Njoka (lat. Sеrrents) ndi nthumwi za kagawo kakang'ono ka gulu la zokwawa ndi dongosolo la Scaly. Ngakhale kuti mitundu ina ya njoka ndi yapoizoni, pakadali pano zokwawa zambiri zam'maguluwa zili mgulu la nyama zosakhala zoopsa zamagazi ozizira.
Kufotokozera kwa njoka
Makolo a njoka amawerengedwa kuti ndi abuluzi, omwe mbadwa zawo zimayimilidwa ndi abuluzi ofanana ndi iguana... Pakusintha kwa njoka, kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika, komwe kumawonekera pamitundu yakunja ndi mitundu ya mitundu ya oimira suborder ochokera m'kalasi ya Reptiles.
Maonekedwe, mtundu
Njoka zimakhala ndi thupi lokhalitsa, lopanda miyendo, kutalika kwa 100 mm mpaka ≥700 cm, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku mitundu yopanda miyendo ya abuluzi kumayimiriridwa ndi kupezeka kwa nsagwada yosunthika, yomwe imalola chokwawa kumeza nyama yake yonse. Mwa zina, njoka zimasowa zikope zosunthika, eardrum, ndi lamba wamapewa wotchulidwa.
Thupi la njoka lophimbidwa ndi khungu lakhungu ndi louma. Kwa mitundu yambiri ya zokwawa zotere, kusinthasintha kwa khungu m'mimba ndimikhalidwe yolimba yolumikizira pansi, yomwe imathandizira kuyenda. Khungu limasintha pakhungu kapena kukhetsa kumachitika modzi wosanjikiza ndipo nthawi zonse nthawi yomweyo, chofanana ndi njira yosinthira masitoko mbali yolakwika.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maso amaphimbidwa ndi masikelo owonekera owonekera kapena zikope zotchedwa zosasunthika, chifukwa chake, zimakhala zotseguka nthawi zonse, ngakhale njokayo ikamagona, ndipo nthawi yomweyo pamaso pa molt, maso amatembenukira kubuluu ndikukhala mitambo.
Mitundu yambiri imasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa sikelo yomwe ili pamutu, kumbuyo ndi pamimba, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zolondola za reptile pazinthu zamsonkho. Njoka zotukuka kwambiri zili ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu yamiyeso yam'mbali yofananira ndi ma vertebrae, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuwerengera mafupa onse a nyama osatsegula.
Akuluakulu amakonda kusintha khungu lawo kamodzi kapena kangapo pachaka chimodzi. Komabe, kwa achichepere, omwe akupitilizabe kukula mwachangu, kusintha khungu kanayi pachaka. Khungu lomwe limakhetsedweratu ndikamayamwa njoka ndi chithunzi chabwino cha chivundikiro chakunja cha reptile. Pakhungu losakhulika, nthawi zambiri zimatheka kudziwa kuti njoka ndi yani.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Makhalidwe ndi moyo wanu zimadalira mtundu wa zokwawa zamagazi ozizira... Mwachitsanzo, njoka zodzigudubuza zimasiyanitsidwa ndi moyo wokhotakhota, zimayenda m'nthaka yofewa, zimawona mabowo a anthu ena, zimakwera pansi pa mizu ya zomera kapena ming'alu yapansi panthaka.
Mabwato adothi amatsogolera njira yobisa, yotchedwa njira yobowolerera, motero amakhala ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali mobisa kapena kubowolera kunkhalango. Njoka zotere zimangobwera pamwamba usiku kapena mvula. Mitundu ina yazinyama zadothi zimatha kukwawa mosavuta komanso mwachangu ngakhale pamitengo yayitali kapena tchire.
Mbalamezi zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango, madera otentha komanso m'malo am'mapiri, koma mitundu ina imakhala m'malo am'chipululu. Nthawi zambiri, nsato zimapezeka pafupi ndi madzi, zimatha kusambira bwino komanso kumiza. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yabwino pakukwera mitengo yamtengo; chifukwa chake, mitundu yamitengo yomwe imagwira ntchito madzulo kapena usiku imadziwika bwino ndipo imaphunziridwa pafupifupi kwathunthu.
Njoka zonyezimira zimatsogolera theka labisala, lotchedwa njira yamoyo, chifukwa chake, masana amakonda kubisala pansi pamiyala kapena m'mabowo akuya kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zokwawa zopanda magazi zotere zimadzibisalira pansi pa nkhalango kapena zimabowola ngalande mu nthaka yofewa, pomwe zimangofika pamwamba usiku. Mamembala am'banjali amakhala m'nkhalango zanyontho, minda wamba kapena minda ya mpunga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ina imakhala ndi njira zina zotetezera, chifukwa chake pakawonekera ngozi, imadzipindika kukhala mpira wolimba ndikugwiritsa ntchito "kukhetsa mwazi mwaufulu", komwe madontho kapena magazi amatuluka m'maso ndi mkamwa.
Kwa njoka zaku America zonga nyongolotsi, ndimakhalidwe okhala pansi pa nkhalango kapena mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo, ndipo moyo wachinsinsi sutilola kuti tidziwe molondola mawonekedwe azinyama ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka ngati izi.
Ndi njoka zingati zomwe zimakhala
Amakhulupirira kuti mitundu ina ya njoka imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka theka la zana, pomwe zokwawa zokhala ndi magazi ozizira zomwe zimasungidwa mndende zimakhala zowonda. Malinga ndi zomwe ambiri awona, nsato sizikhala zaka zoposa zana, pomwe mitundu ina ya njoka imakhala zaka pafupifupi 30 mpaka 40.
Njoka njoka
M'dera la dziko lathu, pakadali pano pali mitundu khumi ndi inayi yokha ya njoka zomwe zili m'gulu la nyama zakupha zozizira. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amadwala kuluma kwa mphiri kapena oimira banja la Aspid. Kapangidwe ka poizoni wa njoka kumaphatikizapo mapuloteni ndi ma peptide okhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana, komanso ma amino acid, lipids ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Komanso, poyizoni wa njoka mumakhala michere yomwe imatha kuwononga minofu ya anthu, chifukwa cha poyizoni.
Enzyme ya hyaluronidase imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa minofu yolumikizana ndikuwononga ma capillaries ang'onoang'ono. Mbali phospholipase ndi cleavage wa zamadzimadzi wosanjikiza maselo ofiira ndi chiwonongeko chotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, poizoni wa mphiri uli ndi michere yonse iwiri, chifukwa chake imawononga kayendedwe ka magazi ndikupanga magazi oundana komanso kuphwanya magazi kwathunthu... Minyewa yomwe imapezeka mu poyizoni imayambitsa kufooka kwa minofu ya kupuma, komwe kumapangitsa kuti munthu afe chifukwa chobanika.
Komabe, poizoni wa njoka, madzi opanda utoto, opanda fungo, achikasu, ali ndi mankhwala ambiri. Pazifukwa zamankhwala, ziphe zobisidwa ndi mphiri, gurza ndi njoka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafuta ndi jakisoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda okhudzana ndi minofu ndi mafupa, pochiza mabala ndi kuvulala, rheumatism ndi polyarthritis, komanso radiculitis ndi osteochondrosis. Mafinya a Viper ndi gyurza ndi amodzi mwa mankhwala a hemostatic, ndipo poyizoni wa cobra ndi gawo limodzi la mankhwala opha ululu komanso opatsirana.
Asayansi akupanga zoyeserera zingapo zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuphunzira zovuta za njoka za njoka pa zotupa za khansa. Katundu wa chinthu chotere amadziwika kuti ndi njira yoletsa ndikuletsa kukula kwa matenda amtima. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri poizoni wa njoka kumapangidwabe ndi ma seramu, omwe amabayidwa jakisoni akafuna kudya magazi ozizirawa. Pokonza sera, magazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamahatchi omwe abayidwa ndi poizoni.
Mitundu ya njoka
Malinga ndi The Rertile Database, koyambirira kwa chaka chatha panali mitundu yoposa 3.5,000 ya njoka, yolumikizana m'mabanja opitilira awiri, komanso mabanja akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi. Komanso, mitundu ya njoka zapoizoni pafupifupi 25% yathunthu.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri:
- banja lokondaokha Aniliidae, kapena njoka za Kalkovate, ali ndi thupi lozungulira lokhala ndi mchira waufupi kwambiri komanso wosalimba wokutidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono;
- banja Volyeriidae, kapena mascarene boas - amasiyana maxillary fupa, lomwe limagawika magawo awiri, osunthika olumikizirana;
- banja la Tropidorhiidae, kapena ma boas apadziko lapansi - nyama zamagazi ozizira zomwe zilibe mapapo akumanzere pamaso pamapapu;
- banja lokhalokha la Acroshordidae, kapena njoka za Warty - zimakhala ndi thupi lokutidwa ndi magalasi ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono omwe samaphimbirana, kotero mutha kuwona kupezeka kwa malo opanda khungu;
- banja la monotypic Cylindrophiidae, kapena njoka za Cylindrical - zodziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa mano pa fupa la intermaxillary, komanso kupezeka kwa maso ang'onoang'ono komanso otukuka, osaphimbidwa ndi chishango;
- banja Uroreltidae, kapena njoka za Shield-tailed - zimayenda bwino kwambiri komanso zimakhala ndi thupi losiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana;
- banja la monotypic Lohocemidae, kapena mimbulu yadothi yaku Mexico, amadziwika ndi thupi lakuda komanso lolimba, lopapatiza komanso lotupa, masikelo ofiira kapena otuwa ndi bulauni;
- banja la Pythonidae, kapena achimbudzi - amadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso kupezeka kwa ziwalo zam'mbuyo ndi lamba wamchiuno;
- banja monotypic Xenoreltidae, kapena Wowala njoka, ndi cylindrical thupi ndi mchira lalifupi, mutu wokutidwa ndi zishango zikuluzikulu, komanso mamba yosalala ndi chonyezimira ndi khalidwe utoto iridescent;
- banja la Voidae, kapena njoka zamiyendo yabodza - ndi njoka zolemetsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mpaka zolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu zana, kuphatikiza ndi anaconda;
- mabanja ambiri Colubridae, kapena mawonekedwe a Sag - amasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'litali ndi mawonekedwe amthupi;
- banja lalikulu la Elapidae, kapena Aspidaceae - ali ndi kamangidwe kocheperako, mamba osalala bwino, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu pamutu;
- banja Vireidae, kapena Viper - njoka zapoizoni, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mayini atali ataliatali komanso obowoka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa poizoni waphewa wopangidwa ndimatenda apadera;
- banja Anomalerididae, kapena njoka zaku America zonga njoka - zazing'ono kukula ndi nyama zopanda magazi ozizira, zosaposa 28-30 cm;
- Banja Tyrhloridae, kapena Njoka Zakhungu, ndi njoka zazing'ono ngati nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala ndi mchira waufupi kwambiri komanso wokutira, wozungulira, nthawi zambiri zimathera pamsana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kufanana kwa njoka zakhungu ndi akadzidzi ndizodziwika bwino, zomwe zimawabweretsa mumtanda wokhala ndi anapiye. Njoka zimawononga tizilombo ta nthenga tomwe timapezeka mnyumba, chifukwa chake zikopa zimakula bwino komanso kulimba.
Mabanja omwe atheratu a njoka ndi Madtsoiidae, kuphatikiza Sanajeh indisus, omwe adakhala zaka zopitilira 60 miliyoni zapitazo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Pafupifupi malo onse okhala padziko lapansi akhala akudziwika ndi njoka. Zokwawa zokhala ndi magazi ozizira ndizofala makamaka kumadera otentha a Asia ndi Africa, kumwera kwa America ndi ku Australia:
- Njoka Zotulutsidwa - South America;
- Bolierids - Chilumba Chozungulira pafupi ndi Mauritius;
- Mabwato apansi - kumwera kwa Mexico, Central ndi South America, Antilles ndi Bahamas;
- Njoka zam'madzi - kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, New Guinea, Australia ndi India;
- Njoka za Shield - Sri Lanka, Indian subcontinent ndi Southeast Asia;
- Zakudya zadothi zaku Mexico - nkhalango zam'malo otentha ndi zigwa zowuma;
- Njoka zowala - kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, Malay Archipelago ndi Philippines;
- Njoka zamiyendo yabodza - madera otentha, otentha komanso pang'ono otentha kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa ma hemispheres;
- Zopangidwa kale - sizikupezeka kumadera akutali a dziko lathu lapansi;
- Asps - madera otentha ndi madera otentha kumadera onse padziko lapansi kupatula ku Europe;
- Njoka zonga nyongolotsi zaku America - Central ndi kumwera kwa America.
Njoka zimakonda madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, momwe amatha kukhala m'nkhalango, m'chipululu ndi m'mapiri, m'malo otsetsereka ndi madera akumapiri.
Zakudya za njoka
Zakudya za njoka ndizosiyana kwambiri.... Mwachitsanzo, njoka zamtchire zimakonda kudyetsa nsomba zokha, ndipo chakudya cha njoka zotchinga ndi mbozi zapadziko lapansi, komanso abuluzi ambiri ang'onoang'ono. Chakudya cha njoka zadothi zaku Mexico chimayimiridwa ndi makoswe ndi abuluzi, komanso mazira a iguana. Nthawi zambiri nyama zoluma zimadya nyama zosiyana kwambiri. Zakudya zazikuluzikulu zimatha kusaka ngakhale nkhandwe ndi nungu, mbalame ndi abuluzi ena.
Zakudya zazing'ono kwambiri zimadya makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi abuluzi mosangalala kwambiri, nthawi zina zimadya achule. Mitengoyi imagwira nyama yawo ndi mano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imafinya matupi ndi mphete. Njoka zowala ndi osaka bwino, zimawononga mwachangu njoka zazing'ono, makoswe ambiri, achule ndi mbalame, komanso zakudya za oimira banja la Aspid ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Njoka za m'banja la Elapidae zimathanso kudya nyama, mbalame ndi njoka, abuluzi ndi achule, ndi nsomba, koma zambiri zimatha kudya pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa chakudya choyenera. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tambiri timakonda kudya njoka zaku America ngati nyongolotsi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyamayo imamezedwa ndi mimbulu, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zida za nsagwada, koma ngati kuli kotheka, zokwawa zotere zimatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njoka zopanda poizoni zimameza nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo, koma zimatha kupha nyama yawo, kuzikakamiza ndi nsagwada zawo ndikukankhira mwamphamvu padziko lapansi ndi thupi lawo lonse. Boas ndi mimbulu zimakonda kupinimbira nyama zawo m'makona amthupi. Mitundu ya njoka yapoizoni imagwira nyama yawo pomubaya ndi poizoni mthupi lake. Poizoni amalowa mwa wodwalayo kudzera m'mano apadera othamangitsa mano amtundu wozizira wamtunduwu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Gawo lalikulu la mitundu ya njoka limangobereka mwa kuyikira mazira, koma kwa ena oimira gawo lachiwombankhanga ndi dongosolo la Scaly, malingaliro pagulu la ovoviviparous kapena viviparous ndiwodziwika. Mwachitsanzo, njoka zoyenda kumbuyo kwa chishango ndi ovoviviparous, ndipo ndowe zawo zimaimiridwa ndi ana awiri mpaka 10... Zakudya zadothi zaku Mexico zimaikira mazira pafupifupi anayi akulu, ndipo njoka zamiyendo yabodza zimaimiridwa ndi mitundu ya viviparous ndi oviparous.
Mitundu yambiri ya banja la Aspida imayamba kubereka kamodzi pachaka, ndikumayambiriro kwa masika, kutsagana ndi njirayi ndi nkhondo zenizeni zazimuna zokomera akazi. Kusalolerana kotereku kwamphongo kwa wina ndi mnzake ndikumayamba kwa nyengo yokwanira kumatilola kuwona kulongosola kwa ubale pakati pa anthu, kapena njoka zotchedwa "kuvina".
Ndizosangalatsa! Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njoka zonse zamakorali, ma mamba, komanso ma land ndi nyanja, mamba ambiri ndi theka la asps odziwika ku Australia, amayikira mazira.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamasiku ano ya njoka imangobereka mwakugonana, kutengapo gawo pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, koma oimira mabanjawo amakhala otengeka ndi parthenogenesis - kubereka pogwiritsa ntchito mazira osakwaniritsidwa komanso amuna osachita izi. Pali zosiyana zochepa kwambiri pakati pa njoka, zoyimiridwa ndi ma hermaphrodites enieni - anthu omwe ndi akazi ndi amuna nthawi imodzi.
Adani achilengedwe
Mwachilengedwe, njoka zimakhala ndi adani ambiri omwe amatha kuwononga ngakhale mitundu yapoizoni ya zokwawa.Kulimbana ndi njoka, ma hedgehogs, ferrets ndi weasels, martens ndi mbalame zambiri, kuphatikiza ziwombankhanga zowoneka, mbalame ya mlembi ndi nkhwangwa yaying'ono yothamanga, khungubwe ndi khwangwala, magpie ndi ziwombankhanga, komanso nkhanga, zomwe sizimakhudzidwa ndi poyizoni wa njoka, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Mfumu Cobra
- Njoka yamfumu
- Njoka yamphongo yofiira
- Black Mamba
Mongooses alinso ndi chitetezo chobadwa nacho - m'modzi mwa adani akuluakulu, osagwirizana am'magulu amtundu wa Reptiles ndi Scaly squad. M'dera la Brazil amakhala kale, wotchedwa musurana. Nyama yotere, yomwe siikulu kwambiri komanso yopanda vuto lililonse kwa anthu, imadya bwino zokwawa, kuphatikizapo njoka zapoizoni.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Masiku ano, mitundu yocheperako ya njoka ndi:
- Njoka ya Wagner (Wagner's Virer);
- Alcatrazes Lansehead;
- njoka yamchere yochokera pachilumba cha Santa Catalina (Chilumba cha Santa Catalina Rattlesnake)
- Njoka ya Antiguan (Antiguan Racer);
- Njoka ya Darevsky (Darevsky's Virer);
- Njoka yam'nyanja yamfupi (Shоrt-Nоsеd Seа Snake);
- nkhonya mascarene boa constrictor (Rounde Island Boa);
- njoka yam'madzi yozizira (Aruba Island Rattlesnake);
- Njoka ya Orlov (Virer wa Orlov);
- Njoka ya Slimusian (Njoka ya St Lucia Racer)
Zamoyo zonse zomwe zidaphatikizidwa ndi banja la Earthen boa pano zidalembedwa mu Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa CITES pa Zamalonda Padziko Lonse. Mwazina, mitundu ina ya banja la a Pythons kale idawonongedwa kwambiri kuti ichotse nyama ndi khungu, ndipo chiwonetsero chonse cha oimira ena chidachepa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo chifukwa cha zochitika zachuma zaumunthu, chifukwa chake zokwawa zopanda magazi zimaphatikizidwa patsamba la IUCN Red List.
