo, nyengo, mlengalenga, miyala yoyambira ndi zotsatira za ntchito za zamoyo zonse. Limodzi mwamaudindo akulu mu izi limaperekedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu panjira zambiri zapadziko lapansi, kukhala chinthu china chomwe chili ndi mphamvu inayake yomwe ingasinthe nkhope ya dziko lapansi.

Vladimir Ivanovich adapereka lingaliro la zamoyo zonse m'ntchito yake "Biosphere" (1926), yomwe idathandizira kubadwa kwa nthambi yatsopano yasayansi. Wophunzira pantchito yake adawonetsa biosphere ngati njira yofunikira, adawonetsa zigawo zake ndi kulumikizana kwawo, komanso udindo wa munthu. Zinthu zamoyo zikamagwirizana ndi zinthu zopanda pake, njira zingapo zimakhudzidwa:

• zamagetsi;
• zachilengedwe;
• zamoyo;
• zachilengedwe;
• kusamuka kwa ma atomu.

Vernadsky adawonetsa kuti malire a chilengedwe ndi gawo la moyo. Kukula kwake kumakhudzidwa ndi mpweya komanso kutentha kwa mpweya, madzi ndi mchere, nthaka ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Komanso, wasayansi anapeza zigawo zikuluzikulu za chilengedwe, zomwe takambirana pamwambapa, ndipo adazindikira chinthu chachikulu - chinthu chamoyo. Anakonzanso ntchito zonse zachilengedwe.

Mwa zina mwazofunikira pakuphunzitsa kwa Vernadsky zachilengedwe, malingaliro awa akhoza kusiyanitsidwa:

• biosphere ikuphimba chilengedwe chonse cha m'madzi mpaka kuya kwa nyanja, imaphatikizaponso malo osanjikiza padziko lapansi mpaka makilomita 3 ndi malo ampweya mpaka kumalire a troposphere;
• adawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa chilengedwe ndi zipolopolo zina mwa kusintha kwake komanso zochitika zonse zamoyo zonse;
• kulongosoka kwa chipolopolochi kumagona pakusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa zinthu zamoyo komanso zopanda moyo;
• ntchito ya zinthu zamoyo yasintha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi;
• kupezeka kwa chilengedwechi kumachitika chifukwa cha zakuthambo kwa Dziko Lapansi (mtunda kuchokera ku Dzuwa, momwe dziko lapansi limayendera), lomwe limatsimikizira nyengo, mayendedwe amoyo padziko lapansi;
• Mphamvu ya dzuwa ndiye gwero la moyo wazinthu zonse zachilengedwe.

Mwina awa ndi malingaliro ofunikira okhudza malo okhala omwe Vernadsky adakhazikitsa pophunzitsa, ngakhale ntchito zake ndizapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimafunikira kumvetsetsa kwina, zikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Iwo anakhala maziko a kafukufuku wa asayansi ena.

Kutulutsa

Mwachidule, ziyenera kudziwika kuti moyo wazachilengedwe umagawidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana komanso mosagwirizana. Zamoyo zambiri zimakhala padziko lapansi, kaya zam'madzi kapena zapansi. Zolengedwa zonse zimalumikizana ndi madzi, mchere komanso mlengalenga, polumikizana nawo mosalekeza. Izi ndizomwe zimapereka zinthu zabwino pamoyo (oxygen, madzi, kuwala, kutentha, michere). Kuzama kwambiri m'madzi am'nyanja kapena mobisa, m'pamenenso moyo wosasangalatsa.Zinthu zamoyo zimafalikiranso m'derali, ndipo ndikofunikira kudziwa kusiyanasiyana kwa zamoyo padziko lapansi. Kuti timvetsetse moyo uno, tifunikira zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri, kapena ngakhale mazana, koma tifunika kuyamika chilengedwe ndikuchitchinjiriza kuzinthu zoyipa zathu, anthu, masiku ano.

Onerani kanemayo: Yehova Mbusa Wanga (December 2024).