Biology, monga sayansi ina, ili ndi mawu achindunji. Zinthu zophweka zomwe zimakuzungulirani inu ndi ine nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mawu osamvetsetseka. Munkhaniyi tikambirana za omwe ali wovuta ndipo ndani angatchedwe mawu amenewo.
Kodi mawu oti "kudwala" amatanthauzanji?
Kudera ndi mtundu wa chomera kapena chinyama chomwe chimapezeka mdera laling'ono kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chinyama china chikukhala pamalo a makilomita mazana angapo ndipo sichipezeka kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, chimapezeka.
Malo okhala ochepa amatanthauza kukhala m'malo achilengedwe. Nyama zamtundu womwewo, zamoyo, mwachitsanzo, m'malo osungira nyama padziko lonse lapansi, sizichotsa "dzina" lopezeka kwa anzawo kuchokera kumtchire, dziko laulere.
Koala amapezeka ku Australia
Momwe madera akuwonekera
Kuletsa malo okhala nyama ndi zomera ndizovuta zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala kudzipatula kapena nyengo, komwe kumalepheretsa kufalikira kwa mitundu m'malo ambiri. Chitsanzo chabwino cha mikhalidwe yotere ndi chisumbu.
Ndi zilumba zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zomera ndi zinyama zomwe zimakhalako komwe zimangokhala komweko osati kwina kulikonse. Popeza adafika pantchitoyi zaka zambiri zapitazo, sangathe kusamukira kumtunda. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zili pachilumbachi zimalola kuti nyama kapena chomera chisapulumuke kokha, komanso kuti zibalitse ana, ndikupitilizabe mtundu wawo.
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zofikira pachilumbachi - mwachitsanzo, mbewu za zomera zosowa kwambiri zimatha kuwuluka pansi kapena pamiyendo ya mbalame. Nyama nthawi zambiri zimathera kuzilumbazi, chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, kusefukira kwa gawo lomwe amakhala kale.
Ngati tikulankhula za okhala m'madzi, ndiye kuti mkhalidwe wabwino wa mawonekedwe amtundu wamtunduwu ndi madzi otsekedwa. Nyanjayi, yomwe imadzazidwa ndi akasupe ndipo siyolumikizana ndi mitsinje kapena mitsinje, nthawi zambiri imakhala nyumba zambirimbiri zopanda mafupa kapena nsomba.
Komanso, zifukwa zomwe zimapezeka kumapeto kwa nyengo zimaphatikizapo nyengo inayake, popanda moyo wa mtundu winawake wosatheka. Izi zimabweretsa kuti zolengedwa zina zimakhala m'malo ena padziko lathuli m'dera laling'ono lamakilomita angapo.
Zitsanzo zakumapeto
Pali nyama ndi zomera zambiri zopezeka kuzilumba zam'nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, 80% yazomera zonse ku Saint Helena mu Nyanja ya Atlantic zimapezeka. Pazilumba za Galapagos, pali mitundu ina yochulukirapo - mpaka 97%. Ku Russia, Nyanja ya Baikal ndi chuma chenichenicho. Pano, 75% ya zamoyo zonse ndi zomera zimatha kutchedwa kuti zachilengedwe. Chimodzi mwa zotchuka komanso zodabwitsa ndi chidindo cha Baikal.
Chisindikizo cha Baikal - chofala kunyanja ya Baikal
Komanso pakati pa mapanganowa pali paleoendemics ndi neoendemics. Chifukwa chake, zakale ndi nyama ndi zomera zomwe zidalipo kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo, chifukwa chodzipatula kwathunthu, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu yofananira, koma yasintha kuchokera kumadera ena. Mwa kuwayang'ana, asayansi atha kupeza chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali chokhudza kusinthika ndi kukula kwa zamoyo. Paleoendemics imaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, coelacanth. Ndi nsomba yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti yatha zaka zoposa 60 miliyoni zapitazo, koma idapezeka mwangozi m'malo awiri padziko lapansi ndi malo okhala ochepa. Ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba zina, "zamakono".
Neoendemics ndi zomera ndi nyama zomwe zakhala patokha posachedwa ndipo zayamba kupangidwa mosiyana ndi mitundu yofananira yomwe imatha kudzipatula. Chisindikizo cha Baikal, chomwe chatchulidwa pamwambapa, chimakhala cha maphunzilo amomwemo.
Zolemba zovuta
- Zakale za ku Africa
- Zochitika ku Russia
- Zochitika ku South America
- Zovuta za Crimea
- Zochitika za Baikal
- Odwala ku Australia
