Whale wamtambo (wosanza) ndiye wokhala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Imalemera mpaka matani 170, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kufika mamita 30. Oimira ochepa okha amtunduwu amakula mpaka kukula uku, koma enawo amathanso kutchedwa zimphona ndi chifukwa chabwino. Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwachangu, kuchuluka kwa chisangalalo kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo tsopano akuwopsezedwa kuti atha.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Blue whale
Zinsomba, monga ma cetacean ena onse, si nsomba, koma nyama zoyamwitsa, ndipo zimachokera kumtunda wa artiodactyls. Kufanana kwawo ndi nsomba ndi chifukwa cha kusinthika kosinthika, komwe zinthu zomwe zimakhala m'malo ofanana, poyamba zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zina, zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri mofananamo pakapita nthawi.
Mwa nyama zina zamakono, pafupi kwambiri ndi anamgumi si nsomba, koma mvuu. Zaka zopitilira 50 miliyoni zidadutsa pomwe kholo lawo limakhala padziko lapansi - amakhala pamtunda. Kenako imodzi mwa mitunduyi yomwe idatsika kuchokera kwa iye idasamukira kunyanja ndikupanga ma cetacean.
Kanema: Whale Blue
Malongosoledwe asayansi okhudzana ndi chisangalalo adaperekedwa koyamba ndi R. Sibbald mu 1694, chifukwa chake kwanthawi yayitali amatchedwa minbal ya Sibbald. Dzina lachi Latin lovomerezeka ndi masiku ano Balaenoptera musculus lidaperekedwa ndi K. Linnaeus mu 1758. Gawo lake loyamba limamasuliridwa kuti "mapiko a nangumi", ndipo lachiwiri - "laminyewa" kapena "mbewa".
Kwa nthawi yayitali, anangumi a buluu sanaphunzirepo, ndipo asayansi sanadziwe ngakhale momwe zimawonekera: zojambula m'mabuku ofotokozera za m'zaka 100 zapitazi sizolondola. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, mitunduyo idayamba kuphunzitsidwa mwadongosolo, nthawi yomweyo dzina lake lamakono, ndiye kuti, "whale blue", idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mtundu uwu umaphatikizapo ma subspecies atatu:
- nsomba yamtambo yobiriwira;
- kumpoto;
- kum'mwera.
Amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake. Mitengo yam'madzi imakhala m'nyanja yotentha ya Indian, pomwe oimira ma subspecies ena awiri amakonda madzi ozizira ndikusamukira ku Arctic kapena Antarctic nthawi yotentha. Mitundu yakumpoto imatengedwa ngati mtundu wa subspecies, koma ma blues akumwera ndi ochulukirapo komanso okulirapo.
Ziwalo zamkati zimasanza kuti zigwirizane ndi kukula kwa thupi lake - chifukwa chake, mtima wake umalemera matani atatu. Ndipo pakamwa pa nangumi uyu, chipinda chamkati chimakwanira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Whale blue whale
Khungu lakuda ndi mawanga. Mthunzi wakumbuyo ndi mbali zake ndi wopepuka pang'ono, ndipo mutu, m'malo mwake, ndi wakuda. Mimbayo ndi yachikasu, ndichifukwa chake m'mbuyomu inkatchedwa chinsomba chachikasu. Dzinalo limaperekedwa kwa nyamayo chifukwa kuti msana wake umatha kuwoneka wabuluu ukawonedwa m'madzi am'nyanja.
Khungu limakhala lofewa, koma pamizere pamimba ndi pakhosi palipo. Tiziromboti tambiri tambiri timakhala pakhungu ndi pachimake pa nyama ya whale. Maso ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi thupi - masentimita 10 okha m'mimba mwake, omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mutu, womwe umafanana ndi nsapato.
Nsagwada ndizotentha ndipo zimatulukira kutsogolo pafupifupi masentimita 20 ndikatseka pakamwa. Anangumi ali ndi magazi ofunda, ndipo mafuta owoneka bwino amafunsidwa kuti athandize kutentha.
Palibe ma gill, ma blues amapuma mothandizidwa ndi mapapu amphamvu: pafupifupi kusinthanitsa kwathunthu kwa mpweya kumatha kuchitika nthawi imodzi - ndi 90% (poyerekeza: munthu amafunika kupuma sikisi kuti akwaniritse chizindikirochi).
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapapu awo, anamgumi amatha kukhala ozama kwa mphindi 40 asanafune mpweya watsopano. Whale ikakwera pamwamba ndikutulutsa, kasupe wa mpweya wofunda umawonekera, ndipo phokoso lomwe limatulutsidwa panthawiyi limamveka patali - makilomita 3-4 kutali.
Ponseponse, pali ma mbale a whalebulo mazana angapo akuyeza 100 ndi 30 sentimita mkamwa mwa nyama. Mothandizidwa ndi ma mbalewo, masanziwo amatulutsa madziwo, ndipo mphonje zomwe amaliziramo zimasefa thabwa lomwe namgumiyo amadyetsa.
Kodi namgumi wa buluu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Whale wamkulu wabuluu
M'mbuyomu, chisangalalo chinkapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, koma chiwerengerocho chidatsika kwambiri, ndipo malowo adang'ambika. Pali madera angapo momwe nyamayi imapezeka nthawi zambiri.
M'chilimwe, limakhala lamba lamadzi otentha ndi antarctic. M'nyengo yozizira, amayenda pafupi ndi equator. Koma sakonda madzi ofunda kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi samasambira kupita ku equator palokha, ngakhale nthawi yosamuka. Koma ma buluu amtambo amakhala m'madzi ofunda a Indian Ocean chaka chonse - samasambira m'nyanja zozizira nkomwe.
Njira zosunthira zamabulu sizimamvetsetseka bwino, ndipo munthu amangolemba komwe kupezeka kwawo kudalembedwa. Kusuntha kwanyengo kwayokha kwanthawi yayitali sikunadziwikebe, chifukwa chakudya m'nyanja za Arctic ndi Antarctic chimakhalabe chimodzimodzi m'nyengo yozizira. Malongosoledwe ofala kwambiri masiku ano ndikuti amafunikira ana omwe mafuta ake osakwanira sangakhale m'madzi ozizira nthawi yozizira.
Magulu ambiri amtambo ali ku Southern Hemisphere, Kumpoto samakonda kwenikweni, koma nthawi zina amasambira mpaka kugombe la Portugal ndi Spain, adakumana nawo pagombe lachi Greek, ngakhale samakonda kusambira ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Singapezeke kawirikawiri pagombe la Russia.
Pali anangumi ambiri (omwe amatchedwanso ziweto) - samasakanikirana ndi nthumwi za anthu ena, ngakhale mitundu yawo ingapitirire. M'nyanja zakumpoto, ofufuza adazindikira anthu 9 kapena 10, palibe zoterezi zakunyanja zakumwera.
Kodi anangumi akudya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Whale blue whale
Menyu yawo imakhala ndi:
- plankton;
- nsomba;
- sikwidi.
Kukhazikika koyipa, komwe maziko azakudya ndi plankton, omwe amakhala ndi krill. Kutengera dera, izi zitha kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanu. Ponena za nsombazi, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri a zamagetsi (ili ndi dzina la akatswiri omwe amachita nawo kafukufukuyu), imangowoneka pamndandanda wa anangumi mwangozi, kupita kumeneko akamameza ma crustaceans, makamaka namgumi samadya.
Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti ngati namgumi wa buluu sangapeze nkhono zochuluka zokwanira kukhutiritsa chilakolako chake, ndiye kuti amasambira mwadala masukulu a nsomba zing'onozing'ono ndikuzimeza. Zomwezo zimachitikanso ndi nyamayi.
Mulimonsemo, ndi plankton yomwe imalamulira pakusanza kwa nyama: chinyama chimapeza kudzikundikira kwake, chimasambira ndikulowerera mwachangu kwambiri ndikutenga matani mamiliyoni amadzi mkamwa momasuka nthawi imodzi. Mukamadya, mumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, chifukwa chake namgumi amafunikira kufunafuna chakudya chochuluka - sichimachita ndi zazing'ono.
Kuti nsomba ya buluu idyetse bwino imafunika kuyamwa matani 1-1.5 a chakudya. Zonsezi, pakufunika matani 3-4 patsiku - chifukwa cha ichi, nyama imasefa madzi ambiri. Chakudya, imadumphira pansi kuya kwa mita 80-150 - ma dive oterewa amapangidwa pafupipafupi.
Idasanza kwambiri kuposa ma dinosaurs akulu, omwe kulemera kwake kunali kotsimikizika ndi asayansi. Chitsanzo cholemera matani 173 chidalembedwa, ndipo iyi ndi matani 65 kuposa kuchuluka kwa dinosaurs wamkulu kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Blue whale munyanja
Nthawi zambiri amasambira m'modzi, ndipo nthawi zina awiri kapena atatu. M'madera olemera ndi plankton, magulu angapo otere amatha kusonkhana. Koma ngakhale anamgumiwo atasokera kulowa pagulu, amakhalabe otalikirana, ndipo pakapita kanthawi amalephera.
Simungazipeze pafupi ndi gombe - zimakonda thambo komanso kuya. Amakhala nthawi yayitali akusambira modekha kuchokera pamtengo umodzi wa plankton kupita ku wina - izi zitha kufananizidwa ndi momwe zimadyera msipu.
Pafupifupi, nangumi wa buluu amasambira pamtunda wa pafupifupi 10 km / h, koma amatha kusambira mwachangu - ngati akuwopa china chake, amafika 25-30 km / h, koma kwakanthawi kochepa, chifukwa panthawi yothamanga imeneyi amathera mphamvu zambiri ...
Njira yomiza chakudya ndi yosangalatsa - imafunika kukonzekera. Choyamba, namgumiyo amatulutsa mapapu ake, kenako amapuma mwamphamvu, ndikutsika pang'ono maulendo khumi ndikubweranso kumtunda, ndipo pambuyo pake amangomira mwakuya komanso kwakanthawi.
Kawirikawiri masanziwo amapita m'madzi mamita 100 kapena awiri, koma akawopsedwa, amatha kumira kwambiri - mpaka theka la kilomita. Izi zimachitika ngati anamgumi akumupha akamusaka. Pambuyo pa mphindi 8-20, namgumiyo amatuluka ndikuyamba kupuma mwachangu, kutulutsa akasupe mumlengalenga.
Popeza "adapeza mpweya" m'mphindi zochepa, amatha kuponyanso m'madzi. Ngati namgumi akuthamangitsidwa, ndiye kuti pamadzi amatha kukhala motalika, mpaka mphindi 40-50, koma pang'onopang'ono amataya mphamvu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baby whale cub
Zizindikiro zamphamvu za infrasonic pafupipafupi za 10-20 Hz zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi anamgumi ena. Ndi chithandizo chawo, ma blues amatha kudziwitsa achibale awo akusambira patali kwambiri.
Nyama izi ndizokwatirana, ndipo awiriawiri okhazikika akhala akusambira limodzi kwazaka zambiri. Kamodzi pakatha zaka ziwiri, nsomba imawonekera awiriawiri - izi zisanachitike, mkaziyo amakhala nayo pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Mwana wakhanda amadyetsedwa mkaka wonenepa kwambiri kwa miyezi yopitilira sikisi, ndipo pa chakudya cha mkaka tsiku lililonse amawonjezera makilogalamu zana.
Zotsatira zake, zimakula mwachangu kwambiri mpaka kukula kwakukulu, mpaka matani 20, kapena kulemera kopitilira apo. Blues yobereka yayamba kale kuyambira zaka 4-5, koma ngakhale nthawi imeneyi isanayambike, njira yakukula ikupitilira - imatha mpaka zaka 15.
Malingaliro a ofufuza za kutalika kwa moyo wachisangalalo amasiyana. Kuyerekeza kocheperako ndi zaka 40, koma malinga ndi magwero ena amakhala zaka zowirikiza kawiri, ndipo azaka zana limodzi amapitilira zaka zana. Zomwe kuyerekezera kuli pafupi ndi chowonadi sizinakhazikitsidwe motsimikizika.
Blues ndi zolengedwa zaphokoso kwambiri. Akulira kwambiri kuposa ndege ya ndege! Achibale amatha kumva nyimbo zawo pamtunda wa mazana komanso ngakhale zikwizikwi.
Adani achilengedwe a anamgumi amtambo
Chithunzi: Blue whale
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, anamgumi okhaokha ndiwo amawasaka. Koposa zonse amakonda chilankhulo cha nangumi. Komanso amalimbana ndi anamgumi ang'onoang'ono kapena odwala - kuyesa kusaka yathanzi, ndi ulesi wake wonse, sikudzabweretsa chilichonse chabwino - kusiyana kwa misa ndi kwakukulu kwambiri.
Ngakhale zili choncho, kuti agonjetse namgumi, anamgumi opha anzawo amayenera kukhala pagulu, nthawi zina anthu ambiri. Pakusaka, anamgumi opha amayesa kuyendetsa nyama yawo m'madzi, osawalola kuti adzuke ndikubwezeretsanso mpweya wawo. Pamapeto pake, namgumi amafooka ndikulimbana mopitilira muyeso mopepuka, pomwe anamgumi akupha amatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Amalimbana ndi anangumiwo mosiyanasiyana, amang'amba zidutswa za thupi lake kenako amafooka, kenako ndikupha.
Koma kuwonongeka kwa anamgumi opha sikungafanane ndi zomwe anthu adayambitsa anamgumi amtundu wabuluu, chifukwa chake anali munthu yemwe popanda kukokomeza angatchedwe mdani wawo wamkulu, mpaka kuletsa kusodza. Ndi chifukwa cha kuwomba nsomba mwamphamvu komwe kusokoneza bongo kuli pachiwopsezo. Kuchokera ku namgumi wina wotere, mutha kupeza matani 25-30 a mafuta, whalebone yamtengo wapatali, momwe zinthu zambiri zimapangidwira, kuyambira maburashi ndi ma corsets mpaka matupi onyamula ndi mipando, ndipo nyama yawo ili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri.
Kuwonongedwa kwa namgumi wabuluu kunayamba pambuyo poti khansa ya harpoon idawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka zana lomaliza zisanachitike, pambuyo pake zidatheka kuzisaka moyenera kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwake kunakulirakulira anthu atatsala pang'ono kuwononga anangumi, ndipo mtundu wabuluu udakhala gwero latsopano la blubber ndi whalebone. Kupanga kwamalonda akusanza kunayimitsidwa mu 1966 kokha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Whale blue whale
Asanawonongedwe ndi anthu, anthu anali m'mazana mazana - malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 200,000 mpaka 600,000 anthu. Koma chifukwa cha kusaka mwamphamvu, kuchuluka kwa chisangalalo kwatsika kwambiri. Ndi angati omwe ali padziko lapansi pano ndi funso lovuta, ndipo kuwunika kwa ofufuza kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri kutengera njira yowerengera yomwe agwiritsa ntchito.
Kuyerekeza kocheperako kumaganizira kuti pali nyulu 1,300 mpaka 2,000 padziko lapansi, pomwe nyama pafupifupi 300 mpaka 600 zimakhala kunyanja zakumpoto. Ofufuza ena opatsa chiyembekezo amapereka ziwerengero za 3,000 - 4,000 za nyanja zakumpoto ndi 6,000 - 10,000 zakumwera.
Mulimonsemo, kuchuluka kwawo kwasokonezedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake mabuluwo apatsidwa udindo wa nyama yomwe ili pangozi (EN) ndipo akutetezedwa. Kugwira ntchito m'makampani sikuletsedwa konse, ndipo kupha nyama mosavomerezeka kumaponderezedwa - zilango za omwe amadziwika kuti ndi opha nyama mosavomerezeka akhala ndi zotsatirapo, ndipo pano milandu yakugwidwa kwa anamgumi a buluu ndiyosowa.
Ngakhale izi, akuwopsezedwabe, ndipo anthu awo akuchira pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chovuta kubereka ndi zina:
- kuipitsa madzi a m'nyanja;
- kuchuluka kwa ma network osalala ataliatali;
- kuwombana ndi zombo.
Awa onse ndi mavuto akulu, mwachitsanzo, m'gulu la nsomba zomwe akatswiri amaphunzira ndi asayansi, 9% adawonetsa zipsera chifukwa chogundana ndi zombo, ndipo 12% anali ndi zipsera zochokera kuneti. Komabe, m'masiku aposachedwa, kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa anamgumi a buluu kwalembedwa, zomwe zimapereka chiyembekezo kuti mitundu iyi isungidwe.
Koma anthu akukula pang'onopang'ono. Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zomwe zidatchulidwa, chifukwa chake ndichakuti nicheyo inali ndi anangumi ang'onoang'ono, ma minle whale. Anthu sanasamale nawo, chifukwa cha zomwe adachulukitsa ndipo tsopano amadya magulu ambiri a krill asanafike pang'onopang'ono.
Ubongo wa nangumi wa buluu ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi ziwalo zina - umangolemera makilogalamu 7 okha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anamgumi, monga a dolphin, ndi nyama zanzeru, amadziwika ndi luso lotha kumva. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti amatha kutumiza ndi kulandira zithunzi kudzera pakamvekedwe, ndipo ubongo wawo umapanga zambiri kuposa 20 kuposa munthu.
Chitetezo cha whale
Chithunzi: Blue whale kuchokera ku Red Book
Njira yayikulu yotetezera anamgumi amtambo popeza mndandanda wawo ndi choletsa kusodza. Chifukwa chakuti amakhala munyanja, sizotheka kutenga njira zodzitetezera, makamaka popeza madzi omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali sakhala amchigawo chilichonse.
Koma izi sizofunikira kwenikweni. Chowonadi ndichakuti pankhaniyi, kukula kwakukulu kumaseweredwa kuti apindule ndi anamgumi abuluu - ndizovuta kwambiri kuwagwira. Ntchitoyi imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chotengera chachikulu, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuwonetsa gulu lazaziphuphu.
Mosiyana ndi nsomba zing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimagwidwa kuti zisaletsedwe, kukondweretsedwa pambuyo poti aphatikizidwe mu Red Book kudatha. Sipanakhalepo zochitika ngati izi zolembedwa kwazaka zambiri.
Zachidziwikire, pali zinthu zina zomwe zikulepheretsa kuchuluka kwa anangumi, koma kulimbana nawo ndikovuta kwambiri - ndizosatheka kuletsa kuwonongeka kwamadzi komwe kumachitika, komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri zombo zomwe zikuyenda pamenepo ndikuwulula maukonde osalala.
Ngakhale chinthu chomaliza chitha kuthetsedwa bwino: m'maiko ambiri, miyezo yokhazikitsidwa yakhazikitsidwa pakukula ndi kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwama netiweki. M'madera ena, tikulimbikitsidwanso kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwa zombo m'malo omwe mumakhala nyulu zambiri.
Whale wamtambo - cholengedwa chodabwitsa, osati chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi moyo wautali. Ochita kafukufuku akuyesetsanso kuphunzira kayendedwe ka mawu awo - munjira zambiri mosiyana ndikulola kulumikizana patali kwambiri. Mulimonsemo siziyenera kutha kutha kwa mitundu yosangalatsayi yophunzirira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05/10/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 17:41
