Ndi chizolowezi kuyatsa moto njira yoyaka yosalamulirika. Moto wa m'nkhalango - momwemonso, koma pamalo obzalidwa mitengo. Moto wa m'nkhalango umakonda kupezeka m'malo obiriwira omwe ali ndi udzu, zitsamba, matabwa akufa kapena peat. Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatirapo za masokawa zimasiyana madera.
Malasha a malasha akuwonetsa kuti moto udayambika patangopita zaka zapadziko lapansi zaka 420 miliyoni zitayamba. Kupezeka kwa moto m'nkhalango m'mbiri yonse ya moyo wapadziko lapansi kumadzutsa lingaliro loti moto uyenera kuti udakhudza chilengedwe ndi zinyama zachilengedwe.
Mitundu ndi gulu la moto m'nkhalango
Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yamoto wamatchire: kumtunda, kutsika ndi pansi.
Akavalo amawotcha mitengo mpaka kumtunda. Izi ndi moto wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wowopsa. Monga lamulo, zimakhudza kwambiri korona wa mitengo. Tiyenera kudziwa apa kuti moto woterewu m'nkhalango za coniferous ndiwowopsa kwambiri chifukwa champhamvu zamoto. Komabe, zimathandizanso chilengedwe, chifukwa mzikiti zikawotchedwa, kuwala kwa dzuwa kumatha kufikira pansi, ndikuthandizira kukhala ndi moyo pambuyo pangozi.
Moto wapansi umayatsa mitengo yapansi, tchire ndi chivundikiro cha nthaka (chilichonse chomwe chimakwirira nthaka: masamba, brushwood, ndi zina). Ndi mtundu wopepuka kwambiri ndipo suwononga nkhalango.
Moto wapansi panthaka umapezeka mumitundumitundu ya humus, peat, ndi zomera zina zomwe zakufa zomwe zimauma zokwanira kuwotcha. Moto uwu umafalikira pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi zina umakhala wovuta kuzimitsa. Nthawi zina, makamaka pakakhala chilala, zimatha kufukiza nthawi yonse yozizira pansi, kenako nkuwonekeranso masika.
Chithunzi cha moto wokwera m'nkhalango
Zomwe zimachitika
Moto wa m'nkhalango ukhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zopangira.
Zoyambitsa zachilengedwe makamaka zimaphatikizapo mphezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri (mapiri ophulika ku Russia), kuthetheka kochokera kugwa kwamiyala ndi kuyaka kwadzidzidzi. Iliyonse ya iwo ndi gwero lamoto la mitengo. Zinthu zabwino zakufalikira kwa nkhalango yamoto zimayamba chifukwa cha kutentha, kutentha pang'ono, zinthu zambiri zoyaka, ndi zina zambiri.
Pazifukwa zopangidwa ndi anthu, moto m'nkhalango ukhoza kuyambitsa ngati moto monga moto, ndudu, magetsi, kapena china chilichonse choyaka moto chimakumana ndi zinthu zilizonse zomwe zitha kuyaka m'nkhalango chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza anthu, kunyalanyaza, kapena cholinga.
Makhalidwe amoto
Pali zinthu zingapo zamoto wamoto. Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pamoto, moto wamnkhalango udagawika: kumtunda, kutsika ndi pansi.
Malinga ndi liwiro la kupita patsogolo, moto wapamwamba komanso wotsika umagawika othawa komanso okhazikika.
Moto wapansi panthaka umadziwika kuti ndiwofooka, osakhudza masentimita opitilira 25. Wapakatikati - 25-50 cm, komanso wamphamvu ngati masentimita opitilira 50 apsa.
Moto wa m'nkhalango umagawidwanso kutengera dera lomwe amagawira. Moto umadziwika kuti ndiwowopsa, pomwe dera lomwe lakutidwa ndi moto limapitilira mahekitala 2000. Moto waukulu umaphatikizaponso moto mdera la mahekitala 200 mpaka 2000. Tsoka pakati pa mahekitala 20 ndi 200 limawerengedwa kuti ndi laling'ono. Zing'onozing'ono - kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 20 mahekitala. Moto umatchedwa moto womwe sudutsa mahekitala awiri.
Kuzimitsa moto wamnkhalango
Khalidwe la moto limadalira njira yoyatsira, kutalika kwa lawi ndi kufalikira kwa moto. Mukamayaka nkhalango, izi zimadalira momwe mafuta (monga singano, masamba, ndi nthambi) amalumikizirana, nyengo, komanso mawonekedwe.
Mukangoyamba, kuyatsa kukupitiliza kuyaka kokha ngati kutentha, mpweya ndi mafuta ena alipo. Pamodzi, zinthu zitatuzi akuti zimapanga "triangle yamoto".
Kuzimitsa moto, chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zamakona atatu amoto ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Ozimitsa moto ayenera kuchita izi:
- mitengo yozizira pansi pamoto woyaka pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, thovu kapena mchenga;
- zimitsani kupezeka kwa oxygen ndi madzi, retarder kapena mchenga;
Pomaliza, zinthu zoyaka zimachotsedwa, mitengo imakonzedwa moto usanabwere.
Zotsatira
Moto ndiye chomwe chimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndipo chimakhudza zachilengedwe, zachuma komanso chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo:
- kutaya chuma chamtengo wapatali;
- kunyoza madera okhala ndi madzi;
- kutha kwa zomera ndi zinyama;
- kutaya malo okhala nyama zakutchire ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyama zamtchire;
- kuchepa kwa kusinthika kwachilengedwe ndikuchepetsa nkhalango;
- kusintha kwanyengo;
- kuchuluka kwa CO2 m'mlengalenga;
- kusintha kwa microclimate m'derali;
- kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komwe kumakhudza zokolola ndi nthaka;
Kutha kwa wosanjikiza wa ozoni kumachitikanso.
Moto m'nkhalango ku Russia
Malinga ndi malipoti owerengera, kuyambira nthawi ya 1976 mpaka 2017, moto woyaka nkhalango 11,800 mpaka 36,600 amalembetsedwa chaka chilichonse m'dera lotetezedwa la thumba la nkhalango ku Russia pamalo a 235,000 mpaka 5,340,000 mahekitala. Nthawi yomweyo, madera amitengo ya nkhalango omwe chaka chilichonse amaphedwa ndi moto amachokera pa mahekitala 170,000 mpaka 4,290,000.
Moto wa m'nkhalango umawononga chilengedwe mwachilengedwe. Moto wamtundu uwu umachokera pa 7.0% mpaka 23% ya dera lathunthu la thumba la nkhalango chaka chilichonse pakagwidwa moto. Kudera la Russia, moto wapansi wafalikira kwambiri, ndikuwononga mphamvu zazikulu. Zimapezeka mu 70% mpaka 90% ya milandu. Moto wapansi panthaka siwofala kwenikweni, koma ndiowononga kwambiri. Gawo lawo siloposa 0,5% ya malo onse.
Moto wambiri wamnkhalango (wopitilira 85%) ndiwopangira. Gawo lazomwe zimayambitsa chilengedwe (kutulutsa kwa mphezi) ndi pafupifupi 12% yathunthu ndi 42.0% yamalo onse.
Ngati tilingalira ziwerengero zakubwera kwamoto m'malo osiyanasiyana a Russian Federation, ndiye kuti ku Europe kumachitika nthawi zambiri, koma kudera laling'ono, komanso ku Asia, m'malo mwake.
Madera akumpoto a Siberia ndi Far East, omwe amakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a thumba la nkhalango, ali mdera losalamulirika, komwe moto sunalembetsedwe ndipo sukusintha kukhala ziwerengero. Moto wa m'nkhalango m'malo amenewa amawerengedwa molakwika malinga ndi zomwe boma lapeza posungira nkhalango, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso zambiri zamalo otenthedwa m'mabizinesi onse az nkhalango ndi zigawo za Russian Federation.
Kupewa moto wamoto
Njira zodzitchinjiriza zithandizira kupewa zodabwitsazi ndikusunga chuma chobiriwira cha dziko lapansi. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:
- kukhazikitsa malo owombera;
- makonzedwe a malo ozimitsa moto omwe amasungira madzi ndi zida zina zozimitsira;
- ukhondo wa nkhalango;
- Kugawidwa kwa madera apadera kwa alendo ndi alendo?
Ndikofunikanso kudziwitsa nzika za machitidwe otetezeka ndi moto.
Kuwunika
- Kuwunika, monga lamulo, kumaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowonera ndi kusanthula ziwerengero. Ndikukula kwa matekinoloje apadziko lapansi, zidatheka kuwona zochitika kuchokera pa satellite. Pamodzi ndi nsanja, ma satelayiti amathandizira kwambiri pakupeza malo amoto.
- Chachiwiri ndichakuti dongosololi liyenera kukhala lodalirika. M'bungwe ladzidzidzi, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa ma alarm abodza sikuyenera kupitilira 10% yazowunikira zonse.
- Chachitatu ndichakuti kuli moto. Dongosololi liyenera kupeza moto molondola momwe ungathere. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kulondola kovomerezeka sikupitilira mita 500 kuchokera pomwe panali.
- Chachinayi, dongosololi liyenera kufotokozera za kufalikira kwa moto, ndiye kuti, motowo ukuyenda molowera pati komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, kutengera kuthamanga ndi mphepo. Malo oyang'anira zigawo (kapena madipatimenti ena ozimitsa moto) akamayang'aniridwa ndi utsi, ndikofunikira kuti olamulira adziwe momwe moto umayendera m'dera lawo.
